英文作文格式

英文作文格式（精选6篇）

1.英文作文格式 篇一

英文信函格式：

1、信头（heading）——写信人地址和写信日期位于信纸右上角，从靠近信纸的中央写起，先地址后日期（地址可以写1—3行，日期写在地址的下面）。地址顺序由小到大：门牌号码——街名或路号——城名或县、市名——省名或州名——国名（邮编通常写在城市名之后）；日期顺序是月——日——年或日——月——年，如：July1,1979=1 July，1979。

2、信内地址（inside address）——收信人姓名和地址写在信头下面，空一行，左起顶格，先姓名后地址。信内地址多用于正式商业信函，一般社交信函常省略。

3、称呼（salutation）——写信人对收信人的称呼：

左起顶格写，后用逗号，常以“Dear…”或“My dear…”开头。写给亲属通常用“Dear+称呼”，如：“Dear Mum,”;写给平辈或晚辈可直呼其名，如：“Dear Tim,”;写给不熟悉者用“Dear Mr+姓,”或“Dear Mrs+其夫,”.4、正文（Body）——信函的主体部分：从称呼的下一行写起，每段开头均留四、五个字母的空白。

5、结束语——（complimentary close）结束客套语在正文下只占一行，从靠近信纸的中央写起。首字母大写，其后用逗号。对上级或长辈可用“Yours trulysincerely,”“ Trulysincerely Yours,”等，对朋友或其它亲密者可用“Yours(ever),”“Ever yours,”等。

6、签名（signature）位于结束语下，稍偏右。

7、信封的写法：

寄信人的地址、姓名写在信封的左上角，也可写在信封的背后。

收信人的地址、姓名写在信封的中央或稍偏右，姓名占第一行，其下写地址，地址顺序由小到大。

2.英文作文格式 篇二

问题的焦点还是在那个“好”字上面。其实,家长、学生们口中的“好文章”当然是指能在中考中拿到高分的文章。这一点,他们所言的“好”和我所认为的“好”其实也并不矛盾,因为我所认为的“好文章”是指具有思想情感内涵的文章,这样的文章在中考中也必然能获得较高的分数。但如果要和家长、学生开展如何写出好文章的方法讨论,估计结果不欢而散。因为,他们着急,他们想要快,想要立竿见影。而我却坚持,学习写作快不得,急不得,催不得。

正是在这样一种背景之下,一种错误的格式化的作文写作教学方法应运而生了。虽然培养学生良好的思想情感有一个长期的过程,但教会学生几点写作的格式却并不需要太多时间。给出模式,强化训练,再加以激励,就可见到成效。

例如:

要求分段,要求一个班级所有学生写作文都分为5段,1段引文,2段起因,3段经过,4段结果,5段总结点题。

要求学生用排比句开头。

要求作文中必须引用一句名言或诗句。

要求学生结尾必须有点明中心的句子。

……

这些写作的要求,显然并不强调学生如何思考,如何表述自己的感受,也不在意其如何描摹刻画,更不要说让学生去斟酌词句了。短期来看,学生的作文在这些严苛的格式要求下,形式逐渐规范起来,作文有了文的样子,随之也就有了分数,分数反过来又刺激着所有格式化作文的参与者,更加严格地执行着写作的规矩。作文逐渐要向八股文靠拢了。

但我们认为这样的规范,只是赋予了学生作文一个样子,而样子终究只是作文的外在,没有思想内涵的作文恐怕只是花架子。这种架子功夫,长期练下去,恐怕最终荒废的不仅是学生的作文,更有可能荒废学生的思想。

其实,深入思考一下,如果我们有些耐心慢慢通过适当的方式引导学生养成正确的思想,并引导学生以顺其自然的方式加以表达,在教学中也完全是行得通的。比如多读一些书,可以增长学生的情趣,拓宽学生的思维。创设体验生活的情境,带学生丰富成长的经历,可以丰富学生的感受。广泛地探讨时事,可以引起学生对社会的关注。组织一场辩论,可以碰撞出学生思维的火花。带学生欣赏一部影视佳作,写几句观影感受,可以给学生的心灵增添灵感。一些切实可行的语文教学活动其实都是作文教学的延伸,广泛的关注学生思想情感的培养就是作文教学。正如马斯洛所言:“思维是人脑对客观事物间接、概括的反映。”只有让学生在学习实践中丰富自己的思想、拓宽自己的见闻,养成积极的人生价值观,才能给学生储备足够的写作能量。

