英语句型结构和从句讲解(精选6篇)
1.英语句型结构和从句讲解 篇一
英语写作:如何让句型升级
利器一:定语从句
要想写出定语从句,首先要保证两个简单句有重复词汇,再将含有重复词汇的两个简单句合成定语从句。
1. 合并法
【使用条件】写作要点中有重复词汇
【例1】假设你是育才中学学生会主席李华。你校将举办一次英语演讲比赛(speech contest),希望附近某大学的外籍教师Smith女士来做评委。请参照以下比赛通知给她写一封信。
英语演讲比赛
主题:人与自然
时间:6月15日下午2:00~5:00
地点:501教室
参赛选手:10名学生
联系人:李华(电话:44876655)
欢迎大家光临
【分析】首先阅读题干,题干中没有直接出现重复词汇,但是稍加分析不难发现,在描述主题时,肯定会多次出现演讲比赛。比如:我校将举办一场演讲比赛,演讲比赛的主题是人与自然,演讲比赛在什么时间什么地点举行。除此之外,主题:人与自然这个要点与参赛选手:10名学生也可以说成演讲比赛的主题是人与自然,10名学生将讨论这个主题。只要确定写作要点中可以出现两个含有重复词汇的句子,我们就能通过三个步骤写出定语从句。
【步骤】第一步:把两个句子翻译成英语简单句,并标出重复词汇。以我们刚刚分析过的要点为例:
① The topic of this contest is Man and Nature.
②Ten students will talk about Man and Nature.
第二步:确定主句和从句,将从句的重复词汇用对应关系词替换并提至从句句首。在确定主句和从句时,考生只需要根据中文构思判断合成后的句子主要想表达哪个要点,含有该要点的句子就是主句。在用对应关系词替换时,考生看到重复词汇指物时用关系代词which / that来替换,指人时用关系代词who / that来替换,指时间时用关系副词when来替换。按照这个步骤和前面分析部分的构思,句子①为我们主要想表达的内容,那么句子②即为从句,将从句中的重复词汇Man and Nature用对应关系词which替换后变为:
③which ten students will talk about
第三步:将替换后的从句作为整体置于主句重复词汇后面。按照该步骤,将句子③置于句子①的重复词汇后变为:
④The topic of this contest isMan and Nature,which ten students will talk about.
这样,一个完整的定语从句就写出来了。
2. 拆分法
【使用条件】修饰成分中有主谓短语
【例2】假设你是李华,于6月3日搭乘国外某航空公司航班(flight number BA793)回国后,发现遗失了一个行李箱(suitcase)。请用英文给该航空公司写一封信,请他们帮你寻找。
信件要点包括:(1)陈述写信原因;(2)简要描述该行李;(3)说明其重要性;(4)期待回复并表示感谢。
【分析】题目中讲到李华在飞机上遗失了一个行李箱,要求考生在信件中说明行李箱的重要性。审题后很多考生可以构思出这样一个句子这个行李箱是妈妈送给我的生日礼物,但在用英文表达时很少考生会用定语从句来表达。我们可以把的后面的被修饰语(一般为名词或名词短语)进行拆分,然后写成定语从句。具体步骤如下。
【步骤】第一步:在中文语境下,把被修饰语拆分到两个完整的句子中去,然后再翻译成英文。以上面分析部分构思的句子为例进行如下拆分:
① 这个行李箱是我的生日礼物。(The suitcase was my birthday present.)
② 我妈妈送生日礼物给我。(My mother gave me a birthday present.)
第二步:确定主句和从句,将从句的重复词汇用对应关系词替换并提至从句句首。经过第一步的拆分和翻译,两个含有重复词汇的句子就出现在我们眼前,接下来的步骤和合并法的第二步一样,确定从句并进行关系词替换。birthday present指物,所以用关系代词which / that替换后变为:
③which / that my mother gave me
第三步:将替换后的从句作为整体置于主句重复词后面。将①中的英文句子和句子③合并后变成:
④The suitcase was my birthday present which / that my mother gave me.
另外,我们还可以再添加一些信息,比如在句尾加上时间状语从句变成:
⑤The suitcase was my birthday present which / that my mother gave me when I was 18 years old.
利器二:含非谓语动词的句子
非谓语动词是高考出镜率最高的语法考点之一,也是较难掌握的一个知识点。要是考生能在写作中写几个含有非谓语动词的句子,相信会给作文加分不少。鉴于此,下面介绍一种方法来帮助同学们写出含非谓语动词的句子。该方法要分两步来进行。
1. 写出原因 / 条件状语从句,注意主从句主语要保持一致
原因状语从句和条件状语从句是考生非常熟悉的两种从句,写起来比较容易,只要分析前后句对应的逻辑关系,在从句前加上because / if即可。这里之所以选择这两种状语从句,是因为我们在写作时,为了扩充要点,经常会添加一些成分,其中最常添加的是原因和条件。以例1为例,我们可以写出以下两个句子:
① If you have any questions about this contest,you can call me at 44876655.
