新视野读写翻译

新视野读写翻译（共8篇）

1.新视野读写翻译 篇一

新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第2册课文翻译

UNIT1

1.美国人认为没有人能停止不前。如果你不求进取，你就会落伍。这种态度造就了一个投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一要素是劳力。

2.人们一直说：“只有时间才能支配我们。”人们似乎把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的利用作出解释；我们还要因付出时间而收取费用。时间是一种宝贵的资源，许多人都深感人生的短暂。时光一去不复返。我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。

3.外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙──常常处于压力之下。城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这部分地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。人们认为工作时间是宝贵的。在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人尽快吃完，以便他们也能及时用餐，你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。不要觉得这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们都非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费”时间到不恰当的地步。

4.许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒暄。他们也会怀念那种一边喝茶或喝咖啡一边进行的礼节性交流，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。他们也许还会怀念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的客人的，更不用说会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去打高尔夫球。既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人，我们就开门见山地谈正事。因此，时间老是在我们心中滴滴答答地响着。

5.因此，我们千方百计地节约时间。我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流，而不是通过直接接触。虽然面对面接触令人愉快，但却要花更多的时间，尤其是在马路上交通拥挤的时候。因此，我们把大多数个人拜访安排在下班以后的时间里或周末的社交聚会上。

6.就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或完全没有关系。在有些国家，如果没有目光接触，就做不成大生意，这需要面对面的交谈。在美国，最后协议通常也需要本人签字。然而现在人们越来越多地在电视屏幕上见面，开远程会议不仅能解决本国的问题，而且还能通过卫星解决国际问题。

7.美国无疑是一个电话王国。几乎每个人都在用电话做生意、与朋友聊天、安排或取消社交约会、表达谢意、购物和获得各种信息。电话不但能免去走路之劳，而且还能节约大量时间。其部分原因在于这样一个事实：美国的电话服务是一流的，而邮政服务的效率则差一些。

8.有些初来美国的人来自文化背景不同的其他国家，在他们的国家，人们认为工作太快是一种失礼。在他们看来，如果不花一定时间来处理某件事的话，那么这件事就好像是无足轻重的，不值得给予适当的重视。因此，人们觉得用的时间长会增加所做事情的重要性。但在美国，能迅速而又成功地解决问题或完成工作则被视为是有水平、有能力的标志。通常情

况下，工作越重要，投入的资金、精力和注意力就越多，其目的是“使工作开展起来”

UNIT

21.尼克莱·彼得罗维奇·安尼金一点都不像我想象的那么吓人。不，他不可能是我父亲特地送我来见的那位前苏联教练。

2.可他的确是尼克莱·彼得罗维奇·安尼金本人。他请我进门，在沙发上坐下，又拍了拍身边的垫子，让我坐在他旁边。在他面前，我真的很紧张。

3.“你还年轻，”他的英语带着俄语口音：“如果你愿意试着向奥林匹克运动会进军，我想你能行。长野奥运会来不及参加了，但你可以准备参加2002年盐湖城奥运会。”

4.“完全可以，不是吗？”看到我脸上惊愕的表情，他又说道。我那时是一个很有前途的业余滑雪运动员，但在国内决不是顶尖选手。“当然，你需要进行很多艰苦的训练，你会哭鼻子，但你一定会进步的。”

5.的确，后来我经历了无数痛苦的训练，还为此流了不少眼泪。但在后来的五年里，我总能从尼克莱讲的有趣故事和他的幽默感中得到鼓励。

6.他开始总是说：“我的朋友们常去看电影，去跳舞，去和女孩子约会，”然后他会压低嗓门接着说：“我就在运动场上训练、训练、再训练。第二年，我的15公里滑雪比赛成绩缩短了1.5分钟。”

7.“朋友们问我：‘尼克莱，你怎么做到的呢？’我回答：‘你们去看电影、跳舞、和女孩子约会，而我一直在训练、训练、再训练。’”

8.故事通常到这儿就结束了。但有一次──后来我们知道那天是他结婚25周年纪念日──他穿着一件旧的毛衣，很自豪地站着，微笑着轻声说道：“告诉你们，我可是在26岁那年才第一次亲吻女孩子。她后来就和我结了婚。”

9.不管他是不是懂得浪漫，尼克莱知道什么是爱。他以一贯的幽默、默默的感恩、敏锐的感觉和真诚的态度为爱设立了奥林匹克般的标准。即使在我结束了滑雪生涯之后，我仍一直努力去达到那个标准。

10.但他又从不娇惯我。二月里的一天，我头很疼，感到十分疲倦。我在一片空地上遇见了他，在寒风中的雪地里滑了大概十五分钟后，我赶上了他，有点小题大做地说：“嘿，尼克莱，我感觉我要死了。”

11.“如果活到一百岁，人人都会死的，”他对我的痛苦无动于衷，态度坚决地接着说：“但你现在必须滑、滑、再滑。”

12.在滑雪板上，我照他说的去做。但在其他事情上我会反抗他。在一次经费并不宽裕的滑雪露营活动中，他让我们十个人挤在一个单身汉住的芬兰式屋子里。第一天我们醒来时发现尼克莱正在做早餐。然后我们坐在临时拼凑起来的椅子上，围着张小小的牌桌，用勺子很快地吃完早饭。吃完后，尼克莱把摞起来的油腻腻的碗向我和我唯一的另一个女队友前一推，武断地说：“女孩子们，现在去洗碗吧！”

13.我把餐巾往地上一扔，向他骂道：“让该死的男孩子们去洗吧！这不公平！”他没再让我去洗碗，也没对我的大发脾气显得太在意。他只在滑雪时才显露出强烈的情感。

14.训练的时候，他会岁着我们迈步的节奏大声发出指令：“对，就这样，一二三，一二

三。”

我祖父的一个好朋友──一位上了年纪的女士──看了尼克莱带我训练的录像带后问道：“他也教舞蹈吗？”

15.在训练时，我一刻不停地纠正着尼克莱指出的错误。每完成一个动作，我都会问他自己是否有了进步。

16.“是的，还行。但如果膝盖能屈得更快些就更好了。”

17.“可我滑得够快了吗？”我坚持问他。

18.最后他会皱起眉头说：“你得无数次地重复，动作才能达到完美。”他提醒我“必须

有耐心”，言语之间流露出“我已经告诉过你无数次了”的意思。

19.尼克莱的耐心和我的勤奋使我赢得了全国第四名的好成绩，并开始为奥运会季前赛做准备。但后来我没能被选拔去参加2002年奥运会。

20.去年夏天，我回去拜访尼克莱。他给我沏了茶......还自己洗了碗！我们坐在沙发上聊天。

怀念起前一年的奥林匹克队，我一时沉默，回想起自己曾经获得的一切──很重要的一点就是我和这个穿着颇具热带风情衬衫、个子不高的男人之间形成了并不张扬但又牢不可摧的纽带。

21.尼克莱教会我即使需要无数次的努力，也要凭借勇气、热情和严格的纪律来坚持下去。他还教会我为了能在这世界上生活一辈子而预先心存感激，并每天提醒自己：即便面临许多挑战，“现在心里有的必须是爱、爱、爱。”

UNIT 3

1.我和盖尔计划举行一个不事张扬的婚礼。在两年的相处中，我们的关系经历了起伏，这是一对情侣在学着相互了解、理解和尊重时常常出现的。但在这整整两年间，我们坦诚地面对彼此性格中的弱点和优点。

2.我们之间的种族及文化差异不但增强了我们的关系，还教会了我们要彼此宽容、谅解和开诚布公。盖尔有时不明白为何我和其他黑人如此关注种族问题，而我感到吃惊的是，她好像忘记了美国社会中种族仇恨种种微妙的表现形式。

3.对于成为居住在美国、异族通婚的夫妻，我和盖尔对未来没有不切实际的幻想。相互信任和尊重才是我们俩永不枯竭的力量源泉。

4.许多夫妻因为错误的理由结了婚，结果在10年、20年或30年后才发觉他们原来是合不来的。他们在婚前几乎没有花时间去互相了解，他们忽视了严重的性格差异，指望婚姻会自然而然地解决各种问题。我们希望避免重蹈覆辙。事实更说明了这一点：已经结婚35年的盖尔的父母正经历着一场充满怨恨、令人痛苦的婚变，这件事给盖尔带来了很大打击，并一度给我们正处于萌芽状态的关系造成了负面影响。

5.当盖尔把我们计划举办婚礼的消息告诉家人时，她遇到了一些阻力。她的母亲德博拉过去一直赞成我们的关系，甚至还开过玩笑，问我们打算何时结婚，这样她就可以抱外孙了。但这次听到我们要结婚的消息时，她没有向我们表示祝贺，反而劝盖尔想清楚自己的决定是否正确。

6.“这么说我跟他约会没错，但是如果我跟他结婚，就错了。妈妈，是不是因为他的肤色？”盖尔后来告诉我她曾这样问她母亲。

7.“首先我必须承认，刚开始时我对异族通婚是有保留意见的，也许你甚至可以把这称为偏见。但是当我见到马克时，我发现他是一个既讨人喜欢又聪明的年轻人。任何一个母亲都会因为有这样一个女婿而感到脸上有光的。所以，这事跟肤色没有关系。是的，我的朋友们会说闲话。有些朋友甚至对你所做的事表示震惊。但他们的生活与我们的不同。因此你要明白，马克的肤色不是问题。我最大的担心是你也许跟我当初嫁给你爸爸一样，为了错误的原因而嫁给马克。当年我和你爸爸相遇时，在我眼中，他可爱、聪明、富有魅力又善解人意。一切都是那么新鲜、那么令人兴奋。而且我们两人都认为，我们的婚姻是理想婚姻，至少表面上看是如此，而且一切迹象都表明我们的婚姻会天长地久。直到后来我才明白，在我们结婚时，我并不十分理解我所爱的人——你的爸爸。”

8.“但我和马克呆在一起已有两年多了，”盖尔抱怨道。“我俩一起经历了许许多多的事情。我们彼此多次看到对方最糟糕的一面。我可以肯定时间只能证明我们是彼此深情相爱的。”

9.“你也许是对的。但我还是认为再等一等没坏处。你才25岁。”

10.盖尔的父亲戴维——我还未见过他的面——以知事莫若父的态度对待我们的决定。他问的问题基本上和盖尔母亲的问题相同：“干吗这么匆忙？这个马克是什么人？他是什么公民身份？”当他得知我办公民身份遇到了问题时，就怀疑我是因为想留在美国而娶他女儿的。

11.“不过爸爸，你这话讲得太难听了，”盖尔说。

12.“那么干吗要这样着急？”他重复地问。

13.“马克是有公民身份方面的问题，但他总是在自己处理这些问题，”盖尔辩解道。“事实上，当我们在讨论结婚的时候，他清楚地表明了一点：如果我对任何事情有怀疑，我完全可以取消我们的计划。”

14.她父亲开始引用统计数据说明异族通婚的离婚率比同族结婚的要高，而且还列举了接受过他咨询的、在婚姻上有麻烦的异族通婚夫妇的例子。

15.他问道：“你考虑过你将来的孩子可能会遭受的苦难吗？”

16.“爸爸，你是种族主义者吗？”

17.“不，当然不是。但你必须得现实一点。”

18.“也许我们的孩子会遇到一些问题。但谁的孩子不会呢？可是有一样东西他们将会永远拥有，那就是我们的爱。”

19.“那是理想主义的想法。人们对异族通婚生下的孩子是会很残酷的。”

20.“爸爸，到时候我们自己会操心的。但是假如我们在做什么事之前，就必须把所有的疑难问题全部解决的话，那么我们几乎什么都干不成了。”

21.“记住，你什么时候改变主意都不晚。”

UNIT 4

1.大中央车站问询处桌子上方的数字钟显示：差六分六点。约翰·布兰福德，一个年轻的高个子军官，眼睛盯着大钟，看确切的时间。六分钟后，他将见到一位在过去13个月里在他生命中占有特殊位置的女人，一位他素未谋面、却通过书信始终给予他力量的女人。

2.在他自愿参军后不久，他收到了一本这位女子寄来的书。随书而来的还有一封信，祝他勇敢和平安。他发现自己很多参军的朋友也收到了这位名叫霍利斯·梅内尔的女子寄来的同样的书。他们所有的人都从中获得了勇气，也感激她对他们为之战斗的事业的支持，但只有他给梅内尔女士回了信。在他启程前往海外战场战斗的那天，他收到了她的回信。站在即将带他进入敌人领地的货船甲板上，他一遍又一遍地读着她的来信。