短期看来,交给学生们格式化的写作方法,从某种程度上对提高学生的写作成绩是有帮助的,而且这些写作的固化方法,有很多也确实是写作中需要学会的。例如:如何分段?如何点题?善于借鉴,引述经典的思想等,但应该明确的是,写作是一项艺术活动,而不是技术的叠加,好的文章必须是作者心灵和思想的流露,如果我们不花时间、花精力去灌溉学生的心灵,而一味把学生写作的注意力引导到对作文外在形式的经营上来,避实就虚、舍本逐末,这样的作文教学是“短命”的。

回到最初的问题,格式化的作文教学法能从根本上消除来自教育需求端对教育的期许吗?或许,格式化的作文教学短期内能带来成绩,能较为快速的满足家长、学生对提高写作成绩的期望,但“成也萧何败萧何。”我们必须认识到,家长、学生们需要成绩,而且他们渴望不会停止,他们需要更高的成绩……终有一天,格式化写作换来的拔苗助长式的成绩将跟不上来自他们内心的需求的写作。是的,他们会醒悟的,他们会意识到那些曾经让他们满意的格式化的作文只不过是教育给他们的一个谎言,他们最终还会明白,比分数更可贵的是一个人的思想和情趣。

3.浅谈中英文书信格式 篇三

关键词：中英文；书信；格式

书信历史悠久，其格式也几经变化。按通行的习惯，中文书信格式主要包括五个部分：称呼、正文、结尾、署名和日期；而英文书信一般由六部分组成。即，信头（Heading）、信内地址（Inside Address），称呼（Salutation）、正文（Body of Letter）、结束语（Complimentary Close）、署名（Signature）。

在中文书信中地址是写在信封上的，而英文书信中含有信头和信内地址。

一、信头（Heading）

信头，一般写在信纸的右上角，包括寄信人通信地址和写信日期。如：

Changsha No.1 Middle School

P.R.China，

Nov.8，2005.

二、信内地址（Inside Address）

信内地址位于左上角。在信头之后，下空两三行，从左边顶格处写起。信内地址是收信人的地址，包括姓名，职务，公司名称，市、州或省，邮政编码和国家。第一行写称呼和姓名，第二行写收信人的单位名称，第三行写地址，地址中每个词的首字母要大

写，如：

Dr. David Fuller

Graduate Studies

Northern State University

1200 South Jay Street

Aberdeen，SD57401-7198

U.S.A.

三、称呼

中英文的称呼都会遵循“因人而异”，会根据收信人的年龄、地位或职位不同。

中文中的称呼要在信纸第一行顶格写起，后加“：”，称呼和署名要对应，明确自己和收信人的关系。这里简要说明几条细则：

1.给长辈的信

若是近亲，就只写称谓，如“爸”“妈”等；亲戚关系的，就写关系的称谓，如“姑妈”等。对非近亲的长辈，可在称谓前加名或姓，如“赵阿姨”等。

2.给平辈、晚辈的信

可直接用对方名字。

3.给师长的信

通常只写其姓或其名，再加“老师”二字，如“段老师”。对于学有专长、德高望重的师长，往往在姓后加一“老”字，以示尊重，如“戴老”，亦可在姓名后加“先生”二字。

而英语中的称呼语（Salutation）同样也有多种形式：

（1）在不知道收信人姓名的情况下，有以下几种称呼方式：Dear Sir/Madam（to a man/Madam， if the name is unknown），如果是寄往某公司的信还可用“Dear Sirs”。

（2）在知道收信人姓名的情况下，有以下几种称呼方式： Dear Mr. Smith（for a man），Dear Mrs. Brown（for a married woman）Dear Miss Jones（for a single woman），Dear Ms Todd（Ms does not reveal the marital status of a woman）.