②Because you are respected as an outstanding foreign teacher,you have been invited to be a judge in our contest.
2. 判断从句的语态(主动/被动),按照对应的公式进行变化
【主动公式】If / Because +主语+谓语+其他谓语动词ing形式+其他
上面句子①中的从句为主动语态,我们按照上述公式来变化一下这个句子。
变化前:If you have any questions about this contest,you can call me at 44876655.
变化后:Having any questions about this contest,you can call me at 44876655.
【被动公式】If / Because +主语+ be +过去分词+其他过去分词+其他
上面句子②中的从句为被动语态,我们按照上述公式来变化一下这个句子。
变化前:Because you are respected as an outstanding foreign teacher,you have been invited to be a judge in our contest.
变化后:Respected as an outstanding foreign teacher,you have been invited to be a judge in our contest.
经过上面两个步骤,状语从句就华丽变身为非谓语动词短语。
高考英语语法倒装句学习指导
倒装范例引入:
1,There are many students and teachers is our school.(全倒)
2,What are you doing now?.(半倒)
3,The higher we stand ,the farther we will see. (形式倒装)
倒装定义
出于语法和修辞目的(强调,承上启下,平衡等)的需要,把谓语的一部分或全部句子的其他成分放在主语之前,叫倒装语序。
倒装句的种类
{C}{C}①{C}{C}完全倒装提前部分+谓语动词+主语。
{C}{C}②{C}{C}部分倒装提前部分+助动词+主语+谓语相当于提前部分+一般疑问句。
{C}{C}③{C}{C}形式倒装只把强调的内容提至句首,主谓并不倒装。
方法提炼
掌握倒装句的关键在于记住哪些部分需要提前,分清倒装类别。熟记倒装特征与类型。做题方法:一看强调部分,二看主语单复数,三看谓语时态、语态来定助动词。
第一类:总结全部倒装的条件
{C}{C}1.{C}{C}句首:表示方位,方向地点或时间的副词或副词短语置于句首且主语是名词的全部倒装如:Here comes a bus . Here it comes(主语是代词的不倒装).
Here,there,then,up,down,away,off,in the room,on the wall 等置于句首。
{C}{C}2.{C}{C}谓语:表示静态存在或动态趋势的动词如:位于(lie)冲(rush)来(come)走(go)跑(run)升(rise)站立(stand)住(live)坐(sit)挂(hang)
总结公式 There (on the wall,in the south of )+谓语+主语
高考链接
1. At the meeting place the Yangtze River and the Jialing River___lies_(lie) Chong Qing, one of the ten largest cities in China.
2. John opened the door, There_stood____ (stand) a girl he had never seen before.
3.Is everyone here?
Not yet Look, there_come____ (come) the rest of our guests.
4. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away___fled___ (flee) the thief.
5, For a moment nothing happened. Then__came___ (come) the voice all shouting together.
6. Here____are__ (be) two tickets for tonights concert.
7. South of the river___lies__ (lie) a small factory.
8. Such___was____ (be) Albert Einstein, a simple man and 20th centurys greatest scientist.
第二类:总结部分倒装(半倒装)的条件
1.具有否定/半否定意义的副词或介词短语放在句首。
Never , nor ,not ,hardly(几乎不),little ,seldom ,scarcely(几乎不),rarely(少有地),at no time(任何时候决不)in/under no circumstances ,in no case(任何情况下决不)by no means(任何方式决不)on no condition(任何条件决不)等放句首时。
以及句式:No sooner had sb done sth than sb did sth.(一就)
Hardly/scarcely had sb done when sb did sth. (一就)
2.so或neither或nor表示也/也不
句式So/Neither/Nor+一般疑问句
如You are a student
So am I.
You arent a teacher.
Neither/Nor is he.
3. so/such that表示如此 以至于
句式:so/such+一般疑问句+that
如:He is such a good student that all his classmates admire him
Such a good student is he that all his classmates admire him
The weather is so fine that all of us want to go outing
So fine is the weather that all of us want to go outing
4.以had/were/should开头省略if的虚拟条件句
句式had/should +主+谓
Were+主+其他
如If I were you(were I you),I should study hand
If he had studied hard (Had he studied hard), he could have made great progress last term
If it should rain (should it rain), I would stay at home
5.only+状语(介词短语.副词和状语从句)放句首,主句需要部分倒装
句式:only+状语+一般疑问句
注意:only修饰主语句子不倒装
Only after the war did he learn the sad news
Only when he returned did we find out the truth
Only he can answer the question
基础训练
1. I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark
Hardly______do I think_____________ it possible to finish the job before dark
2.We shall give up under no circumstances。
____ Under no circumstances shall we give up_______
3.He had no sooner taken office than he got down to carrying out reforms(改革)to the company
______No sooner had he taken office than____________________________
4.He not only makes the most of his time to study, but also take an active part in all kinds of after-class activities
Not only ____does he_________ make the most of his time to study, but also take
5. He didnt stop working until he was tired out.
Not until he was tired out __did he____ ___stop working
6.He doesnt enjoy listening to pop music ,I dont enjoy listening to pop music ,either.