3.13个月来，她忠实地给他写信。即使没有他的回信，她仍然一如既往地写信给他，从未减少过。在那段艰苦战斗的日子里，她的信鼓励着他，给予他力量。收到她的信，他就仿佛感到自己能存活下去。一段时间后，他相信他们彼此相爱，就像是命运让他们走到了一起。

4.但当他向她索要照片时，她却婉然拒绝。她解释道：“如果你对我的感情是真实和真诚的，那么我长什么样又有什么关系呢。假如我很漂亮，我会因为觉得你爱的只是我的美貌而时时困扰，那样的爱会让我厌恶。假如我相貌平平，那我又会常常害怕你只是出于寂寞和别无他选才给我写信的。不管是哪种情况，我都会阻止自己去爱你。当你来纽约见我时，你可以做出自己的决定。记住，那时候我们两个人都可以自由选择停止或继续下去──如果那是

我们的选择„„”

5.差一分六点„„布兰福德的心怦怦乱跳。

6.一名年轻女子向他走来，他立刻感到自己与她之间存在着一种联系。她身材修长而苗条，漂亮的金色长发卷曲在小巧的耳后。她的眼睛如蓝色的花朵，双唇间有着一种温柔的坚毅。她身穿别致的绿色套装，犹如春天般生气盎然。

7.他向她迎去，完全忘记了她并没有佩戴玫瑰。看他走来，她的嘴角露出一丝热情的微笑。

8.“当兵的，跟我同路？”她问道。

9.他不由自主地向她靠近了一步。然后，他看见了霍利斯·梅内尔。

10.她就站在那少女的身后，一位四十好几的女人，头发斑斑灰白。在年轻的他的眼里，梅内尔简直就是一块活脱脱的化石。她不是一般的胖，粗笨的双腿移动时摇摇晃晃。但她棕色的外衣上戴着一朵红色的玫瑰。

11.绿衣少女快速地走过，很快消失在了雾中。布兰福德觉得自己的心好像被压缩成一个小水泥球，他多想跟着那女孩，但又深深地向往那位以心灵真诚地陪伴他、带给他温暖的女人；而她正站在那里。现在他可以看见，她苍白而肥胖的脸上透着和善与智慧。她灰色的眼中闪烁着温暖和善良。

12.布兰福德克制住跟随年轻女子而去的冲动，尽管这样做并不容易。他的手抓着那本在他去战场前她寄给他的书，为的是让霍利斯·梅内尔认出他。这不会成为爱情，但将成为一样珍贵的东西，一样可能比爱情更不寻常的东西──一份他一直感激、也将继续感激的友情。

13.他向那个女人举起书。

14.“我是约翰·布兰福德，你──你就是霍利斯·梅内尔吧。我非常高兴你能来见我。我能请你吃晚餐么？”那女人微笑着。“我不知道这到底是怎么回事，孩子，”她答道：“那位穿绿色套装的年轻女士──刚走过去的那位──请求我把这朵玫瑰别在衣服上。她说如果你邀请我和你一起出去，我就告诉你她在公路附近的那家大餐厅等你。她说这是一种考验。”

UNIT 5

1.我女儿抽烟。她做作业时，脚搁在前面的长凳上，计算器嗒嗒地跳出几何题的答案。我看着那包已抽了一半、她随意扔在手边的“骆驼”牌香烟。我拿起香烟，走到厨房里去仔细察看，那里的光线好一点──谢天谢地，香烟是有过滤嘴的。我心里十分难过。我想哭。事实上，我确实哭过。我站在炉子旁边，手里捏着一支雪白的香烟，制作得非常精致，但那可是会致我女儿于死地的东西啊。当她抽“万宝路”及“普雷厄尔”牌香烟时，我硬起心肠，不让自己感到难过。我认识的人当中没有人抽这两种牌子的香烟。

2.她不知道我父亲、也就是她外公生前抽的就是“骆驼”牌香烟。但是在他开始抽机制卷烟之前──那时他很年轻、也很穷，眼睛炯炯有神──他抽的是用“阿尔伯特亲王牌”烟丝自己手工卷的香烟。我还记得那鲜红的烟丝盒，上面有一张维多利亚女王丈夫阿尔伯特亲王的照片，他身穿黑色燕尾服，手里拿着一支手杖。

3.到40年代末、50年代初，我的家乡佐治亚州的伊腾顿已没有人再自己手工卷烟了（而且几乎没有女人抽烟）。烟草业，再加上好莱坞电影──影片中的男女主角都是烟鬼──把像我父亲这样的人完完全全争取了过去，他们无可救药地抽烟抽上了瘾。然而我父亲从来就没有像阿尔伯特亲王那样时髦过。他还是一个贫穷、过于肥胖、为养活一大家人而拼命干活的男人。他是黑人，嘴里却总叼着一支雪白的香烟。

4.我记不清父亲是什么时候开始咳嗽的。也许开始时并不明显，只是早晨一下床点燃第一支香烟时才有点微咳。到我16岁，也就是我女儿现在这般年纪时，他一呼吸就呼哧呼哧的，让人感到不安；他上楼时每走三、四级楼梯就得停下来休息一会儿，而且，他常常一连咳上一个小时。

5.肺部的病痛把我父亲折磨得虚弱不堪，一个严冬，他死于被称为“穷人之友” 的疾病──肺炎。他咳嗽了这么多年，我想他的肺部已没有什么完好的地方了。去世前几年，他的呼吸已经很虚弱了，他总得倚靠着某个东西。我记得有一次全家聚会，当时我女儿才两岁，他抱了她一会儿，好让我有时间给他俩拍张照片。但是很明显，他是费了好大劲儿的。生命行将结束前，他才戒了烟，主要是因为他的肺功能已极度受损。戒烟后他的体重增加了几磅，但当时他太瘦了，所以没人注意到这一点。

6.我到第三世界国家去旅行时，看到了许多像我父亲和女儿那样的人。到处都有针对他们这两类人的巨大广告牌：强壮、自信或时髦的成熟男人，以及漂亮、“世故”的年青女子，都在吞云吐雾。就像在美国的旧城区和印第安人的居留地上一样，在这些贫困的国家里，那些本应该花在食物上的钱却流进了烟草公司。久而久之，人们不但缺少食物，而且还缺少空气，这样不但大大地损害了孩子们的体质，还使他们染上了烟瘾，最终还会致他们于死地。我在报纸还有我订阅的园艺杂志上看到，烟蒂的毒性很强：一个婴儿如果吞下了一个烟蒂，就很有可能会死去，而沸水加一把烟蒂就成了很有效的杀虫剂。

7.作为母亲，我深深地感到痛苦。有时我有一种无能为力的感觉。我记得自己怀孕时，吃东西的时候是多么小心啊！之后在教她如何安全穿过马路时，又是多么耐心啊！有时我纳闷：自己这样做到底是为了什么？难道是为了她今后大半辈子有气无力地挣扎着呼吸，然后再像她外公那样自己把自己毒死吗？

8.我特别喜欢一条写在受虐妇女收容所里的语录：“人间和平，始于家庭。”我认为世上所有的东西都是如此。我还想起了另一条写给那些想戒烟的人们的语录：“每个家庭都应该是禁烟区。”抽烟是一种自我毁灭，而且也毁灭着那些不得不坐在你身边的人。那些人偶尔也会取笑或抱怨你抽烟，可常常只能无可奈何地坐在一边看。我现在意识到，从我还是个孩子起，这些年来我实际上是一直坐在旁边，看着我父亲自杀。对那些生意兴隆的烟草公司的巨头们来说，能在我家取得这样一种胜利，肯定是够满意了。

2.新视野读写翻译 篇二

西安工业大学非英语专业本科学生从2005年到2009年英语读写教程课本均使用的是外语教学与研究出版社出版的《新视野大学英语》, 其中2009级学生现在使用的正是该教材改写后的第二版。本人对西安工业大学本科非英语专业2009级587名学生就学习英语方式进行调查, 其中495的同学选择自己或跟随老师通过使用《新视野大学英语》课本学习, 占总人数的82.4%, 可见该校学生在英语学习中对该教材的依赖度较高, 另外对28名使用该教材的老师也进行了访谈, 他们表示教学中均以该套教材为指导学生的首要工具。

Cunningworth (1984) 在“Evaluating and selecting EFL teaching material”一书中提出评估教材着重要看四个方面:①教材内容要和教学目标相一致;②教材要满足让学习者高效掌握语言技能的目的;③教材要满足学习者的需求;④要考虑语言特征、学习过程和学习者三者的关系。周雪林 (1996) 认为评价一部教材的好坏, 首先要有一套合理的评估标准, 包括6个方面:①教材与教学理论的关系。②教材与教学大纲的关系。③教材与学习者的关系。④教材的选材问题。⑤教材练习的设计问题。⑥配套材料。本研究的针对教材的各个方面的客观数据进行统计并在使用该教材的同学和老师中做问卷调查和访谈来完成对于该教材评估。

前言中新视野《读写教程》教材的编写原则如下:充分考虑教学过程, 注重教学内容、教学模式、教学方法及教学手段的创新, 遵循因材施教原则, 倡导课堂教学与自主学习相结合, 提高语言能力, 培养学习策略, 在课堂中创造一个真实的语言环境, 使学生最大限度地调动他们的生活知识和语言知识, 将文化素质教育寓于外语教学之中。从调查问卷看70%的教师对于教材编写原则表示很认同, 28%的基本认同, 仅有2%的老师反对, 学生的反馈也仅有5%的反对, 所以总体上说, 该套教材基本得到了老师和同学的认可。

教材的编排方面, 一册书中有10个单元, 两篇同主题不同体裁的文章, 其后均有单词表和各式练习, 调查问卷中对于编排教师很满意度为42%, 基本满意48%, 不满意为10%, 学生不满意的低于3%, 说明大部分老师和学生对于编排还是满意的。

对于新视野一册每一个单元所含两篇课文题目、长度、题材及体裁统计结果, 教材内容以主题为线索, 涉及语言、文化、习俗、伦理、信息、科学、社会焦点等方面, 贴近学生生活和时代脉搏。从英语教学的角度看, 学生应多接触不同体裁的文章, 在一种真实、自然的情景中学习, 能够使学生意识到“所学即所用”, 从而使学生的学习兴趣大大提高, 继而提高学习效率。同时题材越广泛, 体裁越多样, 也有助于开阔学生视野、培养人文素质和文化意识。问卷结果显示教师对于新视野内容反映英语语言国家文化方面不满意仅为1%, 学生不满意的较多, 也才有10%;但是对于反映中国文化方面教师不满意为38%, 学生不满意的为24%, 说明了新视野在此方面的欠缺。

练习应注重单项技能训练与综合能力培养相结合, 接受性技能与产出性技能相结合。在巩固词汇与语法的基础上, 增强对语篇分析与理解能力的培养。新视野的练习涉及词汇、句型、翻译、写作还有四级考试题型 (选词填空和完形填空) 。从问卷结果来看, 新视野练习设计合理科学的方面, 教师很满意度为45%, 基本满意35%, 不满意为10%;练习能否提高学生写作阅读能力方面, 教师很满意度为35%, 基本满意35%, 不满意为30%, 学生对于习题的启发性实用性便于自主学习方面是基本满意的, 不满意的只占15%左右。总之, 得出的结论是练习设计应真实有效, 与学生需求有关, 能满足学生实际生活中的交际需要, 真正达到锻炼交际能力的目的。

通过对接触使用新视野大学英语教材 (第二版) 《读写教程》的老师和学生访谈了解, 本人还发现了一些问题:

第一, 老师反映该教材内容与课时量不协调, 会造成教材的利用率不理想。西安工业大学非英语专业学生平均三册书的课时为64课时, 但实际上课时, 每册书最多讲6到7个单元, 学校课时有限, 教师为了完成教学任务只能赶进度, 结果是一切围绕课本转, 教学会变得枯燥乏味;学生的学习兴趣也会减退。

第二, 学习教材所反映英语国家文化层面不全。教师反映新视野大学英语第二版中的绝大多数课文来自美国, 没有介绍其它英语国家如英国、加拿大等国的社会文化的文章。

第三, 学生最不满意的是该教材没有在课本后附有练习的简要答案缺少文章的中文译文等这些问题, 不利于自主学习。另外就是学生们反映每一个单元词汇太多, 老师词汇也讲解的较少, 记忆起来很困难。同时也认为二版新视野的练习尽管增强了实用性, 但难度上还有一定距离, 不能满足他们过级的要求。

第四, 《新视野大学英语》大部分的课文是议论性的或者叙议结合的, 学生希望增加和学生密切有关的、美文欣赏、幽默故事等。毕竟选材是否为学习者所喜爱、是否能激发学习者的学习兴趣, 对教材的成败起着极其关键的作用。

《新视野大学英语》读写教程是新视野系列教材中的主干教材, 主编郑树棠教授指出此套教材编撰的指导思想是在课堂创造一个真实的语言环境最大限度地调动学生的生活知识和语言知识, 从而使文化素质教育寓于外语教学之中。确实, 新版《新视野大学英语》读写教程很大程度上克服了传统教学理念的缺陷, 把语言知识的积累和语言实践的训练有机地结合起来, 使学生从为应试而学外语转变为交流信息和表达思想而学外语, 认为它的出现是大学英语教学从应试教育向素质教育转变的一个新尝试, 然而如前所述在很多方面也有提升的空间, 希望编者能在今后修订时可以使这套教材更加完美。

摘要：本文主要调查西安工业大学学生及教师使用新版《新视野大学英语》读写教程后的情况, 根据相关的教材评估理论进行定量定性研究, 目的是为使用该套教材以及同样对此方面感兴趣的同行提供一些建议。

关键词：教材评估,大学英语教学

参考文献

[1]Cunnings worth, A.Evaluating and Selecting EFL Teaching Materials[M].Heinemann Educational Books Ltd:London, 1984.