四、正文

中文书信的正文通常以问候语开头。问候是对收信人的一种礼节，体现写信人对收信人的关心。接下来便是正文的主要部分——主体文，即写信人要说的话。这一部分，明白写信的主旨，做到有条有理、层次分明。若是信中同时要谈几件事，更要注意主次分明，有头有尾，详略得当。

英语中的正文（body）包括三个部分：第一部分是开头，需要开门见山地说明写信的原因和目的。如果是写给不认识的人，还要加上一个简单的自我介绍。如果是回信，还要说明何时收到对方关于什么内容的信。

五、结尾

正文写完后，一般都会要表达对收信人的祝福及勉励。我们把它称做祝颂语或致敬语，这是对收信人的一种尊重和礼貌。

中文结尾的习惯写法在正文写完之后，紧接着写“此致”“敬礼”，但是要注意的是这两个词的格式，“敬礼”要另起一行顶格。

英语书信的结束语（Complimentary Close），通常也以礼貌的祝福或者愿望来结束。如：

I am looking forward to your reply.

六、署名和日期

在书信最后一行，署上写信人的姓名。署名应写在正文结尾后的右方空半行的地方。如果是写给比较亲近和熟悉的人，直接写上自己的名字，不用写姓。如果是写给单位的或是比较正式的推荐信，一定要把姓与名全部写上，以示尊敬。日期一项，用以注明写完信的时间，写在署名之后或下边。

英文署名是在结束语的下方签名，先手写出，再打出来。

总体而言，中英文书信的格式有着相同点，也有着不同点，相同点体现了文化的相通性，而地域的差异又带来了不同点。随着全球化的发展、科技的进步，人与人之间的联络变得很方便，而最初的这些传统联络方式却渐渐地消失，人与人之间的感情变得更疏远，因此，我们更需要传承这些文化，保留其精髓。

（作者单位 湖南石油化工职业技术学院）

4.英文收入证明格式 篇四

TOWHOMITMAYCONCERN

RE:(姓名)-INCOMECERTIFICATION

Thisistocertifythat(姓名)hasbeenabonafideemployeeofthisorganizationsince(开始任职年份).Mr./Ms.(姓)hasbeenundermysupervisionsince(开始任职该部门年份).His/Hercurrentlypositionis(职位名称).His/Herannualincomeforthepastthreeyearsareasfollow:

2008-RMB¥XX,000

2009-RMB¥XX,000

2010-RMB¥XX,000

(签名)

NameandTitleofSignatory:

(直属部门主管或负责人的姓名及职衔)

(Ihaveauthoritytoissuethiscertification.)

Contact:XXX

Tel.:XXXXXXXXX

(BONAFIDE是拉丁文,英文即INGOODFAITH:即,货真价实的,而且诚信的,多用于确认文件或身份的真实性。)

在职收入证明

收入证明格式(标准格式)

在申请信用卡或者办理其他银行业务的时候，收入证明是必不可少的证明材料，许多卡友在要求单位开具收入证明的时候并不知道标准的收入证明是什么样的格式，导致很多收入证明无法使用，下面为您提供三种标准收入证明格式，您可以直接将其中的一种复制到word中打印出来交给单位填写、盖章即可。

收入证明格式一：

兹证明________是我公司员工，在________部门任________职务。至今为止，一年以来总收入约为__________元。

特此证明。

本证明仅用于证明我公司员工的工作及在我公司的工资收入，不作为我公司对该员工任何形势的担保文件。

盖章：

日期：______年___月___日

收入证明格式二：

个人收入证明

兹有我公司(xx-xx公司)员工xx-x，身份证号码：xx-xxx-x，在我司工作xx年，任职xx部门xx经理(职位)，年收入为人民币xx-xxx元。

特此证明!

xx-xx公司(加盖公章)

xx-xx年x月x日

收入证明格式三：

收入证明

xx-xx银行：

兹证明先生(女士)是我单位职工，工作年限年，在我单位工作年，职务为，岗位为，工作性质为(正式制;合同制;临时制;其他)，职称为，该员工是否有违规违纪行为(有;无)。