He doesnt enjoy listening to pop music, neither__do I enjoy listening_____
7. He realized his mistake only when he was eighteen
______Only when he was eighteen _did_he realize his mistake _____________
8. Without your parents, you couldnt live a happy life; you couldnt have the chance to go abroad, either.
Without your parents, neither____could you live a happy life_______
______, nor__could you have the chance to go abroad.___.
9.He likes surfing the Internet ,________so do I __________(我也一样)
10.If you dont attend the party ,_____neither will I ______________(我也不参加)
第三类 总结形式倒装的条件
1.the more ,the more (more代表形容词和副词的比较级)
2.whatever或however引导让步状语
3.as/though引导让步状语
4.感叹句
①句式:The more 主+谓,the more 主+谓。
例句The more you listen to English ,the easier it will become.
②句式:However+形容词/副词+主+谓
例句However difficult the problem may be ,we must work it out this evening.
③句式:Whatever+名词+主语+谓语
例句:Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
④句式:名词/形容词/副词/动词+as/though+主+谓
例句:Tired as /though he was ,he still went on with his work
注意:如果是a/an+名词提前冠词省略
尽管他还是个孩子,他知道的很多
________Boy as he is ,he knows a lot.
⑤感叹句。句式what+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语
What a/an+形容词+名词单数+主+谓
How+形/副+主+谓
2.名词性从句讲解和区分 篇二
例1 (·全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
解析 that→where。本题考查宾语从句,引导词在从句中充当地点状语,所以将that改为where。
例2 (·全国卷Ⅱ) As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析 how。根据语境和空后的形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句,此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故答案为how。
点拨 若从句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语,则考虑用关系代词;若从句缺少时间、地点、原因、方式等状语成分,则使用关系副词(when/where/why/how)。
[if和whether的误用]
例3 He asked her the question if they can be friends.
解析 if→whether。question后为同位语从句,只能用whether来引导,故而将if改为whether。
例4 It doesn’t matter so much you will come or not.
解析 考查主语从句。句意:你来还是不来,这不怎么重要。代词it作形式主语,真正的主语是whether引导的主语从句。
点拨 在表达“是否”这一意思时,我们经常会用到whether和if,但以下几种情况只用whether不用if:
1. 在表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句中;
2. 在介词后的宾语从句中。如:It all depends on whether they will support us.
3. 在不定式之前。如:He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
4. 从句中有or not时。如:He doesn’t know whether he should stay or not.
[what和that的误用]
例5 (2016·上海卷) Eventually, I decided to follow her and 26 happened truly amazed me.
解析 what。句意:发生的事情真的让我很惊讶。设空处无提示词,分析从句的结构可知,从句中缺少主语,且指代的是物,可判断答案为what。本句中连接代词what引导主语从句且在从句中做主语。
例6 He was interested in that he had seen at the exhibition.
解析 that→what。介词in后的宾语从句中缺少宾语,应用what。
点拨 要正确填入引导词,关键在于分析句子结构,判断引导词在从句中所作的成分。引导从句时,that不作任何句子成分,只起连接作用;what可作主语、宾语、表语、定语,既充当从句的一个成分,又引导一个从句,意为“什么”“……的人”“……的地方”“……的样子”。
[wh-ever的误用]
例7 (2016·北京卷)Your support is important to our work. you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever
C. Whatever D. Wherever
解析 C。考查主语从句。本题中,helps是谓语,you can do属于主语的一部分。在主语从句中,do的后面缺少宾语,whatever引导主语从句,同时作do的宾语,该句意思是:你能做的任何事都有帮助。
点拨 关系代词whoever, whatever, whichever引导名词性从句时,相当于anyone who,anything that等;引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter who/what/which。
注意 1. wh-和wh-ever的区别:wh-有疑问的意思;wh-ever有强调的意思。如:
Who will be invited hasn’t been decided.
Whoever/Anyone who comes here is welcomed.
2. wh-ever在引导名词性从句时不能用no matter wh-来替换,但在引导状语从句时可以替换。如:
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
= No matter what happened, he would not mind.
[代词it的误用]
例8 This is not surprising that the Silver Ghost was regarded as “the best car in the world”.
As is known to all my classmates that I can speak English as if I were a native speaker.
解析 This→It;As→It。两个句子均是主语从句,应该用it作形式主语。
点拨 代词it作形式主语,将主语从句放到句尾,引导词则根据从句所缺的成分来确定。出题人一般会利用同学们对该结构掌握不牢而针对形式主语it设题。
例9 (2015·浙江卷) How would you like , if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?