[2]郑树棠, 主编.新版新视野大学英语 (1) [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2008.

[3]程晓堂.英语教材分析与设计[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2003.

3.新视野读写翻译 篇三

关键词： 汉英对比 新视野大学英语 读写教程 对比应用

一、引言

对比语言学是现代语言学的一个分支。1941年，美国语言学家沃尔夫（B.L.Whorf）把对比研究作为比较研究的对立面提出来，在他的Language and Logic（《语言与逻辑》）一文中第一次使用了Contrastive Linguistics“对比语言学”这一名称。1957年，拉多（Robert Lado）出版了世界上第一部对比语言学专著Linguistics Across Cultures（《跨文化语言学》），全面讨论了如何对语音、词汇、语法、文字、文化进行对比，现代学者一般以此作为对比语言学这一学科正式成立的标志[1]。对比语言学兼有理论语言学和应用语言学的性质，其主要任务是对两种或多种语言进行共时对比研究，描述并解释所对比语言之间的异同，并将研究成果应用于语言理论和语言应用领域[2]。人们在长期的外语教学实践中已认识到，汉外对比研究是提高英语教学质量最有效的方法。

《新视野大学英语》是由几大院校外语、外语教学专家根据《大学英语教学大纲》及《大学英语课程要求》编排而成的，是近年来国内各大高校本科非英语专业学生通用的大学英语教程。《大学英语教学大纲》对大学英语教学的翻译教学和文化教学给予一定的重视，但实际情况是《新视野大学英语读写教程》没有专门介绍翻译理论、技巧及实践的独立板块，不能为学生提供真正的翻译实践。大学英语教师因为课时不够，自身对语言文化背景知识缺乏了解，在教学中往往缺乏对翻译教学的重视。在讲解课文和习题翻译时，大多照搬《教师用书》的翻译给出标准答案，甚少涉及翻译理论和翻译技巧，因此学生的翻译水平很难真正提高。笔者在多年的大学英语读写教学中，用汉英对比理论指导《新视野大学英语读写教程》课文及习题的翻译，教给学生常用的翻译技巧，最大限度地提高学生翻译水平。现拟以英汉对比为理论指导，初步探讨《新视野大学英语读写教程》中一些课文句子及习题的翻译。

二、汉英对比在《新视野大学英语读写教程》课文及习题翻译中的应用

1.动态与静态

英语是曲折词，动词形态变化繁复，动词使用受到形态掣肘，而名词无此牵制，因而名词在英语中占优势。由于英语中多用名词，必然要多用介词，因此产生介词优势。名词和介词优势，使得英语的静态倾向比较显著。而汉语是非屈折语，汉语动词无形态变化，使用活跃，可以连用，可以代替其他词类，因而汉语动态倾向比较明显[3]。一般而言，英语句子以一个谓语动词为支点，其他词类形式多样，因此译成汉语时，其中的名词短语、形容词短语、介词短语和非谓语动词通常要转换成动词。同样，汉语译成英语时，则要做逆向转换。例如：

（1）While she is doing her homework，her feet on the bench in front of her and her calculator clicking out answers to her geometry problems，I am looking at the half-empty package of Camels tossed carelessly close at hand.（《新视野大学英语读写教程》Book2，unit 5）

句中出现了无动词分句her feet on the bench，非谓语动词clicking，tossed，以及形容词短语half-empty，所有这些成分全部要译成动词：“她做作业时，脚搁在前面的长凳上，用计算器嗒嗒滴敲出几何题的答案。我看着那包她已抽了一半、随意扔在手边的’骆驼’牌香烟。”

（2）Over time，people starve themselves of both food and air，effectively weakening and hooking their children，eventually killing themselves.（Book 2，unit 5）

这个句子谓语动词为starve，其余三个都是非谓语动词形式，应译为动词：“久而久之，人们不但缺少食物，还缺少空气，这样不但大大地损害了孩子们的体质，还使他们染上了烟瘾，最终还会致他们于死地。”

（3）For example，one US corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a US presidential candidate at a time when the company was under investigation for possible violations of US business laws.（Book 4，unit 6）

句中出现了三个名词短语：in support of，under investigation和violations of，译成汉语时都要相应地转换成动词：“比如，有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受到调查，当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统竞选人。”

（4）For all its concern about foreign cultural invasion and its defense against the pollution of the French language by English words，France’s Socialist government has been untroubled about putting such a huge American symbol on the doorstep of the capital and has been more concerned about its economic effect.（Book 4，unit 9）

句子出现多个名词短语：concern about，cultural invasion，defense，pollution of和一个动名词短语：putting ...，译成汉语时要转换成动词：“尽管对外国文化入侵感到不安，要捍卫法语不受英语词汇污染，法国的生活党政府对于将这么大一个美国文化的标志放在首都门口却并不担忧，相反，他们更多地关心其经济效应。”

2.意合与形合

句子内部连接或外部连接几乎都使用三种手段：句法手段，词汇对等和语义连接。用前两种手段连接称为形合，用后一种手段连接称为意合[4]。英语重形合，句子各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语。汉语重意合，句子中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，较少用连接词语。因此，汉英互译时要根据情况增译或减译这些词。例如：

（5）我这么多年来如此努力，我觉得我自己应该有个好的前途。（Book 2，unit 9习题）

这两个分句间存在因果关系，但汉语句子里没有出现表示因果的词，译成英语时要加入表示因果关系的连词，译为：I have been working hard for so many years，so I feel I’m entitled to a good future.

（6）老师回来你敢告我的状，我就不再和你说话了。（Book 3，unit 1 习题）

这是一个典型的条件状语从句，汉语中省略了“如果”，分句中还有一个省掉了“当……的时候”的时间状语，因此翻译时要加入表示条件和时间的连词，译为：If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back，I won’t talk with you any more.

（7）“Don’t quit your day job！” is advice frequently givenby understandably pessimistic family members and friends to a budding artist who is trying hard to succeed.（Book 4，unit 1）

这个句子由一个过去分词短语、两个介词短语和一个定语从句连接而成。如果按照原文顺序翻译将困难重重，且结构混乱，词不达意。因此翻译时应根据汉语思维习惯，将句子改短，译作：对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋好友常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢”，他们的担心不无道理。

（8）In Oona O’Neill Chaplin，he found a partner whose stability and affection spanned the 37 years age difference between them，which had seemed so threatening，that when the official who was marrying them in 1942 turned to the beautiful girl of 17 who’d given notice of their wedding date，he said，“And where is the young man？”（Book 4，unit 2）

这是由四个定语从句和一个时间状语从句连接的超长句，出现连接词whose，which，when和两个who。汉语中绝不会出现这样的长句，因此翻译时要将长句分译成几个短句，有些连接词要省译：“他找到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的沉稳和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。”他们的年龄差别太大，以致当1942年他们登记结婚时，新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后，为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘：“那个年轻人在哪？”

3.话题句与主谓句

由于受到西方语言学的影响，不少人习惯于用英语的语法系统解释汉语的句子，这样就忽视了两种语言的一个重要差异，即英语是偏重主语—谓语性质的语言，而汉语则是偏重话题—说明性质的语言[5]。英语是通过主语+谓语的句型结构进行描写的，而汉语是一种注重话题的语言，句子除部分主谓句以外，更多体现为话题句，即话题-说明结构（topic-comment）[6]。所以，这两种语言的主谓句之间的翻译似乎问题不大，但是把所有的英语句子都译成汉语的主谓句本身并不一定合适，有可能出现不地道的句子；同时，汉语话题句的英译常常是学生容易出错的。例如：

（9）The effort to shield assets to be passed on to children and grandchildren is making prenups more common among retired people in their 60s and 70s who are remarrying after a spouse has died.（Book 3，unit 9）

这个句子结构繁杂，不能按原文主谓结构翻译。句子对prenups这个话题进行了说明，包括其目的、对象和现象。因此，可以将句子译为：为了将财产传到自己的儿孙手中，六七十岁的退休丧偶老人在找老伴时，订立婚前协议也很常见。

（10）Cool foresight and a quick mind enabled him to react swiftly in an emergency.（Book 2，unit 7习题）

译文一：冷静的远见和敏捷的思维让他在紧急情况下迅速应对。

译文二：他沉着冷静、富有远见、思维敏捷，因此，能够迅速应对紧急情况。

译文一按英文主谓结构翻译，生硬、不地道，译文二将主谓句改译为话题句，结构紧凑，行文流畅。

（11）光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。（Book2，unit 5 习题）

译文一：The light is poor，and the ground is wet，they made driving very difficult.

译文二：The poor light，coupled with the wet ground，made driving very difficult.

这是一个话题句，说明了驾驶困难的原因。译文一按汉语主谓结构翻译，不够简练。译文二将话题句译成英语主谓句，将两个表示原因的句子转换成偏正结构的名词短语作句子主语，译文简介流畅。

4.主动与被动

英语中被动句应用很广泛，强调客观事实，施动者并不经常体现出来，这体现了英语国家民族客体意识较强。汉语中被动句相当少，即使是用被动句，也往往把施动者说出来，这是中华民族主体意识较强的表现[7]。

（12）In our university，students are also encouraged to make use of the Arts Center and to participate in music and drama.（Book 4，unit 1习题）

这是一个被动句，句中students作主语，若翻译成被动句，不太符合汉语习惯。因此省译介词in，将介词宾语our university译为主语，而原句主语students译为宾语。同时，根据汉语习惯，句子中常用到一些概括性的名词，比如：“实践”、“经验”、“现象”、“过程”等，此处增译“活动”比较合适。译为：我们学校也鼓励同学们利用艺术中心参加音乐和戏剧活动。

（13）The town knew the Southerners and never stopped chewing sugar cane when they passed.But the Northerners were something else again.They were peeredat cautiously from behind curtains by the timid.（Book 4，unit 8）

这段话描写了小镇居民对南方人和北方人的不同态度，因此，尽管原句主语发生了改变，翻译时第二句仍应以the town为主语，可以省译；第三句则由被动句译为主动句，介词宾语译为施动者。译为：小镇居民见惯了南方人，因此他们经过时人们照旧大嚼甘蔗。但是看到北方人则是另一回事。胆怯的人躲在窗帘后小心翼翼地偷看他们。

（14）Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts.（Book 4，unit 6）

含有这种be known，be said，be reported，be estimated的句子，不译为被动，将这一结构独立出来，译为“据……”，其余部分译为主动句。本句可译为：据闻，其他国家也向外国公司施压，要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。

三、结语

汉英两种语言在多个方面都存在差异，给汉英互译造成很大的困难。大学英语教师首先应该不断加强自身学习，牢固掌握汉英对比理论，并且分阶段、有重点地向学生讲解汉英对比理论及翻译技巧。在讲授《新视野大学英语读写教程》课文及习题时，多给学生翻译实践的机会，不断提高学生的翻译水平和外语水平。

参考文献：

[1]潘文国.汉英语对比纲要[M].北京：北京语言文化大学出版社，1997.

