中国古诗词中英对照

中国古诗词中英对照（精选7篇）

1.中国古诗词中英对照 篇一

中国谚语警句中英文对照

玉不琢，不成器: C: A piece of jade unless cut forms no article of vertu./ E: An uncut gem goes not sparkle./ The finest diamond must be cut./ Unpolished pearls never shine.，十年树木，百年树人: C: It takes ten years to grow a tree and a hundred years to bring up a generation of good men./ E: It takes three generations to make a gentleman.，学无止境: C: knowledge is infinite / E: progress sometimes uses a comma, but never a full stop.，此地无银三百两: never try to prove what nobody doubts.，严师出高徒: C: Good pupils are to be brought up by strict teachers./ E: It is the bridle and spur that makes a good horse.，得不偿失: give a lark to catch a kite.，对症下药: a disease known is half the cure.，君子之交淡如水: a hedge between keeps friendship green.，化干戈为玉帛: bury the hatchet.，家和万事兴: he is happiest, be he king or peasant, who finds peace in his home.，江山易改，本性难移: the leopard cannot change its spots.，留得青山在，不怕没柴烧: where there is life, there is hope.，狡兔三窟: the mouse that has but one hole is quickly taken.，举一反三: half a tale is enough for a wise man.，当局者迷，旁观者清: outsiders see more than insiders./ standers-by see more than gamesters.世上无难事，只怕有心人: dogged does it.，笨鸟先飞: C: a slow sparrow should make an early start./ E: a lame traveler should get out betimes.，冷暖自知: every man is best known to himself.，有情人终成眷属: every jack has jill.，宁为玉碎不为瓦全: better death than dishonor.，情人眼里出西施: if jack is in love, he is no judge of jill’s beauty.，拳不离手，曲不离口: no day without a line.，吃一堑，长一智: by falling we learn to go safely.，塞翁失马: no great loss without some small gain.，天无绝人之路: god tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.，仁者见仁，智者见智: E: the donkey means one thing, and the driver another./ C: the benevolent see benevolence and the wise see wisdom.，师傅领进门，修行在个人: no man is his craft’s master the first day.谚语作为一种以简单通俗的语言来表达深刻道理的语句，常为人们所引用。千百年来各国之间或多或少的文化交流，往往会使一个民族的谚语跨越疆界，广为流传于其它民族。许多谚语流传甚广，早已为我们所熟知。因此，谚语的口译并非是一道不可逾越的障碍。谚语的口译大致可分为三种类型，一种是“形同意合”的口译，第二种是“形似意合”的口译，第三种是“形异意合”的口译。

一、“形同意合”的谚语

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。

All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill.有情人终成成眷属。

A man should not bite the hand that feeds him.不

要恩将仇报。Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。

Business is business.公事公办。

Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

Fish in troubled waters.浑水摸鱼。

Friends must part.聚散离合总有时。/天下无不散之宴席。Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

Health is better than wealth.家有万贯财，不如一身健。

Hedges have eyes, walls have ears.隔篱有眼，隔墙有耳。

In time of peace prepare for war.居安当思危。

Like father, like son.有其父，必有其子。

Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。

Misfortunes never come alone.祸不单行。

Money can’t buy time.寸金难买寸光阴。

More haste, less speed.欲速则不达。

Out of office, out of danger.无官一身轻。Out of sight, out of mind./Far from eye, far from heart.眼不见为净。

Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

The style is the man.文如其人。

Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。/岁月无情。

The remembrance of the past is the teacher of the future.前事不忘后事之师。/前车之覆，后车之鉴。To teach is to learn.教学相长。

The tongue cuts the throat.祸从口出。/言多必失。

2.中国著名大学校训中英文对照 篇二

Peking University(founded in 1898): Patriotism, Advancement, Democracy and Science

北京大学(创建于1898年)：爱国 进步 民主 科学

Tsinghua University(founded as early as 1911): Self-discipline and Social Commitment

清华大学(始建于1911年)：自强不息 厚德载物

Wuhan University(date back to 1893): Improve Yourself, Carry Forward Stamina, Seek Truth and Develop Innovations

武汉大学(前身建于1893年)：自强 弘毅 求是 拓新

Tianjin University(founded in 1895): Seek Truth from Facts

天津大学(创建于1895年)：实事求是

Zhejiang University(founded in 1897): Seek Truth and Be Creative

浙江大学(创建于1897年)：求是创新

Shandong University(founded in 1901): Noble in Spirit;Boundless in Knowledge

山东大学(创建于1901年)：气有浩然 学无止境

Nanjing University(founded in 1902): Be Honest and Intelligent, Study Hard and Act Sincerely