其身份证号码为：

其平均月收入为人民币(大写)元

单位联系电话：

单位营业执照编号：

单位办公地址：

本单位承诺该职工的收入证明真实。

本收入证明仅限于该职工办理贷记卡用途，我公司并不对该职工使用贷记卡可能造成的欠款承担任何责任。

5.英文格式在职证明 篇五

在职证明

兹证明杨 成 是我们公司总经理，他从2004 年8月起在我公司工作，月

薪 8000元。杨 成 将于 2011 年 8 月去往孟加拉 旅游/参加商务活动，预计停留/公司支付，在他出国期间，我公司保留其职位，我公司保证他按期回国，回国后将继续为我公司服务。

特此证明。

公司名称：扬州沃尔科技有限公司公司地址：江苏 宝应 山阳 二桥工业园负责人职务：总经理负责人：（签名并加盖公章）注：请使用公司抬头信纸打印此证明。

YANGZHOU WOER TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD

CERTIFICATION

of our company, and has been working here sincehis present salary is RMB per month.He will go todays.We guarantee that he will obey the laws and regulatians and return to China on schedule.He/The company will pay all the cost during the travel and will continue to work for our company after the travel.Company: YANGZHOU WOER TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD

Address: Second Bridge Industrial Zone,Baoying Country,Jiangsu Province,ChinaResponsible person: General Manager

6.英文报告格式 篇六

兹呈交的论文，是本人在导师指导下独立完成的研究成果，在论文写作过程中参考的其他个人或集体的研究成果均在文中以明确方式标明，本人依法享有和承担由此论文而产生的权利和责任。signature(签名): ________________ date（时间）: ________________ table of contents(字体times new roman, 四号，)（空一行）1.introduction.............................................................................................4 2.sample title.............................................................................................4 2.1 sample title..................................................................................................................4 2.1.1 sample title........................................................................................................4 2.1.2 sample title........................................................................................................4 2.2 sample title..................................................................................................................5 2.3 sample title..................................................................................................................5 3.conclusion..............................................................................................5

bibliography...............................................................................................6 appendices i...............................................................................................7（制作目录请选择菜单中的：插入——引用——索引和目录——目录——确定，即可，然后将字体改为小四号。不要自己输入）1.introduction(标题1样式，字体times new roman, 字号三号，标题与正文之间不空行。)this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.（正文字体使用times new roman，字号用小四号字体，1.5倍行距，两端对齐，顶头式即每段开头不空格）

（每段结束之后一定要空一行）2.sample title 2.1 sample title（第二层标题，选择标题2的样式，样式框在字体框之前；然后将字体改为times new roman，字号改为小三号，字体加粗；下面不空行）2.1.1 sample title（第三层标题，选择标题3的样式，样式框在字体框之前；然后将字体改为times new roman，字号改为四号，字体加粗；下面是正文则不空行）this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.2.1.2 sample title this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text:(a)this is sample text.(b)this is sample text.(c)this is sample text.(d)this is sample text..(每一小标题中如果有多个要点，请放在一个整段中，用（1）（2）或者(a)(b)等标出；如果是并列的几个词组，可以用分号隔开；不要每个单独成行，也不用分到下一级1.1.2.1 和 1.1.2.2 之类的标题了。)2.2 sample title this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.2.3 sample title this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.3.conclusion this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.this is sample text.篇二：英文读书报告撰写格式