[2]杨自俭.英汉语比较与翻译[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.

[3]连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1993.

[4]郭丽君.汉英对比在大学英语教学中的作用及应用[J]武汉船舶职业技术学院学报，2005，3.

[5]刘宓庆.新编汉英对比与翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2006.

[6]张春柏，陈舒.汉英对比的翻译教学方法[J].国外外语教学，2007，4.

[7]黄瑞.大学英语翻译教学中汉英对比理论的引入探究[J].云南农业大学学报，2011，5.

[8]郑树棠.新视野大学英语读写教程2，3，4[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008.

[9]郑树棠.新视野大学英语读写教程教师用书2，3，4[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008.

[10]Whorf，B.L. Language and Logic[M].Cambridge，Massachusetts： The MITPress，1941.

4.新视野大学英语读写4总结 篇四

新视野大学英语读写教程4 summary Unit2 Chaplin is a great comic not only for his own mother country but more for the world.Chaplin’s Tramp was considered a little _crude_ and thought that he had too much of an eye for the ladies and that his clothes gave him an_appearance_ more like an Italian waiter than anything else.He resisted making a _talking_ movie until 1936 when he made up a_nonsense_ language which sounded like no known nationality.Chaplin achieved great success because he was an immensely _talented_ man and the kind of comic who used his _physical_ senses to invent his art as he went along.However, the _collision_between the need to be loved and the fear of being _betrayed_ resulted in disaster in his _emotional_ life which was shown in his movies.Eventually, life gave Chaplin the stable _happiness_, that is, his marriage with Oona O’Neil.Chaplin died on _Christmas_ Day 1977.Unit3

Life in a wheelchair is tough.Living on welfare is just like sharing a dinner of raw pet food _with_ the cat.Many welfare _clients_ do not have money to _live_a decent life.As a result, lying and cheating the _welfare_ system for _extra_ money becomes normal.However, some unusual individuals, who have made a choice to live a life of complete _honesty_, do tell the truth to caseworkers and _declare_ any extra income they make.Being honest, however, is not without its problems.Caseworkers will greatly _increase_ the frequency of their visits and leave behind a small mountain of paper work for the client to _fill_ out.The rules say that not a penny is to be _unaccounted_ for.Not a single gift, no matter how small, is to be unreported.These rules and the natural consequent lying unfortunately tend to transform caseworkers from being helpers of the poor to being _detectives_ constantly searching for any forms of cheating.Unit4 Telecommunications is widely conceived as a key to _developing_ countries’ dream of jumping into the modern world.Although there is some dispute as to how _fast_ they can push ahead with their plans, different developing countries are still seeking their own ways of leaping over their _backwardness_ with one jump in this direction.Surely, they will catch up with _developed_ countries on the information super-highway as long as they _persist_ in their efforts.Unit7 The book The History and Geography of Human Genes was written after the _researchers_ have spent 16 years examining the _genetic similarities_ between the populations of the world.This was achieved largely by taking the blood of hundreds of thousands of _individuals_ from all around the world, and then analyzing their _blood proteins_.Scientifically this has allowed the writers to discover the _routes_ taken by early people migrating around the world and also to show that _under the skin_we are all very similar on a genetic level.The ultimate goal of the study, however, is not just _scientific_: it hopes to have a _social_ effect by proving that there is no biological basic for _racial prejudice_.Unit10 If a business does not adapt to changes in the business environment, then _it will fail_.Recently it has been argued that _smart but inflexible employees_ don’t necessarily have the abilities to _smart but inflexible employees_.It would appear that _flexibility and Emotional Intelligence_ rather than IQ is a more accurate measure of intelligence.It is also _a more accurate predictor of success_.This is an important point for businesses to understand because customers don’t really care about _how highly intelligent a businessman is_: they will take their business to _wherever they are understood and respected_.Such a place will be a business staffed with

people _with a high Emotional Intelligence who have the ability to understand and relate well to others_.

5.新视野读写翻译 篇五

III.1.rewarding 2.communicate 3.access 4.embarrassing 5.positive 6.commitment 7.virtual 8.benefits 9.minimum 10.opportunities IV.1.up 2.into 3.from 4.with 5.to 6.up 7.of 8.in 9.for 10.with V.1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI.1.Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor.2.Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down.3.The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family.4.Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite.5.Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry.VII.1.Not only did Mr.Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours.2.Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English.3.Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.4.Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours.5.Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company.Translation VIII.1.Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply.2.She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless.3.Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot.4.Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need.5.He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children.She feels, however, that this is too much for her.6.Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.IX.1.我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界文化。有了过硬的英语知识，你就可以体验奇妙的文化之旅。3.写作不仅仅要写老师布置的话题，而且要写自己感兴趣的东西，例如，给朋友写电子邮件。

4.远程教学课程是指授课者与学生通过计算机通信技术进行交流的课程。5.英语不但是世界上最有用的语言，也是世界上最易学、易用的语言之一。

6远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由，但与其他课程比，这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。Cloze 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C 6,C 7.B 8.A 9.a 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B Structured Writing XII.I am proud to say that I succeeded in learning a foreign language.It was a real challenge and, needless to say, it took a lot of practice.I carried a small dictionary with me everywhere I went as well as a notebook in which I listed new words I came across.I also managed my time carefully so that I met the standards of the course and finished assignments on time.After years of persistence, I reaped the benefits of all my hard work.Section B Reading Skills 1.1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B Comprehension of the Text II.1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D Vocabulary 1.community 2.effective 3.unique 4.committed 5.reinforce 6.perspective 7.explicit 8.challenge 9.hindered 10.arose IV.1.for 2.with 3.on 4.on 5.on 6.of 7.in 8.up 9.of 10.In

新视野大学英语（第2版）第1册Unit 2答案

III.1.appeals 2.identity 3.concern 4.disgusting 5.upset 6.influence 7.offensive 8.burst 9.stuff 10.thorough IV.1.off/ down 2.off 3.as 4.on 5.for 6.on/upon 7.to 8.over 9.in 10.of V.1.H 2.F 3.D 4.K 5.B 6.C 7.L 8.I 9.O 10.N Sentence Structure VI.1.Kate saw her brother Bill as she was getting off the school bus.Or: As she was getting off the school bus, Kate saw her brother Bill.2.As she was standing up from he seat, mother dropped the glass to the ground.Or: Mother dropped the glass to the ground as she was standing up from her seat.3.A policeman fired at a thief as the thief was bolting out of the house.Or: As the thief was bolting out of the house, a policeman fired at him.4.As she ran to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her talk with her mother.Or: Sandy thought of he talk with her mother as she ran to catch the school bus.5.As the teacher entered the classroom, all the students shouted “Happy birthday” to him.Or: All the students shouted “Happy Birthday” to him as the teacher entered the classroom.VII.1.She listened to her favorite rock music while singing along with the words.2.She was putting on her jeans while asking me to hand her the sweater.3.He banged on the door while opening it.4.In the bathroom she put on some makeup while looking in the mirror.5.The schoolmaster shot an angry glance at the naughty first grader while talking with his parents.Translation: VIII.1.As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into he room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?”

2.the owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to.3.Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection.4.As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start bugging him.5.At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students.6.It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets.IX.1.我认为那些在镇上游手好闲、在身上又文身又穿洞的青少年是在表达他们的个性。2.因特网提供了一种更快捷的方式，让我们与全球的新老客户取得联系，并保持沟通渠道畅通无阻。

3.父母与自己十多岁的孩子的沟通问题不仅仅在于“代沟”，而且还在于双方都不完全理解对方的思想。

4.当父母与子女有了这类沟通障碍时，青少年面临的问题可能更大。

5.青少年常常要经历这么一个阶段，在这个阶段，他们觉得父母会让他们没面子，害怕他们达不到自己朋友的标准。

6.比如，青少年希望在外呆到很晚，但是当第二天早上要起床上学时，那又是另一回事了。Cloze X.1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C Structured Writing XII.The first thing you should do t make tea is to boil water.While waiting for it to boil, you can get your teapot out and put the right amount of tea leaves into it.When the water has come to boil, pour it into the teapot.Then wait for a few minutes to let the leaves steep.Next? Enjoy the tea.Section B Reading skills I.1.F 2.F 3.O 4.O 5.F plus O 6.O 7.O 8.O Comprehension of the Text II.1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A Vocabulary III.1.entitled 2.ruin 3.evaluate 4.trend 5.attitude 6.tend 7.curiosity 8.applying 9.response 10.concept IV.1.to 2.in 3.between 4.about 5.across 6.to 7.to 8.in 9.to 10.for

新视野大学英语（第二版）第1册Unit 3答案

Vocabulary III.1.Inwardly 2.regret 3.occasion 4.complained 5.urged 6.coordinate 7.reluctance 8.envy 9.adjust 10.amazed IV.1.in 2.of 3.on 4.on 5.to 6.out 7.to 8.to 9.on 10.about V.1.O 2.J 3.N 4.L 5.I 6.C 7.H 8.E 9.A 10.F Sentence Structure: VI.1.He had his ears pierced even though I told him not to.2.It was exciting game even though no goals were scored.3.He was treated exactly like all the other workers even though he had just joined the company.4.Even though you disagree with her, she’s worth listening to.5.There was never enough money to support his family even though he was hard-working and did two jobs at the same time.VII.1.After learning some simple Chinese, the American girl was able to communicate with the other students in her class.2.When doing the writing exercise for this course, you should remember that you are writing according to a specific structure.3.Until finished, the problem was a continuous worry to me.4.While working at the computer, the young man was listening to music over the radio all the time.5.The grass will grow more quickly if watered regularly.Translation VIII.1.I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not very well paid.2.The job has been taken to be very simple until(it is)actually started.3.Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter.4.He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.5.This is an important meeting.Please see to it that you are not late for it.6.He is experienced businessman who has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.IX.1.他决心向那个女孩谈自己的计划，即使他知道她很可能拒绝听。2.一离开那条长长的正街，他就发现自己身处城里十分贫穷的区域。3.听到那首歌，我不禁悲从中来，想起了那些困苦的日子。

4.每个想过健康生活的人，都必须在工作和娱乐之间寻求适当的帄衡。

5.我的第一位老板真让人讨厌，让每个人日子难过似乎是他的乐趣。我干了没多久就走人了。6.你能确保在本周末之前完成这项工作吗？伦敦有重要公干，总公司正在考虑派你去。Cloze X.1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.C 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A XII All of my classmates believe that Sandy has a good taste for music.The music she listens to always has a clear, strong rhythm and the music has a message for us to think about.Also, the words in the music are just like poems, so beautiful and easy for us to remember.Section B Reading Skills I.1.They found the man.2.He reached the airport in time.3.The old man dimly saw the young man.4.The young marine sat by the old man the whole night.5.A message came saying the real son was arriving Comprehension of the text II.1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B Vocabulary III 1.sole 2.extend 3.startle 4.located 5.inform 6.interrupted 7.collapsed 8.exchange 9.apparent 10.enable IV 1.The government has called for an immediate investigation of the activities of the police.2.We applied the medicine and in a few minutes Mrs.Johnson came to.3.She coldly said goodbye to her friends.With that she shut the door and cried in the room.4.Whatever your reason, I shall hold to my idea that people should be allowed to have private lives.5.To our surprise the stranger turned out to be allowed to an old friend of my mother’s.6.He’s not in the office;he’s now on his way to London for a meeting.7.When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable shoes.8.He was too disappointed by this lack of success to try again.9.The couple loves each other dearly, but now and again they quarrel.10.In the subway station the poor old woman begged the passengers for money, but they paid no attention to her.新视野大学英语（第二版）第1册Unit 4答案