A. them B. one
C. those D. it
解析 D。if引导的宾语从句是本句真正的宾语,而空格处是形式宾语,只有it可充当形式宾语。
点拨 有些动词或短语,如like, hate, dislike, appreciate, owe, depend on, see to,接宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it做形式宾语。例如:
I don’t like it when you look at me like that.
[与其他从句的混淆]
不少同学经常将名词性从句与其他从句,尤其是与定语从句和强调句搞混。
1. 与定语从句的区别
例10 (2015·天津卷) The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
解析 where。句意为“这家公司的老板正尽力为员工创设一种让他们能尽情享受工作的氛围”。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词atmosphere,该从句缺地点状语,故填关系副词where,相当于in which。
点拨 定语从句与名词性从句的区别:定语从句前必须有先行词,先行词通常为名词或代词;名词性从句除同位语从句外,前面均无名词或代词。
2. 与强调句的区别
例11 (2015·湖北卷) It was in the lake that they found the long last sword of the Ming Dynasty.
解析 本句为强调句式,强调了地点状语in the lake,意思是“正是在那个湖里……”。that与前面的It was共同构成强调句式。
例12 (2016·江苏卷) It is often the case anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what
C. as D. that
解析 考查主语从句。本句中it是形式主语,真正的主语是D。that引导的主语从句,that在本句中不充当成分。句意:通常对那些心存希望的人来说,一切都是可能发生的。
3.英语中英语句型移位的知识讲解 篇三
在多数情况下,英语句子成分都是根据总句型的结构位置、顺序,排列而成的。但是,也有少数情况,有些句子成分会出现移位的情况,我们必须搞清楚这种移位的场合、特点、作用。
例如:
句型1的移位:
A doctor she is?
她是一个医生?
(表语前移)
Where are your parents?
你的父母在哪里?
(在特殊疑问句中,疑问词、助动词都习惯性地要求移到主语前)
On the walls are many stamps which she has collected over ten years.
墙上是他10来搜集到的许多邮票。
(为了强调、平衡结构,将表语和系动词移到主语前)
句型2的移位:
Are you working in Shenzhen?
你在深圳工作吗?
(在疑问句中,一般要求将谓语的第1个助动词移到主语前)
Have you been here for a long time?
你在这儿呆很久了吗?
(将助动词移到主语前)
Here comes John.
约翰,来这里啊。
(习惯性的将状语、谓语移到主语前)
句型3的移位:
This guy I don’t know!
这个人,我不认识!
(为了强调,一般将宾语从know后面移到句首)
What did you tell Tony?
你告诉托尼什么了?
(在特殊疑问句中,习惯上,作宾语疑问句、助动词移到主语前)
Where did you put the phone?
你把手机放哪儿了?
(在特殊疑问句中,习惯上,将作状语的疑问词、助动词移到主语前)
句型4的移位:
A concert ticket my sister gave me?
我姐姐给了我一张演唱会六票?
(表示惊讶时,一般将最强调的宾语移到句首)
What did Saint Nicholas send you?
圣诞老人送给你什么?
(在特殊疑问句中,习惯上将作宾语的疑问词、助动词移到主语前)
句型5的移位:
A fool you call me?
你叫我傻子?
(强调式移位)
To sit on the rubbish he orders us?
他命令我们坐在垃圾上?
(强调式移位)
作者|丹丹英语
4.英语基本句型变短变化的知识讲解 篇四
1.变短
我们所看到的英语句子,有一些省去了一个或者多个句子成分,也有些省去了一个句子成分的一部分。
例如:
(You)Come.
(你)来。
(省略了主语,属于句型2)
(He is)Coming.
(他)就来了。
(省略了主语和助动词,属于句型2)
Who is it?
是谁啊?
(It is )Me.
(是)我。
(省略了主语和系动词,属于句型1)
Do you like English?
你喜欢英语吗?
Yes (I like English).
是的。
(全省略了,属于句型3)
Who told you that?
谁告诉你那话的?
Jame(told me that).
简。
(省略了谓语、两个宾语,属于句型4)
Who called you back?
谁叫你回去?
Our teacher(called me back).
我们老师(叫我回去)。
(省略了谓语、宾语、宾补,属于句型5)
作者|丹丹英语
5.英语句型结构 篇五
答句:this(that„)+be 动词+a book(pen„)。
说明︰此句型意为“这(那)是什么?这(那)是书(钢笔„)”。what(什么)叫做“疑问词”,用于询问“事物”,通常放在句首,后接 be <动词>,再接<主词>,第一个字母 w要大写,句尾要加问号(?),位置不可排错。
what is this? this is a chair.这是什么?这是一张椅子。what’s this? it’s a book.这是什么?它是一本书。
what is that? that is a desk.那是什么?那是一张书桌。what are these? 结构︰问句:what are+these/those„?
答句:these/those are+复数名词(+s/es)。
说明︰<主词>与<动词>的形式要一致,is 后面接单数<名词>,are 后面要接复数<名词>。what are these? these are books.这些是什么?这些是书。what are those? those are cups.那些是什么?那些是茶杯。what are they? they are glasses.它们是什么?它们是玻璃杯。what are you? 结构︰问句:what+be 动词+主词(人)„?