南京大学(创建于1902年)：诚朴雄伟 励学敦行

Beijing Normal University(founded in 1902): Learn to be an Excellent Teacher;Act as an Exemplary Person

北京师范大学(创建于1902年)：学为人师 行为世范

Southeast University(founded in 1902): Strive for Perfection

东南大学(创建于1902年)：止于至善

Fudan University(founded as early as 1905): Rich in Knowledge and Tenacious of Purpose;Inquiring with Earnestness and Reflecting with Self-practice 复旦大学(始建于1905年)：博学而笃志 切问而近思

Jinan University(founded in 1906): Loyalty, Credibility, Sincerity, and Piety

暨南大学(创建于1906年)：忠信笃敬

Tongji University(founded in 1907): Discipline, Practicality, Unity and Creativity

同济大学(创建于1907年)：严谨 求实 团结 创新

Nankai University(founded in 1919): Dedication to Public Interests, Acquisition of All-round Capability, and Aspiration for Progress with Each Day

南开大学(创建于1919年)：允公允能 日新月异

Harbin Institute of Technology(founded in 1920): Strict Standard and Sufficient Effort

哈尔滨工业大学(创建于1920年)：规格严格 工夫到家

Xiamen University(founded in1921): Pursue Excellence, Strive for Perfection

厦门大学(创建于1921年)：自强不息 止于至善

Sun Yat-sen University(founded in 1924): Study Extensively, Enquire Accurately, Reflect Carefully, Discriminate Clearly, Practise Earnestly

中山大学(创建于1924年)：博学 审问 慎思 明辨 笃行

Renmin University of China(date back to 1937): Seek Truth from Facts

中国人民大学(前身建于1937年)：实事求是

Beijing Institute of Technology(founded in 1939): Solidarity, Diligence, Practicality and Creativity

北京理工大学(创建于1939年)：团结 勤奋 求实 创新

Beijing Foreign Studies University(founded in 1941): Be United, Alert, Earnest and Lively

北京外国语大学(创建于1941年)：团结 紧张 严肃 活泼

National University of Defense Technology(founded in 1953): Dedication and Practicality

国防科学技术大学(创建于1953年)：奉献 求实

University of Science and Technology of China(founded in 1958): Socialist-minded and Professionally Proficient, Associating Truth with Fact 中国科学技术大学(创建于1958年)：红专并进 理实交融

National Tai Wan University(date back to 1927)：Cultivate Your Virtue, Advance Your Intellect;Love Your Country and People

国立台湾大学(前身建于1927年)：敦品 励学 爱国 爱人

Hong Kong Polytechnic University(founded in 1937): To Learn and to Apply for the Benefit of Mankind

香港理工大学(创建于1937年)：开物成务 励学利民 香港大学

3.中国古诗词中英对照 篇三

总警监------General Police Commissioner

副总警监---Duty General Police Commissioner

一级警监--- Police Commissioner, Class I

二级警监--- Police Commissioner, Class II

三级警监--- Police Commissioner, Class III

一级警督--- Police Supervisor, Class I

二级警督--- Police Supervisor, Class II

三级警督--- Police Supervisor, Class III

一级警司--- Police Superintendent, Class I

二级警司--- Police Superintendent, Class II

三级警司--- Police Superintendent, Class III

一级警员--- Police Constable, Class I

4.中国古诗词中英对照 篇四

British Broadcasting Corporation(abbreviated to BBC)is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world.Its mission is to enrich people’s lives with programs that inform, educate and entertain.It is a public service broadcaster, funded by a license fee that is paid by UK households and by government grants.The BBC uses the income from the license fee to provide services including 8 national TV channels plus regional programming, 10 national radio stations, 40 local radio stations and extensive website, bbc.co.uk.BBC World Service broadcasts to the world on radio, on radio, on TV and online, providing news and information in 32 languages.The BBC also has a commercial arm, BBC Worldwide, which operates a range of businesses including selling programs around the world and publishing books, DVDs and merchandise.Its profits are returned to the BBC for investment in new programming and services.英国国家广播公司（简称英国广播公司）是世界上最大的广播公司。其任务在于以“教育、通告和娱乐”来丰富大众生活。英国广播公司是一个公共广播机构，主要经费来源于英国家庭购买的电视执照费和英国政府的特别拨款。公司将执照费的收入用于提供电台广播服务，其中包括了8个国家的电视频道加上地区节目，10个国家广播电台，40个地方广播电台以及覆盖面广的网站，bbc.co.uk。英国广播公司对外广播向全世界广播电台，广播，电视和在线网络提供32种语言的新闻和资讯。公司也有一个商业部门--BBC Worldwide，经营的业务包括销售，出版书籍，音像制品等。其利润返回到应该广播公司用于投资新的项目和服务。