Vocabulary III.1.conscious 2.depressed 3.ranges 4.impressed 5.encounter 6.introduction 7.match 8.physical 9.relaxed 10.contact IV.1.are committed to 2.takes…seriously 3.was absorbed in 4.focus on 5.made up his mind 6.driving me crazy 7.ranging from… to 8.at her best 9.Lighten up 10.kept her eyes on V.1.C 2.M 3.F 4.I 5.E 6.B 7.H 8.J 9.A 10.K Sentence Structure VI.1.It rained for two weeks on end completely flooding the village.2.Not wanting to meet John at the party, she refused to attend it.3.The bus arrived one hour late, causing me to miss the beginning of the game.4.The marine sat thee in the dimly lit ward, holding the old man’s hand and offering words of hope and strength.5.Realizing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really needed me.VII.1.I was so excited about going traveling(that)I couldn’t sleep.2.The chairman became so angry with his secretary(that)he decided to fire him.3.She speaks English so well(that)you would think it was he native language.4.He was so frightened(that)he broke eye contact and looked out the window.5.His presentation was so interesting(that)everyone listened very carefully.Translation VII.1.she was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in.2.He was late for almost an hour for the first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everyone.3.Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people through their eyes, faces, bodies, and attitudes.4.Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life.5.Many how-to books advise you that if you want to make a good impression, the trick is to be consistently you, at your best.6.The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear.IX.1.史密斯教授关于形体语言的讲座非常重要，所有的学生都认真地对待这次讲座。2.董事长意识到这不是好的过错，对好笑了笑来缓和气氛。3.她大怒，把我的杯子摔在地上，摔得粉碎。

4.观察他的形体语言，你可以判断出他是在跟你说实话还是仅仅找个借口敷衍你。5.不管人们对你说些什么，记住“观其行胜于闻其言”。6.肢体动作是表达感情的无意识形式，能向观众传递某种信息。Cloze20.B X.1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.B Structured Writing XII.Body language is important in many cases: trying to win an election, addressing a family party, talking business at a conference, or giving a seminar at school.Reading Skills I.1.Besides speech, people use other forms to communicate.2.We communicate a great deal with our body movements.3.The clothes you wear also communicate many things.4.Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too.5.A wealth of information from body language makes snap judgments seem sound.Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D Vocabulary III.1.status 2.sign 3.resented 4.promoted 5.assuming 6.estimate 7.campaign 8.judgment 9.acquainted 10.norms IV.1.account for 2.in part 3.is content with 4.feel at home 5.lack of

6.in relation to 7.become acquainted with 8.pick up 9.find out 10.a wealth of

新视野大学英语（第二版）第1册Unit 5答案

Vocabulary III.1.immune 2.acquire 3.constitutes 4.define 5.infected, infect 6.illustrates 7.emerge 8.emphasize 9.represents 10.threatened IV.1.regardless of 2.at risk 3.handing out 4.distracts…from 5.sign up for 6.be infected with 7.guard against 8.feel comfortable with/about 9.in place of 10.suffering from V.1.L 2.G 3.I 4.J 5.M 6.D 7.O 8.A 9.C 10.F Structure VI.1.the way he teaches English 2.whom I was expecting to stay with 3.which was lost in the department store yesterday 4.where Mary and I spent our childhood 5.which the whole family considered a great honor VII.1.Despite his illness 2.Despite a lot of difficulties 3.despite his old age 4.despite the bad weather 5.despite his hard work Translation VIII.1.I hope that the effort that we’ve made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS.2.Despite all the efforts form the local organizations in the battle against AIDS, the number of people in rural areas diagnosed with AIDS has been increasing.3.Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework.4.It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.5.You’d better learn something about the course before signing up for it.6.The policy is playing a more and more important role in promoting the development of local economy.IX.1.病人的免疫系统会将新移植的心脏当成异物面排斥。

2.有人说我们许多人饮食太糟，缺乏维他命和矿物质，因而我们的身心都受到损害。3.生物医学研究将会使很多艾滋病病毒感染者延长寿命，生活少些痛苦。

4.中央政府已经发布了一项五年行动计划，旨在鼓励社会各部门都参与艾滋病的防治。5.一个人感染了艾滋病毒，其症状一般要6到10年后才会表现出来。

6.许多年来，人们眼睁睁看着艾滋病泛滥成灾，争论着有效的艾滋病防治措施在贫穷国家究竟是否适用。Cloze X.1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.C Structured Writing XII.Build more tall apartment buildings.The increase in population in cities is creating a housing problem.To solve the problem, one-family houses and older ones are being pulled down to make room for tall apartment buildings.When building space on the ground is used up, we can make use of the space in the air.This will help solve the housing problem in cities.Section B Reading Skills I.1.1)I hurt myself when diving 2)I hit my head on the board 2.1)I was very worried about something serious.2)I was very worried that my wound had left blood in the pool.3.1)There was something more significant that winning.2)I was very worried that I might infect other divers with AIDS as I spilled my blood in the pool.Comprehension of the Text

II.1.D 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D Vocabulary III.1.assist 2.bleeding 3.competing 4.confident 5.explored 6.commenced

7.intense 8.adopted 9.spill 10.confused IV.1.Prior of →Prior to 2.confident with →confident of/in 3.by haste →in haste 4.find about→ find out 5.assist his wife on →assist his wife with 6.with fear→for fear 7.competed with each other with → competed with each other for 8.thrust his knife to → thrust his knife into 9.have a shot in → have a shot at 10.starts at → starts with

新视野大学英语（第二版）第1册Unit 6答案

III.1.boast 2.registered 3.employment 4.peculiar 5.Continuous 6.graduated 7.dump 8.retreat 9.contrary 10.trembled IV.1.in 2.of 3.behind 4.about 5.At 6.about/of 7.with 8.by 9.on/upon 10.at V.1.F 2.M 3.J 4.G 5.A 6.D 7.O 8.L 9.I 10.C VI.1.I know who he is.So does she.2.We have come to realize all work is equally import.So has Sara.3.I’d like another drink.So would John.4.I’m not supposed to know who else objects to the plan.Nor/Neither are they.5.He shouldn’t have imagined there would be joy in picking up trash.Nor/Neither should Steve.VII.1.Even if the calculation is right 2.even if they raise the price

3.Even if she may not return me the money 4.even if she doesn’t come

5.Even if we achieve great success in our work VIII.1.The police got to the station five minutes after the explosion, and so did the reporters.2.Even if you disagree with her, she is worth listening to.3.The news reporters were given nothing but bare facts by the officials in charge of the investigation.4.The room was well decorated, but the color of the curtain did not go well with the overall style.5.Whenever we go back to the place where my husband was born, we always make the rounds of his relatives.6.Contrary to his hope, his girlfriend’s parents are not as approachable as his parents.IX.1.我问过好几个服务员，可他们什么也没说，只朝着我笑，直到这时我才意识到我的英语不够好。

2.校长对那位院长非常生气，进而解除了他的院长职务。

3.如果你当着孩子的面问这个问题，即使他想说“是”也可能会说“不是”。4.如果你想毕业时获得学位，你要么别玩网上游戏，要么别去打零工。5.虽然他未接受过大学教育，他却瞧不起那些没有大学学历的人。6.他曾就公司的管理问题提了好几个建议，但没有一个管用。X.1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.C

16.B 17.A 18.C19.B 20.A XII.People come to Beijing for different purposes.Thousands upon thousands of foreign students are studying different subjects at universities in Beijing.Every year a large number of foreign businessmen from all pats of the world visit Beijing, for various kinds of business talks or international conferences.In addition travelers both at home and abroad come to Beijing for visiting places of historic interest during their holidays or visiting their friends and relatives in Beijing.I.1.spend part of his time on

2.continue to support himself with drugs and food

3.settle their accounts with the company/and money owed to them

4.nervous and worried 5.a person who is likely to suffer a heart attack II

1.D 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B III.1.Devoting 2.bear 3.accurate 4.manufacturing 5.inquiry 6.afford 7.admired 8.replacing 9.retired 10.ignored IV.1.out 2.up 3.out 4.around 5.up 6.to 7.to 8.for 9.of 10.to 新视野大学英语（第2版）第1册Unit 7答案

Vocabulary III.1.identify 2.attach 3.instinct 4.polish 5.unusual 6.offend 7.detail 8.slight 9.foundation 10.rob IV.1.details 2.robbed 3.offended

4.polishing 5.identify 6.slight 7.instinct 8.attached 9.foundation 10.unusual V.1.attached to 2.Looking through 3.hold dear 4.pulling into 5.face to face with 6.rather than 7.out of control 8.eaten away at 9.have mercy on 10.got to their feet VI.1.G 2.H 3.J 4.L 5.O 6.A 7.C 8.M 9.D 10.E Sentence structure 1.They should have their pay increased.2.I had my first book accepted for publication that year.3.George had his papers taken form him at the police station 4.I had my wallet stolen while I was on holiday.5.The couple are going to have their wedding photos enlarged at the store.VIII.1.rather than to her daughter 2.rather than harm them 3.rather than leaving everything to the last minute 4.Rather than using the last of my cash 5.rather than increase pay Translation IX.1.The police had the photograph of the missing girl enlarged so that they could recognize her easily.2.When I go to work, I prefer to take a bus rather than drive and that morning was no exception.3.When he saw his granddaughter coming into the house(Seeing his granddaughter coming into the house), the old man got to his feet and moved several steps unexpectedly as if he could walk by himself.4.At that time we focused our attention on that painting without noticing anything unusual around us, and we can’t offer any additional details.5.The couple pulled their car into the parking lot and then headed for the cinema.6.It’s a question we have to face no matter how unpleasant it is.X.1.经验告诉他，妇女的天性昌保护自己而不是去伤害攻击者。2.自从她把墙重新粉刷了后，这房间好看多了。

3.在这个国家的许多地方，青少年犯罪已经失去了控制，这个城市也不例外。4.抢劫案发生后的几周，他不敢出门，害怕自己再次与劫匪面对面遭遇。5.受害者向警察描述她是怎样突然遭到一个从灌木丛中出来的人抢劫的。6.如今，对许多美国人来说，周末工作已经不幸地成为了惯例，而不是例外。Cloze XI.1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C Text Structure Analysis XII.Analysis: The set of actions leading to the main idea: got up to his feet, found the keys, entered his house and called 911 the operator took a description and sent a police car had a drink, the policemen came and took a report Main idea: He reported the robbery to the police.Structured Writing XIII.I climbed the ladder, heard my dive announced, and started the moves to thrust myself into the air.Then I dove into the pool.I enjoyed the quietness underwater, and then swam to the side of the pool.I was wondering about my score when suddenly, my coach leaped into the air.The crowd cheered, and I knew I’d won the gold medal.Section B Reading Skills I, 1.For self-defense 2.She is afraid that she might kill someone.3.According to the following paragraphs, the write feels uncomfortable about the imagined robbery because she unfairly imagined the robber was a black man.4.According to common sense, a robber must be physically strong.The writer doesn’t see women as being strong enough to rob someone, and she thinks of black men as particularly dangerous.5.A neighborhood with a bad name because of frequent crime, violence, or safely dangerous.6.Killing a human being just for money is wrong, according to the writer.7.Locking the doors at the sight of a black man is really shameful.8.This means that the writer hopes the robber takes away the money and no violence occurs.Comprehension of the Text II.1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C Vocabulary III.1.intention 2.advocates 3.violence 4.dominate 5.reveal 6.omitted 7.confronted 8.affected 9.intended 10.transported IV.1.is intended for 2.be capable of 3.At the sight of 4.live with 5.are immune to 6.keep… from 7.Ignorance of 8.heard of 9.affected by 10.in reality

新视野大学英语（第2版）第1册Unit 8答案

Vocabulary III 1.sources 2.stable 3.process 4.composed 5.observing 6.combination 7.explosion 8.existence 9.occupied 10.creation IV.1.at 2.in 3.on 4.for 5.on 6.between 7.for 8.with 9.at 10.of V.1.J 2.L 3.G 4.M 5.O 6.A 7.I 8.B 9.D 10.E Sentence Structure VI.1.It is easiest to examine the sudden arrival of a new idea in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form.2.The Gaels’ offspring are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language.3.George explained that this was the official dress for taking examination, many of which wee held in June.4.The Miracle, for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long, happened at last.5.The conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes through which the solution was found.VII.1.the more knowledge he will have 2.the less he liked it 3.the less you have to pay for it 4.the more exciting it will be 5.the greater progress you will make Translation III.1.There are twenty universities in this city, some of which are world-famous.2.the more he thinks about it, the angrier he becomes.3.She was filled with pity for the innocent victims.4.He was occupied with his business matters and didn’t have time to think about a holiday.5.The country’s economy depends to some degree on the import of raw materials.6.After several discussions between the members of the committee, a new plan of action began to take shape.IX.1.出租汽车公司新雇了50个司机，其中有的人刚拿到驾驶证。2.一个人越没有智慧，就越不知道自己缺的就是智慧。