答句:主词+be 动词+a student„。
说明︰此句型意为“你是做什么事情的?我是学生„”。疑问词 what 除了询问事物之外,还可用于询问“人的职业或身分”。be <动词>随<人称代名词>的变化而改变形态,如:i am,we are,you are,he is„。what are you? i am a student.你是做什么事情的?我是一名学生。
what is she? she is a teacher.她是做什么事情的?她是一名教师。are you a...? 结构︰问句:be 动词(am,are,is)+主词+„?
肯定简答:yes,主词+am(are,is)。
否定简答:no,主词+am(are,is)not。
说明︰在否定<简答句>中,<主词>和 am,is,are 可以缩写;在肯定<简答句>中则不可。is he a student? yes, he is.(no, he isn’t.)他是学生吗?是的,他是。(不,他不是。)are you a teacher? yes, i am.(no, i’m not.)你是教师吗?是的,我是。(不,我不是。)is that a clock? yes, it is.(no, it isn’t.)那是钟表吗?是的,它是。(不,它不是。)what is your name? 结构︰问句:what+is+所有格+name? 答句:所有格+name+is+名字。
说明︰“my,your,his,her”为单数人称的<所有格>;<所有格>后面必接<名词>,即“<所有格>+<名词>”;<所有格>不可与 a,an,this,that,these 或 those 紧接一起使用。
what is your name? my name is sue.妳叫什么名字?我的名字叫苏。what is his name? his name is john.他叫什么名字?他的名字叫约翰。what is her name? her name is jean.她叫什么名字?她的名字叫珍。who is that...? 结构︰问句:who+be 动词+that+形容词+名词?
答句:that is+名字。
说明︰who 是<疑问代名词>,询问人的“姓名”或“关系”;将<形容词>直接放在<名词>前面,叫做“前位修饰”。who is that short boy? that is bill.那位矮男孩是谁?那位是比尔。
who is that tall girl? that is mary.那位高女孩是谁?那位是玛丽。who is that fat man? he is my uncle.那位胖男子是谁?那位是我叔叔。where is...? 结构︰问句:where+be 动词(am,are,is)+主词„?
答句:主词+be 动词+in the+名词„。
说明︰问句是“where...?”,简答时可用<副词词组>“in/on the+<名词>”。where is sue? she is in her room.苏在那里?她在她的房间里。where are your books? on the desk.你的书在那里?在书桌上。
where is your mother? she is in the kitchen.你妈吗在哪里?她在厨房里。are you v-ing...? 结构︰am(are,is)+主词+现在分词„?
说明︰此句型意为“<主词>(人,物)正在„吗?”。这一<句型>转换的三要素是:be <动词>移到句首;改为大写;句尾用问号。is mary sleeping?玛丽正在睡觉吗? are you reading a book?你正在看书吗? is the dog playing?小狗正在玩耍吗? what are you doing? 结构︰问句:what+am(are,is)+主词+现在分词?
答句:主词+am(are,is)+现在分词„。
说明︰“<主词>(人)正在做什么?<主词>(人)正在„”。注意:<祈使句>的动词只能用原形,不可造<现在进行式>;表示“瞬间产生”的动作的<动词词组>,如 sit down,stand up,不可造<现在进行式>。what am i doing? you are reading a book.我正在做什么? 你正在阅读一本书。
what are the girls doing? they are singing.姑娘们正在做什么? 她们在唱歌。what is bill writing? he is writing a letter.比尔在写什么? 他在写一封信。how old are you? 结构︰问句:how old+be 动词+主词(某人)?
答句:主词(某人)+be 动词+year(s)old。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几岁?某人是„岁”。该句型中,<疑问词>要用 how,不可用 what;且 be <动词>(am,is,are)要和后面的<主词>(某人)配合;答句中的“year(s)old”可以省略。
how old are you? i am twelve(years old).你几岁?我十二岁。
how old is your sister? she is thirteen years old.你的姊妹几岁?她十三岁。how old is john? he is one year old.约翰几岁?他一岁。what time is it? 结构︰问句:what time is it?
答句:it is+数字+o’clock。
说明︰此句型意为“现在是几点钟?现在是„点钟”。问句中 what 当<形容词>,修饰后面的<名词> time;time 当时间解时,只能用单数,不可用复数。what time is it? it is ten o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是十点钟。what time is it? it is six o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是六点钟。what time is it? it is nine o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是九点钟。do you + v...? 结构︰问句:do/does+主词+原形动词„?