汉译英

中国国际旅行社（China International Travel Services,简称中国国旅，英文简写: CITS）成立于1954年，是目前国内规模最大、实力最强的旅行社企业集团，荣列国家统计局公布的“中国企业500强”，是500强中唯一的旅游企业。国旅总社在海外10多个国家和地区设有14家分社，在全国122个城市拥有20多家控股子公司和122家国旅集团理事会成员社，总资产50亿元。2000年，国旅总社通过了ISO9001国际质量体系认证。国旅总社是第一批国家特许经营出境旅游的旅行社，出境、国内旅游业务以年均40%的幅度快速增长。

China International Travel Services（abbreviated to CITS）was funded in 1954.It is the largest and most powerful travel agency in China and it is also the “China’s Top

5.中国古诗词中英对照 篇五

编号：_________

No.:__________

致受益人 ：

TO: ___________(the “Beneficiary”)

鉴于

（下称“保函申请人”）与你方签订了编号为 的

（合同或协议名称），并按该合同或协议约定预收你方预付款(币种及金额大写)。我行接受保函申请人的请求，愿就保函申请人按上述合同或协议约定退还预付款向你方提供如下保证：

Whereas ________(the “L/G Applicant”)has entered into __________ [contract or agreement](No.________)with you and received advance payment from you in an amount of _______ [currency][amount(in words)] in accordance with the provisions thereunder, upon the request of the L/G Applicant, we hereby undertake to act as a guarantor in accordance with the following in respect of the refund by the L/G Applicant of such advance payment under the above contract or agreement:

一、本保函项下我行承担的保证责任最高限额为(币种、金额、大写)。（下称“保证金额”）

The maximum amount guaranteed by us hereunder shall be ________ [currency][amount(in words)](the “Guaranteed Amount”).二、我行在本保函项下提供的保证为连带责任保证。Our guarantee liability hereunder shall be joint and several.三、本保函的有效期为以下第 种： 1.本保函有效期至 年 月 日止。2.。

The validity period of this L/G shall be item __ of the following: ending on the date of ________;or_______________________.四、在本保函的有效期内，如保函申请人违反上述合同或协议约定而未向你方退还预付款，我行将在收到你方提交的本保函原件及符合下列全部条件的索赔通知后 个工作日内，以上述保证金额为限支付你方索赔金额：

During the Guarantee Term, if the L/G Applicant fails to refund you the advance payment in accordance with the above contract or agreement, we shall pay you the amount up to but not exceeding the Guaranteed Amount within ___ working days after receiving from you the original copy of this L/G and the Demand for Payment satisfying all of the following requirements:

（一）索赔通知必须以书面形式提出，列明索赔金额，并由你方法定代表人（负责人）或授权代理人签字并加盖公章；

The Demand for Payment shall be in writing and set out the amount claimed, affixed with your company chop and signed by your legal representative(principal officer)or authorized representative;

（二）索赔通知必须同时附有：

1.一项书面声明，声明索赔款项并未由保函申请人或其代理人直接或间接地支付给你方；

2.证明保函申请人违反上述合同或协议约定而未向你方退还预付款以及有责任支付你方索赔金额的证 1 据。

The Demand for Payment shall be delivered together with: a.a written statement stating that the L/G Applicant or its agent has not paid you, directly or indirectly, any amount claimed;and b.evidence to prove that the L/G Applicant has failed to refund you the advance payment in accordance with the above contract or agreement and that it is obligated to pay you the amount claimed.（三）索赔通知必须在本保函有效期内到达以下地址：。

The Demand for Payment shall reach the following address within the Guarantee Term: ________________________.五、本保函保证金额将随保函申请人逐步履行保函项下合同约定或法定的义务以及我行按你方索赔通知要求分次支付而相应递减。