英文读书报告撰写格式

1．字体均为times new roman 报告题目为3号黑体居中

学生姓名、专业班级、学号、正文及参考文献均为小4号

双倍行距

2．打印纸张规格：用a4纸单面打印。3．报告第一页第一行应为：报告题目

第二行靠右应为：学生姓名、专业班级、学号

接下来是正文；参考文献在正文之后。4.报告字数为1000---1500字。

附：

英文读书报告写作知识 the book report 1.three main parts of a book report generally speaking, a book report consists of the following three main parts: ? information about the author and his times ? a summary of the book a description of the author’s times should be given together with a brief account of his life.it should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book.to make these things clear, the writer perhaps needs to read some reference material, such as biographies of the author and histories of the period described in the book.2.writing of the book report 1)the summary of the book should be self-contained, clear, and easy to understand.above all, it should be objective.3)the summary of a novel or a play is usually written in the present tense, while that of nonfiction, in the tense of the original work: for example, the past tense should be used for a history, and the present for a scientific work.weekly report name day, month and year 1.achievements planned in the last report.make sure the information is presented in such a way understandable by the readers.it is not expected to have significant achievements every week.but you should achieve something at least every two weeks.3.activities list your main research related activities in the week.if you have some other major work, list them as well so that i can know your workload and difficulties.4.work planned next week 5.attachments list attachments included with the report.it is not necessary to have attachments every week.? must limit this report to one page.you can use smaller fonts or page margins if needed.? email your report to me.weekly report example from xxx to xxx 1.achievements ? ? ? 3.activities ? ? ? ? ? 4.work planned next week ? ? ? ? the results will be documented in a simple draft report 5.attachments ? ? inrush current plotted and my analysis list of papers read篇四：英文论文写作格式要求 精华 implicational meaning of the scarlet a in the scarlet letter by name a thesis submitted to foreign languages department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of b.a in english university may, 2011 contents 1.introduction................................................................................................................1 3.different meanings of the scarlet a to various characters.........................................2 3.1 different meanings of the scarlet a to hester prynne..........................................2 3.1.1 a for “agony” and “anguish”......................................................................2 3.1.2 a for “able”, “admirable” and “angel”......................................................2 3.2 different meaning of scarlet a to dimmesdale....................................................2 3.2.1 “a” for “apostle” and “adam”....................................................................3 3.2.2 “a” for “arthur”...........................................................................................3 4.the influence of the scarlet letter “a” on various characters....................................3 4.1 hester prynne.......................................................................................................3 4.2 arthur dimmesdale..............................................................................................3 5.conclusion.................................................................................................................3 references....................................................................................错误！未定义书签。

目录页的要求 1)单独占一页，不加页码，目录用contents一词表示，目录中的字体用小四号times new roman字体，不加粗，1.5倍行距。2)目录页从introduction开始（前面加阿拉伯数字形式的序号1），其次为各级标题，conclusion前面也要加序号，最后一项为bibliography(前面不加序号)。3)中英文摘要和关键词均不出现在目录中。4)目录如有两页或更多，则双面打印，打印时加页码，页码形式为i, ii, iii„。implicational meaning of the scarlet a in the scarlet letter(论文题目：小二号,times new roman，与其后的内容之间不空行)name：xxx student id: xxx（学生姓名与student一词之间空五个空格。此行内容与摘要之间空一行。）abstract the novel the scarlet letter is the masterpiece of nathanial hawthorne;the well-known romantic novelist of america in the 19th century, in this book, the author uses a scarlet a as the focus and center of the book.this thesis, focus on different meanings of the scarlet a, its influence on the four main characters and their results, reveals various implications of the scarlet letter a.key words hawthorne;scarlet a;implication（摘要部分字数要求在200-250字之间，摘要部分的行距为固定值20磅，内容全部用五号，times new roman字体。其中，abstract一词加粗，其后空一格；key words是两个单词，加粗，其后空一格，关键词中除专有名词外，其他关键词一律不大写，关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一格关键词后没有任何标点。关键词这一行之后，论文的introduction部分之间空一行，行距为固定值20磅。）1.introduction（introduction 作为论文正文的第一部分，相当于一级标题，前面要加序号，序号样式为阿拉伯数字1，数字后面加句点，字体为小四号times new roman，加粗，标题1.introduction与后面的内容之间空一行，行距为固定值20磅。introduction 部分中的内容用五号times new roman字体，此部分的应包括以下及方面： 1）选题的目的和意义；

2）国内外对该选题的研究状况综述，选择罗列主要研究者的主要文献及观点； 3）本论文的研究内容，方法，角度和意义； 4）本论文的结构，例如：this thesis consists of four parts, the first part introduces „., the second part studies „, the third part explores„, and the last part is conclusion.5）字数不少于500字。introduction前面的序号作顶格，此部分的内容，分段即可，无需用小标题的形式。introduction的内容之后，下一个标题之前，空一行，行距为固定值20磅。this novel is notable for its allegory and symbolism.（此部分内容的字体为五号，times new roman）3.different meanings of the scarlet a to various characters.（同标题2的要求）

