备忘录写作练习

2024-09-05

备忘录写作练习(共8篇)

1.备忘录写作练习 篇一

考研英语写作范文之经典备忘录 1)Directions:

You are the organizer of a spring excursion activity in the suburbs of Beijing this weekend.Write a memorandum to remind the students of your department about the following items: the place to visit, the time and place to meet, and preparation for the activity.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.范文:

To: All students of the English Department

From: Class Monitor, Li Ming

Date: April 15, 2007

Subject: Spring Excursion

As spring arrives and the weather turns to be more agreeable, the department has decided to organize a spring excursion in suburban Huairou District, which is not far away from the city of Beijing, on this Sunday, April 20th.Activities include mountain-climbing and picnic.All students of the English Department are encouraged to participate.We remind you of the necessity of bringing some food and water, as well as wearing comfortable shoes.We will meet at the west gate of the university at 9am, Sunday;a bus has been arranged.Please be punctual so that we have enough time to enjoy the beautiful nature.译文:

收文人:所有英语系学生

发文人:班长,李明

日期:2007年4月15日

主题:春游

随着春天的来临,气候变得更加宜人,本系决定于本周日,即4月20日,组织全系同学去北京市郊的怀柔踏春郊游。具体活动包括爬山和野餐。我们鼓励所有英语系的同学们都积极参与这项活动。我们也要提醒大家带上水、食物和舒适的鞋。

我们将在周日上午9点在学校西门集合等车。请大家准时到达,以便我们有更多的时间享受美好的自然风光。

闪光词汇及词组:

agreeable:adj.惬意的,使人愉快的 spring excursion:春游

suburban:adj.郊区的 necessity:n.必要性,必需品

punctual:adj.准时的 万能句型:

We remind you of the necessity of…

Please be punctual so that we have enough time to… 2)Directions:

Suppose you are an HR manager of a company, and your department is organizing a computer course for all the company's employees.Write a memorandum to the staff about the details of the training, including the purpose and content of the course, the time and place of class, and any other relevant information.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.范文:

To:All full-time employees

From:HR Manager, Li Ming

Date:May 9th, 2007

Subject: Computer course

An investigation conducted by the HR Department last month reveals the fact that a high rate of computer illiteracy contributes to a severe inefficiency of our company.As a result, it has been decided that all full-time employees are to attend a computer course—which will take place every Monday night from 7pm to 9pm in the company meeting room A and B—for the duration of two months.Employees are able to sign up for the basic or advanced levels of the course according to their present computer skills.Please register for the course at the company reception desk before May 15th.Further suggestions will be appreciated so that the program can be more fruitful.译文:

收文人:所有全职员工

发文人:人力资源经理,李明

日期:2007年5月9日

主题:计算机课程

人力资源部上个月进行的一项调查显示,公司的许多人不会使用电脑导致了工作效率的低下。因此,我们决定为所有的全职员工开办一个为期两个月的计算机课程,于每周一晚上7点到9点之间在公司的会议室A和B举行。每个员工都可以根据自己目前的计算机水平选择初级或高级课程。请于5月15日之前到公司接待处报名。欢迎提出更好的意见和建议,是我们的这个项目更加富有成果。

闪光词汇及词组:

full-time:adj.全职的 reveal:v.揭示,展示,显示

illiteracy:n.文盲

contribute to:导致

severe:adj.严重的,严厉的,严峻的 duration:n.持续时间,为期

register:v.登记,注册

万能句型:

… reveals the fact that…

As a result, it has been decided that…

Further suggestions will be appreciated so that the program can be more fruitful.考研英语写作范文之道歉信

我们在工作或生活中,有时难免会犯一些错误,写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容:表示歉意;道歉的原由;出现差错的原因;提出弥补措施;请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实,不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。

写作“三步走”:

表示歉意—>说明具体原因、提出补救办法—>再次致歉、希望得到理解

Tips:

在写作过程中,尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分。

在解释完原因后,尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加完满。

(1)Directions:

You are invited to a dinner at a friend's house, but you are not able to attend because of the preparation for a coming examination.Write a letter to your friends to express your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a meeting at another time.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address.范文:

Dear Anne

Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot join you and your family, because I will be fully occupied then for an important exam coming the day after tomorrow.I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of such a happy get-together, and I hope that all of you enjoy a good time.Is it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterward? If so, please don't hesitate to drop me a line about your preferable date.I do long for a pleasant chat with you.Please allow me to say sorry again.Regards

Li Ming

译文:

亲爱的安:

感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一面么?如果可以的话请随时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。

请允许我再一次致歉。

您真诚的

李明

闪光词汇及词组:

occupy: v.占用,占

get-together: n.聚会,联欢会

hesitate: v.犹豫,踌躇

drop sb.a line: 给某人打一个电话

preferable: adj.更好的,更可取的 long for sth: 渴望

万能句型:

Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.Unfortunately,it is much to my regret that I cannot…

I feel terribly sorry for missing the change of…

Is it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterwards?