肯定简答:yes,主词+do/does。
否定简答:no,主词+don’t/doesn’t。
说明︰肯定句中,如有一般<动词>(speak,work,teach„),则在句首加<助动词> do 或 does,并将一般<动词>改为原形<动词>(不加s或es),即构成<疑问句>。
do you speak english? yes, i do.(no, i don’t.)你讲英语吗?是的,我讲英语。(不,我不讲英语。)
does she have a cat? yes, she does.(no, she doesn’t.)她有一只猫吗?是的,她有一只猫。(不,她没有一只猫。)do they work in office? yes, they do.(no, they don’t.)他们在办公室里工作吗?是的,他们在办公室里工作。(不,他们不在办公室里工作。)what time do you + v...? 结构︰问句:what time+do/does+主词+原形动词„?
答句:主词(某人)+一般动词„+时间。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几点做某事?”<助动词> do 或 does 的选择依<主词>而定,若<主词>为第三人称单数,用 does;其它用 do。
what time do you get up? i usually get up at six.你几点起床?我通常六点起床。what time does he go to bed? he usually goes to bed at ten.他几点就寝?他通常十点就寝。what time does your class begin? it begins at eight-ten.你的课几点开始?八点十分开始。what day is today? 结构︰问句:what day is today?
答句:it’s+sunday/monday/„。
说明︰此句型意为“今天是星期几?今天是星期日/星期一/„。”it 可用于指“星期的名称”,但 this或 that 不可以;一星期七天的名称,都是<专有名词>,开头的首字母要大写,前面不加<冠词>。
what day is today? it’s sunday.今天是星期几?今天是星期日。what day is today? it’s wednesday.今天是星期几?今天是星期三。what day is today? it’s saturday.今天是星期几?今天是星期六。how many n are there...结构︰问句:how many+复数名词+are there in/on+名词?
答句:there is/are+单数(复数)名词+in/on+名词。
说明︰此句型意为“在某处有多少„?在某处有„。”该句型中,many 修饰复数<名词>;又因本句型是 <疑问句>,故用 are there,不可用 there are。how many seasons are there in a year? there are four seasons in a year.一年有几个季节? 一年有四季。
how many days are there in a week? there are seven days in a week.一星期有几天? 一星期有七天。
how many lessons are there in this book? there are twelve lessons in this book.这本书里有几课? 这本书里有十二课。how many...do you have? 结构︰问句:how many+复数名词+do/does+主词+have?
答句:主词+have/has„+复数名词+„。
答句:主词+don’t/doesn’t have„+复数名词„。
说明︰“how many”后面接复数<可数名词>,复数<名词>的前面可用 many,a lot of,a few,some,few,any,no 等修饰。
how many books do you have? i have a lot of books.(i don’t have any books.)你有几本书? 我有许多书。(我没有书。)how many sweaters do you have? i have three sweaters.(i don’t have any sweaters.)你有几件毛衣? 我有三件毛衣。(我没有毛衣。)
how many friends does she have? she has a lot of friends.(she doesn’t have many friends.)她有几个朋友? 她有许多朋友。(她没有许多朋友。)how much...do you have? 结构︰问句:how much+单数不可数名词+do/does+主词+have?
答句:主词+have/has„+单数不可数名词。
答句:主词+don’t/doesn’t have„+单数不可数名词。
说明︰“how much”后面接单数<不可数名词>,单数<不可数名词>前面可用 much,a little,some,little,any,no 等修饰。
how much tea does he have? he has a lot of tea.(he doesn’t have any tea.)他有多少茶? 他有很多茶。(他没有茶。)
how much homework do they have? they have a lot of homework.(they don’t have much homework.)他们有多少家庭作业? 他们有许多家庭作业。(他们没有许多家庭作业。)how much fruit do they have? they have a lot of fruit.(they don’t have a lot of fruit.)他们有多少水果? 他们有许多水果。(他们没有许多水果。)how much do(es)...cost? 结构︰how much do(es)+某物+cost„?
说明︰此句型意为“某物值多少钱?”。how much 用来询问商品的价格。还可以写作:“how much+ be <动词>+某物?。
how much do the movie tickets cost? 这些电影票值多少钱? did...v...结构︰did+主词+原形动词+„过去时间?
说明︰将肯定句中的过去式改为“did+原形<动词>”,并将 did 放在句首,句尾用问号,即构成过去式的<疑问句>。
did he clean the room yesterday? 他昨天打扫房间吗? did she wash the skirt yesterday? 她昨天洗这裙子吗?
did your brother play in the park this morning? 你弟弟今天上午在公园玩耍吗? did he eat lunch yesterday? 他昨天吃午饭吗?
did you see any elephants in the zoo last week? 上星期你在动物园里看到大象了吗? did sue have her breakfast at eight? 苏在八点钟吃过早餐了吗? do you ever + v...? 结构︰问句:do/does+主词+ever+原形动词„?
答句:no,主词+never+一般动词(加s或es)„。
说明︰ever 通常用于<疑问句>,never 通常用于否定回答;never 也可放在句首,后接原形 <动词>,形成否定<祈使句>,如例句4。
你曾经使用计算机吗?不,我未曾使用过计算机。
does tom ever get up late? no, tom never gets up late.汤姆曾经晚起床吗?不,汤姆未曾晚起床过。
does sally ever play the piano? no, sally never plays the piano.萨莉曾经弹钢琴吗?不,萨莉未曾弹过钢琴。
never be late for school, bill.比尔,上学绝不可迟到。what year was he born in? 结构︰what date/year+was/were+主词+born+on/in?