The Guaranteed Amount shall be reduced correspondingly when:(1)the L/G Applicant has performed any of its contractual or statutory obligations in relation to the contract or agreement underlying the L/G;and(2)we make any installment payment upon your Demand for Payment.六、本保函项下权利不得转让，不得设定担保。受益人未经我行书面同意转让本保函或其项下任何权利，我行在本保函项下的义务与责任全部消灭。

The rights hereunder shall not be transferred or assigned to any third party, nor shall they be offered as a security for other debts.七、本保函项下的合同或基础交易不成立、不生效、无效、被撤销、被解除，本保函无效；保函申请人基于保函项下的合同或基础交易或其他原因的抗辩，我行均有权主张。

If the contract or agreement mentioned above or the underlying transaction is null and void, becomes ineffective or invalid, or is revoked or terminated, this L/G shall become void.We are entitled to the same defenses as the L/G Applicant may have under the contract or agreement mentioned above, the underlying transaction or for any other reason.八、因本保函发生争议协商解决不成，按以下第 种方式解决：

（一）向本行所在地的人民法院起诉。

（二）提交 仲裁委员会（仲裁地点为）,按照申请仲裁时该会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。

If the dispute arising hereunder can not be resolved through consultation, such dispute shall be resolved by means of ___:(i)(ii)submitting the dispute to the People’s court within the jurisdiction where we are located.submitting the dispute to _______ [name of the arbitration committee] for arbitration at ______ [place of arbitration] in accordance with the then prevailing arbitration rules.The arbitration award shall be final and binding.九、本保函有效期届满或提前终止，受益人应立即将本保函原件退还我行；受益人未履行上述义务，本保函仍在有效期届至或提前终止之日失效。

Upon the expiration or early termination of the Guarantee Term, out liabilities hereunder shall be extinguished and the Beneficiary shall immediately return the original copy of this L/G to us.This L/G shall be void on such expiration or early termination of the Guarantee Term even if the Beneficiary fails to perform the above obligation.十、本保函适用中华人民共和国法律。This L/G shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China.十一、其他条款： Miscellaneous Provisions:______________________________________

十二、本保函自我行负责人或授权代理人签字并加盖公章之日起生效。

This L/G shall take effect upon signing by our principal officer or authorized representative and being affixed with our company chop.十三、如本保函的中文与英文发生冲突，以中文版本为准。

In case of any inconsistencies between the English and the Chinese versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.保证人（公章）：

Guarantor(company chop):____________ 负责人或授权代理人（签字）：

Principal Officer or authorized representative(signature):____________ 签发日期

6.中国古诗词中英对照 篇六

2013年11月4日，堪培拉 Canberra, November 4, 2013

尊敬的毕晓普外长，尊敬的菲尔斯教授，各位学员，各位来宾：

The Hon.Julie Bishop, Foreign Minister of Australia, Professor Allan Fels, Distinguished guests, Dear friends，很高兴出席中国领导力建设高级研究班开班仪式。我谨对高级研究班的举办表示热烈祝贺，对来澳参加高研班的各位学员表示热烈欢迎！我还要感谢菲尔斯教授和澳新政府学院的盛情邀请，感谢毕晓普外长发表的讲话。

I am delighted to attend the Opening Ceremony of China Advanced Leadership Program.I want to congratulate you on the opening of the Program and warmly welcome all of you attending the program.I also want to thank Professor Fels and the Australia and New Zealand School of Government(ANZSOG)for the invitation and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop for your remarks.自2011年起，由中组部、国家行政学院、澳新政府学院共同组织的中国领导力建设高级研究班已举办三期，来自中国多个政府部门的领导干部参加了研究班的学习。我们高兴地看到，在双方共同努力下，研究班已经成为加强中澳政府管理经验交流的重要平台，为增进中澳相互了解发挥着日益重要的作用。

The China Advanced Leadership Program jointly held by the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, the Chinese Academy of Governance and the ANZSOG has been successfully delivered annually since 2011.Many leading officials from Chinese governmental departments have participated in the program.We are happy to see that under the joint efforts of both sides, the program has become an important platform for more exchanges between the Chinese and Australian governments on governance and management, playing an increasingly important role in enhancing mutual understanding between the two countries.中国政府高度重视执政能力建设，并为此做出了不懈的努力。当前，中国正在为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴的“中国梦”而努力奋斗，这对政府的执政能力提出了新的更高要求。