If so, please don't hesitate to drop me a call about your preferable date.Please allow me to say sorry again.(2)Directions:

You failed to finish an important task assigned by your professor because of a severe illness.Write a letter to your professor tp express your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a solution to make up the loss.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address.范文:

Dear Prof.Patent

I am very sorry to inform you that I did not manage to complete the book report you assigned last week, due to a sudden illness falling upon me a few days ago.For the past few days I have been in hospital with a continuous fever, which has thus prevented me from any academic activity.I hereby submit the doctor's note.I would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task, as my health is turning better.Hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology.Yours faithfully

Li Ming

译文:

尊敬的Patent教授:

我非常遗憾地告知您我没有完成您上周布置的读书报告,因为几天前我突然生病了。过去的几天中我一直持续高烧,住在医院,因此无法进行任何学术活动。随信是医生的诊断书。

如果您能再给一周时间来完成它我将感激不尽,因为现在我的身体正在好转。

希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。

您真诚的

李明

闪光词汇及词组:

assign: v.分配,指派

fall upon sb: 降临到某人身上

continuous: adj.持续的

prevent sb from sth/doing sth: 使某人不能做某事

hereby: adv.因此,据此

submit: v.提交,递交

obliged: adj.感激的

grant: v.同意,准予

万能句型:

I am very sorry to inform you that I did not manage to complete…due to…

I would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task.Hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology.考研英语写作范文之经典告示 写作“三步走”

写明相关信息,如时间、地点等—>简单说明活动内容或背景—>署名

Tips

一般告示类文体都需要写标题,如Notice或者Announcement.告示类文体主要用于说明或者传达某件事情、某项活动等,重在言简意赅。

如果是关于活动的通知,需要说明活动的内容、时间、地点、参加人员范围以及其它必要细节。

在告示结尾一般需要写上贴出告示的单位或者个人。

Directions

Suppose you are an secretary of the English Department of X University.Write a notice to inform the teachers and students of this department of a lecture on crosscultural studies.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Li Ming instead.范文:

Notice

There is going to be a lecture, titled Across Cultures: Digital Media and Literate Activity, in the meeting room of the English Department from 9:00 a.m.to 11:00 a.m.on Monday, July 11th.The lecture will be given by Professor Robert Johnson, who is from the Department of Englsih Literature of University of Pennsylvania.Professor Johnson is known for his unique probing of the many connections between literate activity and new information technologies.He will present, in his humorous style, the relation he found between culture and technological development, which you surely will enjoy very much.All the teachers and students are welcome to attend this lecture.English Department

译文:

通知

7月11日周一上午9点至11点将在英语系会议室举办一场题为“跨越文化:数码媒体和文化活动”的讲座。主讲人为罗伯特。约翰逊教授,来自宾西法尼亚大学的英语文学系。约翰逊教授对文化活动和新的信息技术之间的关系做了非常独到的研究,并因此而闻名。他将以幽默的风格展示他在文化和技术发展之间关系上的研究成果,相信你们都会很感兴趣。

欢迎广大师生来参加本次讲座。

英语系

闪光词汇及词组

title: v.以……为标题

literate: adj.有文化的,都读写能力的 probe: v.探查、探明

humorous: adj.幽默的 万能句型

There is going to be a lecture, titled… in the meeting room of …fromom 10:00 to 12:00 on Monday, July 11th.…which you surely will enjoy very much.All the teachers and students are welcome to attend this lecture.Directions

The famous opera Cat will be presented the theatre of your university

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Li Ming instead.范文

Notice

Due to bad weather condition, the badminton competition, organized by the College Badminton Club, will not be held in the May Fouth Field as it was scheduled.Instead, it will be moved to the Haidian Gymnasium, which is about ten mininutes'walk from the university.All club members, competitors, and audience students will meet in front of the West Gate of the university at 9:00 a.m., June 5th, to go there togehter.For those who will go by themselves, please refer to the map in below.The event will be last from 9:30 a.m.to 11:30 a.m.Cold drinks and snacks will be provided in the gymnasium.College Badminton Club

译文

通知

由于天气状况不佳,学院羽毛球俱乐部举办的羽毛球比赛原定于在五四运动场的计划将取消。活动将转移到距离学校10分钟路程的海淀体育馆举办。所有的俱乐部成员、参赛者、学生观众将于6月5日上午9点在学校的西门集合,一起前往体育馆。单独前往的同学,请参考下面的地图。活动时间为9:30到11:30.我们将在体育馆中提供冷饮和零食。

学院羽毛球俱乐部

闪光词汇及词组:

badminton: n.羽毛球

field: n.运动场

schedule: v.确定时间

gymnasium: n.体育馆

snack: n.零食,小吃 考研英语写作范文之家庭关系类(1)2005年真题

Directions

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write on ANSWER SHEET 2.真题分析