说明︰此句型意为“你出生于几月几日(那一年)?”。born 是<原形动词> bear 的过去<分词>,在文法上当
<形容词>,前面常有 was 或 were;中文说“某人出生”,英语应说:“某人+was/were born„”。what year were you born in? 你出生于那一年? what date was your mother born on? 你母亲出生于几月几日? what month was your sister born in? 你妹妹出生于几月? what will you do on...? 结构︰what will/did+主词+do+on+时间?
说明︰此句型意为“某人在某时间将做什么?(未来式)某人在某时做了什么事?(过去式)”。指特定的日期(如几月几日)、星期几或星期几的早上(下午,晚上),要用介系词on。
what will you do on teacher’s day? 你在教师节将做什么事? what will they do on christmas eve? 他们在圣诞夜将做什么事? what will helen do on her birthday? 海伦在她生日那天将做什么事? what did john do on new year’s day? 约翰在元旦做了什么事? what did mary do on youth day? 玛丽在青年节做了什么事?
what did the suspect do on july ninth? 嫌疑犯在七月九日做了什么事情? how do you + v...? 结构︰问句:how+do+主词+一般动词„? 答句:主词+一般动词„+情状副词。
说明︰how 是问情况的<疑问副词>,表示“怎样„?”。用于说明“状态或性质”的副词,称为 <情状副词>。当用来修饰<不及物动词>时,<情状副词>位于其后;当用来修饰<及物动词>时,<情状动词>位于<及物动词>的前面或后面。
how did you do your work? i did my work happily.你怎样做你的工作? 我很快乐地做了我的工作。
how did mrs.lin look at mr.lin? she looked at mr.lin coldly.林太太怎样注视林先生? 她冷漠地注视林先生。
how does mr.wang drive his taxi? he drives his taxi carefully.王先生怎样驾驶他的出租车? 他小心地驾驶他的出租车。you are..., aren’t you? 结构︰肯定句,+否定式助动词+主词?
说明︰这是一种反意<疑问句>,其结构特点是:第一部分是肯定式,第二部分就用否定式。直述句的<主词>是<名词>时,附加问句的<主词>要用<代名词>代替:it 代替 this,that,<不定词>(当<主词>)或<动名词>(当<主词>)等;they 代替 these,those,people 等。下列<助动词>的否定缩写式较易弄错:will not->won’t;would not-> wouldn’t;should not->shouldn’t;can not->can’t;could not->couldn’t; might not->mightn’t;ought not->oughtn’t。直述句有一般<动词>现在式,则附加问句用 do 或 does 代替;有一般<动词>过去式,则附加问句用 did 代替。they’re ready, aren’t they?(读降调)他们准备好了吧?(读升调)他们准备好了,不是吗? mike has a car, doesn’t he?(读降调)麦克有辆车,是吧?(读升调)麦克有辆车,不是吗? the secretary typed the letter, didn’t she?是秘书打了这封信,不是吗?
they will go to europe, won’t they?他们将去欧洲,不是吗? you are the teacher, aren’t you?你就是老师,不是吗?
i suppose you have been in our woods, haven’t you?我推想你在我们的森林里呆过,不是吗? i know he had a good time last night, didn’t he? 我知道他昨天晚上玩得很愉快,不是吗? the wall plug is broken, isn’t it?墙上的插座坏了,不是吗? clean parks are beautiful, aren’t they? 干净的公园是美丽的,不是吗? you can do it, can’t you? 你会做它,不是吗?
we should rise early, shouldn’t we?我们应该早起,不是吗? he isn’t..., is he? 结构︰否定句,+肯定式助动词+主词?