The Chinese government highly values the improvement of governance ability and has made unremitting efforts in this regard.At present, China is endeavoring to realize the Chinese dream of great national rejuvenation and meet the “two centenary goals”, i.e.to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the Communist Party of China and to turn China into a socialist modern country that is strong, prosperous, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China.These objectives require greater ability to govern.提高执政能力，既要总结汲取中国历史和传统文化中的资政智慧，也要学习借鉴国外的有益经验和做法。澳大利亚在公共政策、人力资源和政府管理等方面有着很多有益的经验。在座各位都是来自中国各级政府部门的领导者，相信通过学习交流活动，会有助于进一步提高各位学员在公共管理、组织协调、战略思维等方面的能力，为中国改革开放和现代化建设贡献更大力量。

To improve the ability to govern, we need to learn from the Chinese history and traditional culture as well as the experience and best practices of other countries.Australia has useful experience in public policy, human resources and governance.All of you present are heads of Chinese government departments at different levels.I believe this program of learning and sharing will help enhance your ability in public management, organization and coordination as well as strategic thinking, and enable you to make even greater contribution to China’s reform, opening-up and modernization.交流是相互的。通过举办澳大利亚联邦政府高级公务员“全球领导力实践”培训班等活动，澳大利亚政府官员分享了中国在领导力方面好的做法。这些学习与交流，有助于双方政府官员以更开阔的思路、更全面的视角、更卓越的能力在各自工作岗位上创造佳绩。在这里我想提出几点建议。

The exchange is mutual.Through activities such as Global Leadership Practice Program for Australian senior public servants, the Chinese side shared with Australian officials China’s good practices in leadership.These activities and exchanges have helped officials from both sides to achieve more in their work with broader mind, wider perspective and greater capability.I want to share with you some of my thoughts.一是加强了解。大家能够在繁忙的工作中抽出时间来澳参加研讨班，机会难得。希望大家抓紧时间，按照课程安排，认真学习公共管理和领导能力建设等方面课程，争取对澳大利亚政治、经济等方面情况有一个全面把握，为将来在各自岗位上更好地发挥领导作用做好储备。

First, we need to enhance understanding.This program offers you a good opportunity to take time out of your busy schedule to learn in Australia.I hope you could make full use of the time and make the most of the courses on public management and leadership outlined by the curriculum and get a comprehensive overview of Australian politics and economy so as to prepare yourself well for future leadership in your respective departments.二是加强交流。本次研讨班不仅是一个接受知识的平台，也是一个交流工作的平台。希望大家充分利用这个平台，就中国改革开放发展所面临的机遇和挑战同澳大利亚各界人士进行深入探讨，加强双向交流，使研讨班真正具有研讨的功能，相互促进，共同提高。

Second, we need to strengthen exchanges.The program is a platform not only to acquire knowledge but also to share views.I hope you could make the most of this platform to discuss the opportunities and challenges in China’s reform and opening-up campaign with people across the Australian society so that both sides could learn and benefit from the program.三是促进合作。大家作为中国部门和地方的领导者，来澳参加研讨班，既要学习知识，也要促进合作。即将召开的党的十八届三中全会将有力推动中国经济社会深刻变革，也将为包括澳大利亚在内的各国提供新的机遇。希望大家能够结合所学课程，就如何深化、促进合作进行深入思考，包括就如何促进本部门、本地区同澳大利亚互利合作提出看法和建议，使研讨班产生更大的效益。

Third, we need to promote cooperation.As leaders representing different departments and local governments in China, you participate at the program not only to learn but also to promote cooperation.The upcoming Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee will bring about profound changes to China’s society and economy as well as new opportunities to Australia and other countries.I hope that you could think about how to deepen and broaden cooperation between China and Australia based on the courses, in particular contribute your views and suggestions regarding the cooperation between your department or region with Australia.In this sense, the program could deliver more benefits to all of us.最后，祝愿各位学员在澳期间学习生活愉快！预祝本次高级研究班圆满成功！

Finally, I would like to wish you a happy and productive stay in Australia and the program a full success.谢谢大家！

7.中英文对照 篇七

随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。

共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。

②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。

电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。

所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。

(1)压力产生。

燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。

由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。

高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制

所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。

一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。

在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。

另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。

发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。

在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。

双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。

(3)燃油喷射

喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。

喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。

(4)液压辅助动力

与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。

共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。

(5)控制和调节

发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：

① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；

④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。

电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。

喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。

根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。

其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：

① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。

由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;