3.暂时没有必要采取任何行动。过一晚再作决定，明天上午告诉我你的想法。4.近年来经济形势恶化，寻求紧急食品和住房援助的美国穷人数目去年增加了7%。

5.我们的消息来源说，下星期有可能发生另一次袭击，也许就在城市中心地区。6.在这个医疗体系内，对各位医生支付的款项按照他们当月的医疗成本进行调整。

Cloze X.1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A

11.B 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A Structured Writing XII.When I stated to learn English at my junior middle school, I had a kind and patient teacher.She was very encouraging to all of her students.Because of her encouragement, I answered every question I could eagerly, never worrying much about making mistakes.I was at the top of my class for two years.In contrast, the method by which I was taught English in senior middle school was not well suited to my learning style.My new teacher quickly punished those who gave wrong answers.Whenever we answered incorrectly, she would shout at us.As a result I lost my desire and confidence and did not make any progress in learning.Section B Reading Skills I.1.A 2.B 3C 4.C 5.A Comprehension of the Text 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A

Vocabulary III.1.advantage 2.remarked 3.claimed 4.convince 5.productive 6.enquiry 7.potential 8.transfer 9.recall 10.enhance IV.1.together 2.On 3.of 4.for 5.up 6.away 7.on/upon 8.in 9.to 10.of

新视野大学英语（第2版）第1册Unit 9答案

III.1.accomplish 2.responsibility 3.amount 4.performance 5.alter 6.adapt 7.aroused 8.remarkable 9.investigate 10.entertain IV.1.out 2.to 3.in 4.from 5.back 6.as 7.with 8.with 9.behind 10.on V.1.G 2.L 3.D 4.F 5.K 6.N 7.O 8.I 9.C 10.A Sentence Structure VI.1.Should you change your mind, no one will be upset.2.Should a serious crisis arise, the public would have to be informed of it.3.Should you fail in the exam, your parents and teacher will not blame you.4.Should you have a major change in your plan, let us know in time.5.should your car break down, change to a bus.VII.1.You should talk to your teacher instead of just complaining to me about it.2.They raised prices and cut production, instead of cutting costs.3.He decided that he would drive back to town instead of putting up for the night at the hotel.4.He nodded his head instead of saying anything where his voice might express the real truth.5.My mother prefers making her own clothes instead of buying clothes in the shops.Translation VIII.1.Should you have any doubt about the plan, please feel free to contact us at any time.2.We have learned how to face reality instead of escaping from it.3.It just proves that you can’t hope to turn in a worthy report if you haven’t done enough preparation.4.We have to face that possibility no matter how unlikely it may sound.5.The newcomers found it hard to adapt themselves to the climate there.6.It strikes me as odd that school children are required to come to school two hours before class.IX.1.遗憾的是，他也一点英语都不会说，但是如果你想去某个地方，把地址写下来交给他就行了。

2.下次你若有问题，要考虑怎样改变处境，不要过于担心各种负面因素。3.不管什么天气，她帄均每天跑15英里。

4.好的摄影作品和普通的摄影作品最重要的一个区别因素是用光手法。5.实际上，大多数员工从不愿意把新产品使用手册坚持看完。

6.一旦你感到放松后，就把注意力集中在音乐上，看看心中有什么意象出现。Cloze X.1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.B 110.A 11.A 12.C 3.B 14.C 15.C

Structured Writing XII.Visual aids offer several advantages.The primary advantage is clarity.If you are discussing an object, you can make your message clearer by showing the object.If you are citing statistics, showing how something works, or demonstrating a technique, a visual aid will make you information more vivid to your audience.By using visual aids in your speeches, you often will make it easier for listeners to understand exactly what you are trying to communicate.Another advantage of visual aids is interest.The interest generated by visual images is so strong that visual aids are now widely used in many areas, not just speechmaking.Section B Reading Skills I.1.B 2.B 3.D Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.C Vocabulary III.1.available 2.banned 3.predict 4.fate 5.host

6.posted 7.advertise 8 enormous 9.involves 10.survey IV.1.out 2.from 3.out 4.for 5.to 6.up 7.in 8.in 9.through 10.about

新视野大学英语（第2版）第1册Unit 10答案 Vocabulary III.1.preserve 2.clarify 3.demonstrating 4.scarce 5.assured 6.ensured 7.conscience 8.integrity 9.yield 10.appointed IV.1.to 2.In 3.of 4.for 5.on/upon 6.of 7.in 8.at 9.to 10.with V.1.G 2.L 3.B 4.O 5.D 6.N 7.C 8.E 9.I 10.K Sentence Structure VI.1.Where I live there are plenty of sheep.2.Your coat is where you left it.3.I will go where you go.4.Where conscience remains integrity stays.5.Where he appears laughter can be heard.VII.1.What I say and do 2.what matters is not winning but participating 3.what we students should always keep in mind 4.what it takes to start and run a company 5.what we should do today Translation VIII.1.I keep the picture where I can see it very day as it reminds me of my university days.2.In some countries, what is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.3.He is used to keeping a dictionary at hand so that he can find the meaning of new words he comes across.4.When confronted with personal pressure, you should stand firmly for your belief that you will reach your ultimate goal.5.In other words, be yourself and face reality, but don’t sell out to convenience.6.I don’t like those people who always rely on external factors in order to feel good about themselves.IX.1.汤姆相信“为钱而挣钱”，他的许多老同学都认为他的把自己卖给了营利主义。2.重要的是，你只有学会了尊重自己，才能赢得别人的尊重。

6.新视野读写翻译 篇六

Unit 1答案

Translation VIII.1.Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply.2.She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless.3.Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot.4.Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need.5.He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children.She feels, however, that this is too much for her.6.Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.Unit 2答案

Translation:

VIII.1.As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into he room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?”

2.the owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to.3.Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection.4.As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start bugging him.5.At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students.6.It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets.Unit 3答案

Translation VIII.1.I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not very well paid.2.The job has been taken to be very simple until(it is)actually started.3.Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter.4.He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.5.This is an important meeting.Please see to it that you are not late for it.6.He is experienced businessman who has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.Unit 4答案

Translation

VII.1.she was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in.2.He was late for almost an hour for the first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everyone.3.Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people through their eyes, faces, bodies, and attitudes.4.Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life.5.Many how-to books advise you that if you want to make a good impression, the trick is to be consistently you, at your best.6.The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear

Unit 5答案

Translation

VIII.1.I hope that the effort that we’ve made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS.2.Despite all the efforts form the local organizations in the battle against AIDS, the number of people in rural areas diagnosed with AIDS has been increasing.3.Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework.4.It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.5.You’d better learn something about the course before signing up for it.6.The policy is playing a more and more important role in promoting the development of local economy.Unit 6答案

VIII.1.The police got to the station five minutes after the explosion, and so did the reporters.2.Even if you disagree with her, she is worth listening to.3.The news reporters were given nothing but bare facts by the officials in charge of the investigation.4.The room was well decorated, but the color of the curtain did not go well with the overall style.5.Whenever we go back to the place where my husband was born, we always make the rounds of his relatives.6.Contrary to his hope, his girlfriend’s parents are not as approachable as his parents

Unit 7答案

Translation IX.1.The police had the photograph of the missing girl enlarged so that they could recognize her easily.2.When I go to work, I prefer to take a bus rather than drive and that morning was no exception.3.When he saw his granddaughter coming into the house(Seeing his granddaughter coming into the house), the old man got to his feet and moved several steps unexpectedly as if he could walk by himself.4.At that time we focused our attention on that painting without noticing anything unusual around us, and we can’t offer any additional details.5.The couple pulled their car into the parking lot and then headed for the cinema.6.It’s a question we have to face no matter how unpleasant it is.作文

Unit 1答案

XII.I am proud to say that I succeeded in learning a foreign language.It was a real challenge and, needless to say, it took a lot of practice.I carried a small dictionary with me everywhere I went as well as a notebook in which I listed new words I came across.I also managed my time carefully so that I met the standards of the course and finished assignments on time.After years of persistence, I reaped the benefits of all my hard work.Unit 2答案

XII.The first thing you should do t make tea is to boil water.While waiting for it to boil, you can get your teapot out and put the right amount of tea leaves into it.When the water has come to boil, pour it into the teapot.Then wait for a few minutes to let the leaves steep.Next? Enjoy the tea.Unit 3答案

All of my classmates believe that Sandy has a good taste for music.The music she listens to always has a clear, strong rhythm and the music has a message for us to think about.Also, the words in the music are just like poems, so beautiful and easy for us to remember.Unit 4答案

Body language is important in many cases: trying to win an election, addressing a family party, talking business at a conference, or giving a seminar at school.Reading Skills I.1.Besides speech, people use other forms to communicate.2.We communicate a great deal with our body movements.3.The clothes you wear also communicate many things.4.Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too.5.A wealth of information from body language makes snap judgments seem sound.Comprehension of the Text

Unit 5答案

XII.Build more tall apartment buildings.The increase in population in cities is creating a housing problem.To solve the problem, one-family houses and older ones are being pulled down to make room for tall apartment buildings.When building space on the ground is used up, we can make use of the space in the air.This will help solve the housing problem in cities.Unit 6答案

XII.People come to Beijing for different purposes.Thousands upon thousands of foreign students are studying different subjects at universities in Beijing.Every year a large number of foreign businessmen from all pats of the world visit Beijing, for various kinds of business talks or international conferences.In addition travelers both at home and abroad come to Beijing for visiting places of historic interest during their holidays or visiting their friends and relatives in Beijing.Unit 7答案

7.新视野读写翻译 篇七

随着我国社会经济的飞速发展, 社会对人才的外语实际运用能力要求不断提高, 从仅要求读懂简单的外文资料, 发展到了不仅能运用外语进行听说读写, 而且还要了解目的语国家的政治、经济与社会文化, 以便于与目的语国家进行更顺畅而广泛的交流与合作。而实践已证明传统的单纯强调以语法翻译为重点的外语教学法, 已经制约了学生的语言综合操作能力的发展, 更难培养出具有创新精神、组织能力与团队协调能力强的人才。本文旨在探讨在EFL教学环境中利用“合作学习”教学策略提高学生的学习效率, 提高其综合素质的有效途径。

1 何为“合作学习”教学策略

1.1 合作学习产生的历史背景

合作语言学习 (Cooperative Language Learning) 又被称之为合作学习 ( Collaborative Learning) 教学法, 它是教和学的一种方法, 也是近年来学者们进行探究最多的教学策略之一。合作学习可以追述到几百年前甚至更久远的“同侪辅导”与“同侪监督”的提议。 而真正把合作学习这一教学方法定期而系统的介绍到正式的课堂上, 这还要归功于20世纪初美国教育家约翰·杜威 (John Dewey) (Rodgers, 1988) 。此后, 在20世纪60年代和70年代, 由于对公立学校进行强制整合, 合作学习教学法才得以广泛的推广和不断的完善。而合作学习法在国内的应用是在近一二十年, 它改变了传统的教师在前面进行授课, 学生在下面记笔记;教师的授课内容要针对大多数学生的水准, 提倡学生之间的相互竞争的课堂学习模式。与此相反, 合作学习法提倡的是合作与互助, 面向全体学生, 这就意味着无论是天资聪颖, 还是学习有困难的学生都会获得均等的学习机会。这样做, 有助于学生的心理与认知的健康发展, 从而创设了更加积极而有效的课堂氛围。

1.2 合作学习教学策略的概念

迄今为止, 诸多学者从不同角度对合作语言学习法阐释了各自的观点。Olsen 和Kagan (1992:8) 认为“Cooperative learning is group learning activity organized so that learning is dependent on the socially structured exchange of information between learners in groups and in which each learner is held accountable for his or her own learning and is motivated to increase the learning of others.” David 和Roger Johnson (1989, 1994) 提出的观点是“Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy, in which small groups, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Students work through the assignment until all group members successfully understand it and complete it.”由此可见, 合作学习教学法主要是通过大量课堂教学合作活动, 它包括双人学习与小组学习来达成共同的学习目标的一种教学手段。同时合作学习强调个人成绩的取得必须通过小组的集体努力才能实现, 因此, 小组成员虽然分工明确, 但为了共同的荣誉, 每个成员都会竭尽所能为其他成员提供全方位的协助。在此过程中, 小组各个成员须从各自的认知角度出发, 提出自己的观点和理由, 然后经过相互的争论和推敲, 最后形成对事物更为深刻和全面的认识。