3.1 different meanings of the scarlet a to hester prynne.（二级标题为小四号times new roman，行距为固定值20磅，与正文内容之间不空行。二级标题的序号左缩进两个空格，标题中的内容除第一个单词的首字母大写外，其余单词的首字母一律不大写，但专有名词除外。）hester prynne, the heroine of the novel, wears the scarlet letter a for seven years.（此部分内容的字体为五号，times new roman）3.1.1 a for “agony” and “anguish”（三级标题的序号之前向右缩进四个空格，字号为五号times new roman字体，行距为固定值20磅，与正文内容之间不空行，）chang ruifang writes “the implication of the scarlet letter is actually agony and anguish.”[1]（此部分内容的字体为五号，times new roman）3.1.2 a for “able”, “admirable” and “angel”（同标题3.1.1的要求）as the story develops, the scarlet letter is a “hymn on the moral growth of the woman” [2]（此部分内容的字体为五号，times new roman）3.2 different meaning of scarlet a to dimmesdale（同标题3.1.的要求）dimmesdale always has a scarlet letter in his heart, which represents “apostle”, “adam” [1] chang ruifang.analytical discussion on the implication of the scarlet letter a and its dual nature, 2001:75.[2] 常耀信.美国文学简史,2003:289.篇五：英文实验报告的格式和写法

英文实验报告的格式和写法【转】 2010-10-04 06:03 一份最标准的实验报告的格式： 1.abstract 2.introduction 3.method 4.results 5.discussion 6.conclusion 7.reference 分别来分享下近来学到的。abstract 摘要摘要，就是整篇文章摘出来的要。

强烈建议整篇文章写完后再写摘要。

把文章每个部分选一些句子出来就可以拼凑成一个abstract了。

一个abstract 的模板： 1 一两句话说明这个实验的主要理论依据，或者实验需要证明的假说。2 一两句话说一下这个理论或者假说的相关的研究。3 两三句话描述一下实验 4 两三句话概括一下实验结果 5 一句话说一个结论，解释一下这个实验的意义或结果的重要性

转一个别人的example: does a child’s focus correlate with barometric pressure? if so, does it correlate positively or negatively? tucker(1999)hypothesized a negative correlation, but this assertion has never been tested.our team used the misha cpt to measure the focus of a group of 150 third-grade students.we divided the students into three groups of 50 students.one group took the misha cpt when barometric pressure was low, another group took it when barometric pressure was neutral, and the final group took it when barometric pressure was high.the results found that children focused significantly better when barometric pressure was low than when barometric pressure was neutral or high.the results suggest that when diagnosing adhd, practitioners should give the cpt when barometric pressure is neutral.introduction introduction以实验目的为开头，解释一下这个实验需要证明的东西。具体实验目的视全篇实验报告长度而定，几段到几页都有的。

实验目的写完后介绍实验基本理论。介绍一下前人或者文献里的相近相关的实验，写一下他们的成果以及不到位的地方。（well, 如果是学校安排的每年都要

做的实验就写写类似相关实验的优劣吧），这部分注意写reference。

然后介绍一下实验过程。如果实验用了一些非常见的仪器，也可以在这个部分做一个简要介绍。

再转一篇我认为写得很好的introduction example introduction in this lab, we explore the theory of optimal foraging and the theory of central place foraging using beavers as the model animal.foraging refers to the mammalian behavior associated with searching for food.the optimal foraging theory assumes that animals feed in a way that maximizes their net rate of energy intake per unit time(pyke et al.1977).an animal may either maximize its daily energy intake(energy maximizer)or minimize the time spent feeding(time minimizer)in order to meet minimum the central place theory is used to describe animals that collect food and store it in a fixed location in their home range, the central place(jenkins 1980).the factors associated with the optimal foraging theory also apply to the central place theory.the central place theory predicts that retrieval costs increase linearly with distance of the resource from the central place(rockwood and hubbell 1987).central place feeders are very selective when choosing food that is far from the central place since they have to spend time and energy hauling it back to the storage site(schoener 1979).the main objective of this lab was to determine beaver(castor canadensis)food selection based on tree species, size, and distance.since beavers are energy maximizers(jenkins 1980, belovsky 1984)and central place feeders(mcginley and whitam 1985), they make an excellent test animal for the optimal foraging theory.beavers eat several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves, twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that grow near water(jenkins and busher 1979).by examining the trees that are chewed or not-chewed in the beavers’ home range, an accurate assessment of food preferences among tree species may be gained(jenkins 1975).the purpose of this lab was to learn about the optimal foraging theory.we wanted to know if beavers put the optimal foraging theory into action when selecting food.we hypothesized that the beavers in this study will choose trees that are small in circumference and closest to the water.since the energy yield of tree species may vary significantly, we also hypothesized that beavers will show a preference for some species of trees over others regardless of circumference size or distance from the central area.the optimal foraging theory and central place theory lead us to predict that beavers, like most herbivores, will maximize their net rate of energy intake per unit time.in order to maximize energy, beavers will choose trees that are closest to their central place(the water)and require the least retrieval cost.since beavers are trying to maximize energy, we hypothesized that they will tend to select some species of trees over others on the basis of nutritional value.methods 这部分通常包括material 和 procedure两个部分。material：