说明︰这是另一种反意<疑问句>。否定结构在第一部分,第二部分就要用肯定结构。对反意<疑问句>的回答篇二:英语常用基本句式和句型结构
英语常用基本句式和句型结构
【要点归纳】
▲英语句式绝大多数以s+v(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是sv型语言。即以s+v(主语+谓语)结构为主干,以谓语动词为核心。
▲一般来说,一个英语句子若没有谓语动词(实义动词或系动词),这个句子一定是错误的。
▲英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当,动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必须用非谓语形式(动名词、不定式或分词)。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词,也可以是形容词、名词等。
如:the prices are stable and the market is flourishing.to study english is not easy.study english not easy.(×)▲汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”,动词不需要形态变化,便可以按时间和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子,除并列谓语的情形外,只能出现一个谓语,否则须用其他手段处理:
★ 变为非谓语形式
★ 连词连接 ﹛并列连词(并列谓语;并列句)
★ 从属连词→引出从句
★ 用名词或介词来表示
▲汉语“动词连用”有两类,一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作,叫连动式;一类是由谓语的两个动作,前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语,即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的,称作兼语式。请看:
一)连动式 英语中没有汉语这种连动式,表达先后关系的几个动词,可用and连接或用分词结构。如:
我打开门走进来。
i opened the door and came in.(opening the door, i came in.)二)兼语式
如:“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语,又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我” 身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式:
1)将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语,常用不定式,有时用不带to的不定式,或分词,副词,形容词,名词,介词结构等。对于第一个动词,汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等,在英语中均有对应的动词(make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等)。如:
he invited me to dinner in his house.▲在sv总句式基础上,根据谓语动词的类型不同,可总结出下五大句型:[s1] ⑴ 主语+系动词+表语she seems kind.a.the soup is delicious.(形容词作表语)b.helen became an electrical engineer.(名词作表语)c.he is in good health.(介词短语作表语)d.the story is interesting.(现在分词作表语)⑵ 主语+不及物动词 he changed a lot.a.the moon shines brightly.(一般现在时)b.the car won’t go.(一般将来时)c.the child behaved badly at the party.(主语+不及物动词+程度状语+地点状语)d.production declined 6% last month.(一般过去式)e.they will fly to london.(主语+不及物动词+地点状语)⑶ 主语+及物动词+宾语 we love our country.a.we visited our friends.(名词作宾语)b.i am considering going abroad.(动名词作宾语)c.he can not afford to take a taxi.(动词不定式作宾语)d.he caught her by the arm.(动词+宾语+介词短语作方式状语)⑷ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
或 主语+及物动词+直接宾语(物)+to +间接宾语(人)+for+间接宾语(人)
he gave me a present.(he gave a present to me.)a.he often tells the children interesting stories.b.he assigned jack the toughest job.c.i paid the repairman 50 dollars.d.he sent some flowers to his girlfriend.e.my mother made a new dress for my sister.f.ill tell you what ive been thinking.(宾语从句)g.i assure you that this medicine will help you.(宾语从句)h.youve got to promise me that you wont do that again.(主及宾结构+不定连接+主及宾宾)⑸ [/url]主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 i found the book interesting.[s2] a.his writing has made him a well-known public figure.(名词作宾补)b.they found the book easy.(形容词作宾补)c.i can see two ships in the harbor.(介词短语作宾补)d.he kept me waiting too long.(现在分词作宾补)e.i have my hair cut every month.(过去分词作宾补)f.they wanted him to study abroad.(动词不定式作宾补)g.will you tell me how to do it? h.we advised her which course to take.[s1] 五种基本句型歌 英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词,后接什么是关键; 系词后面接表语; vi独身无牵连; vt又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见,还有宾语补足语; [s2] 1.jim finds his job a challenge.[宾补为n.] 2.i found the movie interesting.[宾补为adj.] 3.why did you leave the light on?[宾补为adv.] 4.we found her in tears.[宾补为介词短语]
5.they encouraged her to try again.[宾补为不定式] 6.my mother told me not to worry.[宾补为不定式]
7.we heard someone knocking on the door.[宾补为v-ing] 8.do you smell something burning?[宾补为v-ing]
10.you should make yourself understood.[宾补为v-ed]篇三:英语句型大全 1.s(主)+ vi(不及物动词)(谓)time flies.1)s + v + adverbial(状语)birds sing beautifully.2)s + vi+ prep phrase(介词短语)he went on holiday.3)s + vi+ infinitive(不定式)we stopped to have a rest.4)s + vi+ participle(分词)ill go swimming.2.s(主)+ vt(及物动词)(谓)+ o(宾)we like english.1)s + vt + n/pron i like music.i like her.i want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。3)s + vt + wh-word + infinitive i dont know what to do.常用于这句型的动词有:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。
4)s + vt + gerund i enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有:admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, cant help等。5)s + vt + that-clause i dont think(that)he is right.3.s(主)+ v(谓)(lv)(系动词)+ p(表)we are chinese.1)s + lv + n/pron(名词/代词)he is a boy.this is mine.2)s + lv + adj(形容词)she is beautiful.3)s + lv + adv(副词)class is over.4)s + lv + prep phrase he is in good health.5)s + lv + participle(分词)he is excited.the film is interesting.4.s(主)+ vt(谓)+ in o(间接 宾)i give you help.1)s + vt + n/pron + n(直接 宾)+ d o i sent him a book.i bought may a book.2)s + vt + n/pron + to/for-phrase he sent a book to me.he bought a coat for me.间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有:allow, bring, deny, do(带来),give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有:bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏),save, sing, spare等。5.s(主)+ vt(谓)+ o(宾)+ o c(宾补)i make you clear.1)s + vt + n/pron + n we named our baby tom.常用于这句型的动词有:appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。
6.定语从句讲解 篇六
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行
词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
如:
He is the boy
who often goes to school late.先行词
关系词
定语从句
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film(which)we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例如:
Tom came back,which made us happy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
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