2 合作学习法的合理性

2.1 合作学习的理论依据

针对合作学习的有效性, 诸多理论对其进行了求证。它们分别为:动机观、社会黏合观、认知发展观与认知精致观。

外部动机观 (external motivational perspective) 认为合作学习强调的是通过对小组的奖励来鼓励小组成员相互帮助从而取得佳绩, 同时个体目标的实现也只有通过团体的成功才能达成。这也正如Slavin (Slavin, 1996:45) 所说“利用团体目标或团体奖励而提高的合作学习者的学业成绩, 只有, 也只有通过所有团体成员的个体努力才能促成”。在此过程中, 一定要注意激发学生的结果动机、方式动机与交际动机三种潜在动机, 从而保持学生对学习的浓厚兴趣。

社会黏合观 (social cohesion perspective) 认为合作学习成绩的取得是由于学生们希望彼此获得成功而相互帮助进行学习研究。这两种观点的区别在于, 外部动机说强调小组成员相互帮助主要是由于他们本身可以从中受益。而社会黏合观认为, 学生们关心团队是由于团队中的每一位成员都希望所有其他成员取得成功 (Slavin1996:46) 。而其中的团队建立 (teambuilding) 与小组自我评价这两种主要表现形式更有利于在小组成员间创设一种积极的相互依存的关系。

认知发展观 (cognitive developmental perspective) 认为学生们之间的合作将会提高学生自身的成绩, 这是由于这些合作活动参与了学生们对于信息的思考过程而不是动机 (Slavin, 1996) 。对此, 前苏联心理学家维果茨基 (Vygotsky) 利用近似发展区理论 ( proximal development) 阐释了这一观点。该理论表明学生们的语言能力有两个层面。即个人的独立操作能力和与人共同工作时的更高能力。两个层面之间的距离就是近似发展区。而运用合作学习法恰恰能够提供更多的机会为彼此铺设思索的铺路石或鷹架, 缩短两个层面之间的距离, 这就为组员之间进行相互合作学习提供了合理的解释。此外, 认知观的另外一个观点是认知精致化, 该理论是以认知心理学为基础强调为了使学习者理解和记忆信息, 必须对其进行认知重组或精致化。精致化处理最有效的方法之一, 即是向他人解说材料来加深理解与记忆 , 这也是大多合作学习方式中的基本方法。

2.2 合作学习法在EFL教学环境中实施的必要性

目前EFL的教学重点已由单纯强调语言结构的操作能力转移到在真实的情景中如何使用恰当的语言进行交流的能力。因此有效的英语课堂教学应该是为学生们提供尽可能多的机会去直接而积极地参与到与他人的自然交流的过程中。但是, 由于我国目前仍沿用传统的大班授课的方式, 这就造成了教师很难在有限的时间内让每个学生都有机会直接参与到课堂的语言实践活动中, 从而制约了其学术水平的提高。而合作学习法通过共同学习 (learning together) (Johnson &Johnson, 1975) , 学生团队学习 (student team learning) (Slavin, 1980a) 、团体探究 (Group Investigation) (Sharan & Sharan, 1976) 、拼图式学习 ( jigsaw) (Aronson, Blaney, Stephan, Sikes, Snapp, 1978) 、配对式合作学习 (Dyadic Cooperative Learning) (O’Donnell et al., 1986) 等多种教学活动方式, 营造了一种更为宽松的课堂氛围, 更为和谐的生生关系。它引导学生们依靠自己的能力去思考, 去收集信息, 去向他人学习, 使学生们不再把学习看成是对事实的个别记忆而是集体理解的构建。它通过课内与课外的集体探究与讨论, 增加了学生们的语言实践的机会, 加速了学生运用英语进行交往的进程, 同时帮助学生们更深刻地理解课程的内容。

此外, 合作学习法的实施主要是以小组的形式进行的, 而小组成员的构成方式之一是由具有不同的能力、性别、种族等学生构成的。这种构成形式有助于学生们学会尊重彼此的优势与不足并接受这些差异。其次, 小组成员对于同一问题所持有的不同看法, 可以使学生了解到对于复杂的问题可以有多种解决方法, 不同的观点未必就是相互矛盾的, 相反, 它们可能会对理解其主题产生更积极的推动作用。再者, 以小组为单位的合作学习, 可以为学生提供一个相对安全和宽松的环境去检测其观点、理解和反馈。尤其能消除那些在全班面前进行讨论就感到紧张的成绩并不理想或有自卑感的学生的心理负担, 使他们重拾自信。

而合作学习法中学习任务的设计是以小组成员间的互动与相互依赖为基础的, 这就要求组员们为了完成共同的学习任务而互帮互助, 尤其要帮助并鼓励那些学习较弱的学生继续坚持下去, 这样做可以有效避免学生成绩产生两极分化的现象, 而对那些学习能力较强的学生, 则会让他们意识到他们理解的不足之处, 真正达到了面向全体学生施教的目的。

3 合作学习教学策略在EFL教学环境中的运用

3.1 学习者需要分析

学习者的需求是课程设计的出发点, 也是课程成败的关键因素之一。教师有必要在授课之初通过问卷调查、小组讨论、个人谈话、咨询等方式掌握学习者的学习目标、学习需求、学习方法与现有的语言能力。然后教师在此基础上结合学习者的需求确定教学目的、教学内容、选择教学方法与教学材料, 从而更好地激发学生学习的内在动力, 提高学习效果。

3.2 教学程序设计

《新视野大学英语读写教程》是按照话题为线索进行编排的, 每个单元侧重于讨论一个中心话题, 三个部分各附有三篇阅读文章, 但题材各异。根据课程目标、教学材料、课程时间、语言水平与学生的学习特点等因素的分析, 决定采用合作学习法、任务型教学法与交互式阅读法相结合进行活动设计。

3.2.1 任务前阶段活动设计

教师可以在此阶段通过运用凯恩 (Kagan, 1992) 的三步谈话法、圆桌法、轮流提案法、集思广益法、思考—配对—分享法等形式多样的合作学习活动去激发学生的兴趣, 探究与构建与主题相关的背景知识、篇章结构及语言点等, 同时要为学生提供相关的书籍、报纸、网站、影音材料, 专业咨询等学习资源以辅助学生的任务前活动。在此阶段, 为了节约课堂时间, 提高课堂学习效率, 教师可根据任务的复杂、难易程度, 设计课前或课上讨论活动。以《新视野大学英语读写教程》第三册第六单元第一部分How to prepare for earthquakes一课为例。本单元包括三个部分, 主要论述了奇妙而充满神秘色彩的自然界这一主题, 第一部分主要围绕着如何做好防震准备工作进行论述。

(1) 提出开放式问题

教师在课上介绍本单元的话题内容, 学生利用多媒体例如, 电影、电视、录像或书中的插图去描述画面的内容, 接着教师就此课的主题提出相关问题:

1) Have you ever been in an earthquake? What do you think you would do to protect yourselves from the danger when an earthquake occurs?

2) Do you know anything about the Great Hanshin Earthquake or Wenchuan of Sichuan province Disaster? What can we learn from them?

在此教师需对所提问题加以解释, 说明相关要求与实施步骤, 并提出个人与小组的评估方法。

(2) 编排学生小组

学生按照教师的要求在课前进行异质分组, 每组四至六人, 并指定出每位组员的编号及每周的轮流组长, 小组各成员在小组工作中所承担的具体责任, 如小组记录员、演示员、组织人、计时员。

(3) 组织实施

接下来学生对所提问题进行一两分钟的单独思考, 之后每位组员轮流发表个人的看法, 记录员把每位组员的想法记录在案, 最后全体组员通过讨论、交流, 分析与整合, 使得每位组员都能够理解和解释问题。

(4) 演示与评估

在此阶段教师与组员要注意掌控时间的长度, 一旦时间到了, 教师就可以叫停。这时教师可以叫号, 所属那个编号的各组组员便需举手, 教师便可从中选出一个学生来代表其所在小组向全班进行汇报。然后其他学生就此问题提出相关的问题, 并要求发言人回答, 其他组员加以完善。最后其他各组代表与教师对发言人的表现进行打分评估。

在整个教学活动中, 教师在明确教学目标基础上, 为了监督个人的学习效果, 依据教学内容综合利用了凯恩 (Kagan) 合作教学法的轮流提案智力激励 (RoundRobin Brainstorming) 与集思广益 (Numbered Heads) 结构模式策略, 组织教学流程。在任务实施中, 教师首先确定了分组方式、材料的选择与时间的安排。之后教师观察各组的行为表现, 帮助各组解决学习过程及人际互动问题, 并鼓励小组自己解决问题, 努力营造一个积极地相互依赖的学习情境。最后对小组的成就与合作行为进行评定。

此外, 掌握与主题内容相关的词汇, 也是任务前活动的重要组成部分。教师在讲解单词时应该重点解释高频词的搭配用法、注意总结词干、前缀与后缀的用法。学生在理解单词的释义与用法后, 教师就可灵活利用下述各种活动来培养学生的语言流利性。 (1) 利用智力激励法 (Brainstorming) (阿历克斯奥斯本, 1938) 建立单词网络图 (word web) 。 (2) 通过配对式合作学习 (dyadic cooperative learning) 进行信息沟通活动 (information gap activity) 即学生A握有包含单词信息的学习材料, 而学生B却有含有单词释义的学习材料, 两者只有通过语言沟通与合作, 才能完成单词与释义的配对任务。 (3) 以集思广益法 (Numbered Heads) 来检测单词的掌握情况。教师在布置任务后, 组员之间开始相互提问以确保每位组员掌握所有单词。一旦时间到, 教师就要叫停, 然后要求各组某号回答问题。教师描述单词, 每组代表抢答单词, 答对者小组就会得分, 然后教师让每组尽可能多的列出这个单词的搭配用法, 获胜组加分。

3.2.2 任务中活动设计

为了提高学生的阅读理解能力, 通过在第一阶段对该篇文化背景知识的讨论介绍后, 教师在这一阶段首先可以利用交互式阅读法中的自上而下阅读法通过对标题内容的理解来鼓励学生推测文章的篇章结构或通过判断正误来对文章内容进行预测, 之后在阅读过程中对这些问题加以详细地确认。示例如下:

T:1. What questions does the title “How to Prepare for Earthquakes” bring the reader or what can we learn from the title?

2. If you were the author, how would you structure the text?

T:Decide true or false?