详细的写出实验用到的材料，设备，器材。像下面这样是不够详尽的： chromatography light bulbs 比较一下下面的：

lc-10avp plus high-performance liquid chromatography 24 incandescent 60w light bulbs arranged in a 6*4 rectangular matrix(see figure 2)dell precision t7500(xeon x5550 2.66ghz, 6gb ram, 64 bit windows 7 professional)另外，如果实验对象中有人的话，介绍人数，群体背景。用subjects 来称呼。比如 subjects we tested 150 third-grade students chosen at random from a pool of 346 applicants from eight london public and private elementary schools.the students represented a fairly wide range of economic backgrounds.all agreed to participate in our study in exchange for a 25 pounds gift certificate from a local toy store.procedure 详细写出每一步步骤。不要虚构理想化实验，不要夸大某个过程

如实叙述即可。如果步骤比较多就用数字标出每一步。example: t = mr(g-a), where a is the acceleration of the mass.if the assumption holds that the only friction affecting the potentiometer was constant coulomb friction, then each mass would undergo a constant acceleration.the potentiometer measured voltage versus time for the masses as they dropped, but the measurement of interest to us was position versus time.for that reason, a ‘calibration’ was performed before we measured any data.in the calibration, the potentiometer’s initial voltage was measured.then the string was pulled a set distance(2 inches), and the voltage was recorded.this process of pulling the string a set distance and recording the voltage continued another two times(see appendix a for the results).to determine the relationship between voltage and position, the differences in the voltages were averaged and divided by the length.the resulting relationship was 0.9661 volts/inch.five different masses were used to test the assumption of constant acceleration.for each mass, the string was rolled up on the shaft, the oscilloscope was triggered, and the shaft was released.as each mass dropped, the oscilloscope collected the potentiometer’s voltage versus the time.after obtaining plots for each mass, we used the voltage-position relationship, mentioned above, to convert the data from the form voltage versus time to the form position versus time squared.the residuals of the data determined whether the assumption of constant acceleration was valid.results 实验的数据，公式，图表，计算过程，用一种对读者最友好的形式展示出来。实验的原始数据通常都是放在附录的，这里都是放处理过的数据。

如果有大量的计算，至少要列出其中一个sample calculation.results部分的开头最好重复一下实验目的。

如果结果很多，最好分成不同的section example: results overall, beavers showed a preference for certain species of trees, and their preference was based on distance from the central place.measurements taken at the study site show that beavers avoided oaks and musclewood(fig.1)and show a significant food preference(x2=447.26, d.f.=9, p<.05).no avoidance or particular preference was observed for the other tree species.the mean distance of 8.42 m away from the water for not-chewed trees was significantly greater than the mean distance of 6.13 m for chewed trees(t=3.49, d.f.=268, p<.05)(fig.2).the tree species that were avoided were not significantly farther from the water(t=.4277, d.f.=268, p>.05)than selected trees.for the selected tree species, no significant difference in circumference was found between trees that were not chewed(mean=16.03 cm)and chewed(mean=12.80 cm)(t=1.52, d.f.=268, p>.05)(fig.3).discussions 对于results中描述的实验数据，在这个部分中进一步诠释，解释每个结果的含义，为后面conclusion做准备。