1. An earthquake can be predicted. True _ False_

2. The damage of property caused by earthquakes can be prevented. True_ False_

3. We don’t need to have earthquake emergency plans. True_ False_

接下来教师根据课文第一段内容提出以下问题, 要求学生用思考—配对—分享法解答下述各题。

1. Can we foretell an earthquake now?

2. Are there any signs before an earthquake comes?

3. In what writing techniques is the 1st paragraph written?

4. What is the author to give his ink to next?

首先学生们独立思考问题, 然后结成对子交换彼此的看法, 最后这一对与另外一对或整个组分享他们的看法。然后教师选出其中一组向全班汇报, 同时要求该组中一位组员上黑板写出其主要观点, 其他各组加以补充完善。然后鼓励学生预测下一段将要发生的事情。

此外, 为了进一步解决语法结构、单词、短语等语言难点问题, 教师可以运用交互式阅读法中的自下而上阅读法, 通过智力激励法 (Brainstorming) 鼓励学生对此提出问题或教师提出问题要求学生回答, 最后把这些内容用投影仪显示在大屏幕上。

3.2.3 任务后活动:反馈阶段

为了让学生巩固所学知识, 意识到学习是螺旋式上升的一个过程, 激励他们设定新的学习方向;同时为了让教师了解学生在执行任务过程中遇到的问题, 从而在设计新的课程时能够满足学习者的需要并激发其学习兴趣。教师首先可以在学生完成阅读任务后, 根据文章的主题提出具有开放性的假设性问题让学生以书面或口头的方式回答, 以便为学生提供新的语境来检测、巩固并应用所学知识。示例如下:What suggestions would you give for your close friend to survive an earthquake if he or she still lives in an area of high earthquake risk? 教师在此可运用三步谈话法 (Three-step interview) 辅助学生进行讨论。其步骤如下: (1) 组员们结成对子。一名学生扮演采访者, 另一名学生扮演受采访对象。 (2) 学生们交换角色。 (3) 每位组员与小组其他成员分享在两次采访中所学的内容。

然后在组内用智力激励法 (Group Brainstorming) 与其他组员分享出每位组员是用何种方法与资源来解决这些问题;对所有任务的设计, 难易程度、使用的语言、认知过程与交流问题做出评论, 并总结出今后应如何更有效地进行合作;最后每组选派代表在班级简要进行总结。

3.2.4 扩展活动 (Extension activity)

为了给学生提供更多的用目的语进行交流的机会;培养学生学会利用各种资源获取知识的能力, 教师可以利用课堂或课后时间为学生提供与主题相关的扩展活动任务。以How to prepare for earthquakes这一课为例, 教师可在学生们完成阅读任务后, 要求学生就如何做好防震准备工作这一主题以团体探究结构模式 (Group investigation) 进行合作学习, 最后做出演示或写出报告。其步骤如下: (1) 选题:教师在给出主题范围后, 学生们可以在主题范围内选择具体的副主题, 例如教育部门应该如何做好防震准备工作, 建筑施工单位应该如何做好防震准备工作, 家庭或个人应该如何做好防震准备工作。然后学生们根据自己所选择的任务方向进行异质编组, 每组人数四至六人。 (2) 合作计划:组员们一起商定具体的实施步骤、个人所负责的任务以及与副主题相一致的目标;教师进行监督与辅导。 (3) 实施:学生在实施合作计划的过程中, 需要他们在校内外进行各种各样的组内合作活动, 包括交流信息、交换有关小组活动进程的想法及一起合作完成小组报告。在此过程中, 组员们相互帮助、相互满足、相互激励、毫无保留地交换个人的资源。教师则密切地关注小组工作的进程并在需要时提供支持。 (4) 分析与综合:学生们在分析与评估所获取的信息后, 开始计划如何以引人入胜的方式加以总结, 然后演示给全班。 (5) 作品的演示:为了让每位学习者对于此话题有一个整体的意识, 各组把他们探究的结果演示给全班。 (6) 评估:由于各组所探究的是同一主题的不同侧面, 因此学员与教师只能对各组对班级的工作贡献做出整体的评估。评价既包括对个人的也有对小组的评估。

结论

8.全球化视野下外宣翻译研究 篇八

【摘要】本文以第二届夏季青年奥林匹克运动会为例，从全球化的视角分析青奥期间南京主流网站，传播手册，宣传标语等的英译以及其翻译策略、传播效果。同时以增进本土文化与异国文化的交流，将中华文化推向世界舞台为目的，为全球化背景下的中国当代外宣翻译提供了几点建议。

【关键词】外宣翻译 南京青奥会 全球化 文化 走出去

一、引言

外宣，即对外宣传，是公共外交不可或缺的一部分。与外宣紧密相关，即以外国观众为对象、宣传本国为目的的外宣翻译（汪凡凡，2014）。在全球化进程不断加快的今天，各大国际赛会竞相借助外宣活动拓展公共外交，达到推广和提升国家形象的目的。作为外宣的媒介和桥梁，外宣翻译的质量与外宣的效果紧密相关。这对译者的汉英语言文化、社会背景知识，以及全球化的视野提出了较高的专业要求。

二、外宣研究现状

在全球化背景下，我国外宣翻译研究取得了长足的发展。回顾过去十多年来的外宣翻译研究，无论从研究数量还广度都较前期取得了质的飞跃。特别是近年来，我国外宣翻译研究逐步走向成熟，并开始以新的文化视角理论来丰富外宣翻译研究（王玉梅，2011）。笔者以“外宣翻译”为关键词，检索到中国知网上2005至2014年间2552篇论文发表成果，其中2005年共发表论文54篇，2014年565篇，成果数量突飞猛进可见一斑。具体数据见表1：

但我国的外宣翻译研究状况并不理想，在翻译实践中存在不少问题。首先，外宣翻译领域的术语译名存在分歧。国内研究“对外宣传”的书籍寥寥可数，对“对外宣传”的说法也未取得统一（徐建国，2009）。常见的说法有：中译英，外事翻译对外广播与翻译，对外报道等。早在2001年，李欣就提出使用“外宣翻译”术语，但“外宣翻译”的译法同样也没有一个统一的界定。比如，袁晓宁（2005）将其译为Publicity-oriented C/E Translation； 而李崇月（2009）认为International Publicity Translation更为贴切。纵观十多年来的变化历程，笔者认为术语的不明确直接导致了外宣翻译研究的目的模糊和体系分散，进而限制了外宣翻译研究由技巧讨论朝着理论分析的转变。其次，国内关于外宣翻译理论的权威性专著仍然屈指可数，相对于新闻传播和翻译理论的研究来说相形见绌了。鉴于外宣翻译在国家形象的塑造上的重大作用，研究者应以专业化、系统化的方法全面深入的在研究领域展开定量和定性分析。

大型国际赛事的外宣资料翻译是中华文化走出去的重要途径。通过国际赛事，不仅仅向世界展示了我国经济的发展，更是中国几千年的民族文化积淀。

经过研究，笔者发现上个世界九十年代，由于1990年在北京举办的第十一届亚运会，我国的外宣翻译研究萌芽并逐步壮大。此外，北京，上海和广州在国际社会中的关注度分别在2008年，2010年和2011年达到峰值，恰好对应了奥运会，世博会和亚运会。由此可见，大型国际赛事是世界了解中国的重要窗口，这一点从表1对应时间段发表的论文数量就可以看出。总的看来，我国学者充分抓住了契机，将外宣翻译事业推向了高潮。但他们的研究成果大多集中于综合论述与评价、翻译策略与技巧这些角度，而在翻译理论结合具体实践方面有所欠缺。针对这些问题，此项研究旨在通过具体实证，即2014年南京青奥会，进行跨文化视角下的外宣翻译研究。

三、全球化视野下的外宣翻译

随着全球化脚步的日益加快，我国的综合国力也不断提升，文化软实力的增强发挥了不可或缺的助力作用。全球化视野下的外宣翻译从本质上可以视为跨语言和跨文化的信息传播途径，这就要求我们在翻译实践中由字面形式的翻译深化扩展为对文化内涵的翻译（王宁，2000）。因为这使得外宣翻译不仅仅停留在翻译策略等技术问题的层面上，还要求译者掌握更高层次的民族和文化问题。

鉴于外宣翻译在全球化过程所承担的使命，中国的外宣翻译必须以让文化“走出去”为使命，以“让译文受众明确无误地理解和把握译文所传递的信息要旨”为目的（袁晓宁，2005），在风格、措辞、文化背景方面需要充分考虑中外差异和外国读者的需求。2014青奥会是南京作为一个历史悠久、文化积淀深厚的古都第一次举办的高规模的国际赛事，其重要性仅次于2008年北京奥运会。本文选取青奥会期间有代表性的宣传资料，以全球化的视角分析其翻译，得出其对中国当代外宣翻译的启示。

1.原文：分享青春，共筑未来

译文：Share the games，share our dreams

“分享青春，共筑未来”是2014年南京青奥会的口号，传达了希望全世界青少年在奥林匹克精神的鼓舞下，齐聚一堂，分享运动的喜悦，成长的快乐的理念。中文版本不仅强调奥林匹克精神，更强调不同语言文化之间的人们互相理解消除分歧，其途径正是通过文化交流，“分享（sharing）”比赛。英文版本简洁明快，采用单一的“share”一个动词，“games”，“dreams”连读朗朗上口。“share”一词在Longman词典上的解释是“to have equal responsibility for doing something”及“to have the same opinion，quality，or experience as someone else”，強调的不仅是共同的信仰，经历更是共同的责任。用于与“games（青奥会的比赛）”以及“dreams（梦想）”搭配，前者是方法途径，后者揭示了目的，体现了在青奥会在不同国家与地区的青少年间起到的纽带作用，让他们在分享、合作、沟通、互相学习的过程中消除分歧，为人类更加美好的梦想于未来贡献青春与智慧。笔者认为该翻译总体逻辑严谨，表达简练，符合国际社会英语语境习惯，能够适应外国读者的阅读思维，达到原文所期待的表达效果。

2.原文：充满活力的“小手”们将迸发出无数思维的火花，将青奥会的品牌文化传播到世界每一个角落。

译文：We need more ideas，experience and knowledge so that the young，vigorous athletes are able to spread the Olympic brand around the world with their marvelous achievements.

这段文字是对南京青奥会“YOG 手拉手”青奥资源信息交互平台的宣传介绍。原文运用借代、隐喻的手法，“小手”、“火花”分别喻指年轻的运动员们以及他们的思想智慧。译文并没有采取直译的手法，从读者的理解力与阅读期待出发，将主题句前置，开宗明义，添加了主语 “we”，同时通过上下文，对原文中的两个概念进行了具体的阐述，将其译为“young，vigorous athletes”以及“ideas”、“experience”、“knowledge”，使讀者对信息交互平台有了一个简单直接的了解。译文将汉语松散的形式以及依靠上下文表意的特性成功转化成英语的语言特色，更能为读者接受。

3.原文：砳：指敲击石头发出的声音，谐音“乐”，网络语言中可用其代替快乐的“乐”。偏旁部首的“石”代表雨花石，右边是“石”代表石头城南京，当雨花石遇上南京，发出欢“le”的声音。

译文：In its written form，the name is made up of two identical Chinese characters：砳砳.The one on the left represents the rain flower stone，while the one on the right is the symbolic name of Nanjing （“the City of the Stone”）.“Lele” refers to the noise Yuhua stones make when they come into contact with each other and is pronounced in the same way as the Chinese word meaning “happiness” or “joy”.

这一段出自对2014南京青奥会吉祥物砳砳的介绍，鉴于“砳砳”这个名字形式与象征意义都具有创意，在翻译的时候，译者的策略偏向于解释性的译写。先以浅显的语言向外国读者介绍了“砳”字汉语构成特点，再分别解释两个“石”的内涵，最后巧妙的运用“pronounce”一词，引出“砳砳”名字的双关内涵“快乐”。层次清晰，注意逻辑连贯，设法化解了由文化差异带来的理解困难。同时，原文中两个重要的文化概念 “the City of Stone” 以及“Yuhua Stone”也一并向外国读者做了介绍，引出“石头”与南京之间的渊源，以向外国读者展现原汁原味的中国汉字特点以及南京古城的文化特色。

4.原文：让奥运走进青年，让青年拥抱奥运

译文：Olympics for the young，by the young

“让奥运走进青年，让青年拥抱奥运”是南京申奥时提出的理念，旨在促进青年正确认识自我，积极展现创造力；了解彼此，建立友谊；崇尚公平竞争，关注健康和环境；增进自信，传承文明。原句是两个结构一致、相互对仗的使役动词的句子，简洁而有气势，但若将句子直译成英文则难免冗长繁杂，很难在申办青奥会时脱颖而出。译文抛弃了原文复杂的句式，凝练成带有两个并列后置定语的名词，不仅保留了原文的神韵，突出了“奥运”与“青年”密不可分的关系，而且“for the young，by the young”很容易让读者联想到林肯在葛底斯堡演讲中将政府的性质界定为“of the people，by the people，and for the people”这一经典的结构，既避免了繁复的直译句式又保留了申办口号应具备的气势，更加容易在英文读者中产生共鸣，在对外宣传中自信地将南京打造成国际化的形象，效果显著。

四、结论

2014年南京青奥会在国际社会中的广泛好评与组委会高质量的宣传密不可分。对于像南京青奥会这样规模的国际赛事来说，译者更多的需要传播独特的城市文化，以提高城市的国际知名度以及在外国友人心中的亲和力。译者应树立全球意识：语言层面，尊重目的语的句法结构、表达方式；文化层面，采用灵活多变的策略，充分译介中国文化、城市风貌；同时，应尊重读者阅读习惯，考虑译文在译入语中的可接受性，引导、吸引读者了解中国文化。在全球化这一充满挑战与机遇的环境中，合理的使本土文化与异国文化进行交流，将中华文化推向世界的舞台，促进全球文化的进步。

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