本题是非常典型的看图作文。乍一看这是一场非常奇怪的足球赛,竟然有四个球门。仔细一看才发现原来这是一场赡养老人足球赛。我们很容易就可以发现其中人物关系。守着四个球门的是老人的三个儿子和一个女儿,他们的衣着显示出了他们有足够的经济能力来赡养父亲,但是他们都不愿意承担这个责任。很明显出题者要求考生批判这种不良社会风气,对那些不愿意赡养老人的儿女们提出谴责,并指出尊敬老人是我们中华民族的传统美德,应该继续发扬。

思路拓展

我们可以发现,近几年来的考研题目选取了许多关系到人们的道德水准、价值取向等方面相关的社会问题。家庭和亲情是我们这个社会永恒的主题,其中涉及到子女教育、父母与子女之间的感情关、利益关系等等,许多都是非常发人深省的。考生要重点关注道德方面的社会热点问题,为考研积累素材。

范文

The cartoon displays a very special and thought-provoking soccer game: the four goals are kept by an old man's three sons and one daughter, while the old man himself becomes the ball, being kicked among the four corners by his beloved children.It is clearly indicated that none of them is willing to spare a tiny portion of time and money to repay their old father who have raised them.Through the artistic presentation, we can be easily reminded of a popular phenomenon in today's society, that is, disrespect towards elders and shirking of the responsibility of nursing aging parents.The boosting economic development in China sadly witnesses a deterioration of the public awareness of filial duty, which had taken an indispensable position in traditional Chinese values for thousands of years.However, as the society grows more benefit-oriented, the once unbroken bond between parents and children is fundamentally shaken and begins to collapse.In my point of view, the trend goes quite against the genuine and original purpose of our pursuit of wealth and welfare, that is, to shape a rich life both materially and mentally.Thinking of the love we received from our parents when swaggering babies, we must realize that repaying parents by a happy life with financial and psychological support is not only a duty that should not be shrugged off, but a key element to achieve a harmonious society.译文

这幅漫画展示了一场特殊而又发人深省的足球赛:四个球门由一个老人的三个儿子和一个女儿分别把守,而老人自己则是那个足球,在四个角落之间被他“亲爱的”孩子们踢来踢去。很显然,哪个孩子都不愿意花一点点时间和金钱来报答曾经抚育他们成长的老父亲。

这幅图以艺术的方式提醒我们当今社会的一个普遍现象,那就是人们对老人的不尊敬、以及逃避赡养父母的责任。中国经济的迅速发展却带来了人们孝顺意识减退,这是让人悲哀的、也极具讽刺意味,因为赡养老人的责任在中国几千年的传统价值中占有重要的地位。但是,随着社会上追求利益的风气日益盛行,父母和子女之间那种曾经无法割裂的关系却受到了根本性的动摇。

我认为这种趋势与我们追求财富和利益的初衷是违背的,我们的目的是达到物质和精神的双丰收。想一想当我们还是蹒跚学步的孩子时父母曾给我们的爱,我们应该意识到回报给父母金钱和精神上的幸福生活不仅仅是我们无法推却的责任,也是我们实现和谐社会的重要因素。

闪光词汇及词组

thought-provoking: adj.发人深思的 beloved: adj.所爱的,心爱的 disrespect: n.不尊敬,不尊重

shirk: v.逃避,推却

nurse: v.护理,照看

deterioration: n.变坏,退化,堕落

filial: adj.子女的,当作子女的 indispensable: adj.不可缺少的,必要的 benefit-oriented: adj.追求利益的 bond: n.关系,联系

collapse: v.倒塌,崩溃,失败

swaggering: adj.蹒跚学步的 shrug off: v.逃避,推脱

万能句型

The cartoon displays a very special and thought-provoking…

Through the artistic presentation, we can be easily reminded of…

In my point of view, the trend goes quite against the genuine and original purpose of… 考研英语写作范文之社会热点类 1)2006年真题。

Directions:

Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1)describe the photo briefly.2)interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and.3)give your points of view.You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.真题分析:

本题又出现了照片,而且这一次是两幅照片。但是这两幅照片没有对比关系,只是并列关系,用来说明同一个问题。左图中一个男子将贝克汉姆的名字写在自己的脸上,右图另一个男子不惜花300元来做一个“小贝头”,这两种现象都是源自他们对于贝克汉姆的疯狂崇拜。明星崇拜在我们现在这个社会中已经见怪不怪了,正是人们的追星使得娱乐业发展成为了一个巨大的产业。许多青少年和年轻人只是因为某个明星歌唱得好,或者戏演得好,或者长得帅气或者漂亮,就盲目地对他们进行崇拜,模仿明星的一言一行,而对于其中良莠不齐的影响不加辨别、全盘吸收,从而影响了他们自身的成长和发展。因此,我们很容易就可以判断出本题的目的在于指出年轻人应该树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观,树立积极向上的人生追求和生活方式。

思路拓展:

这一类题型包括了除上述9类热点问题以外的其他各类问题,内容自然包括万象,需要考生关注平时生活中的点点滴滴细节。对于一些社会问题,我们可以指出道德和价值取向上的对与错;对于另一些问题,我们只需要提出自己的见解和看法,因为那些问题本身就不存在是否真理或谬误的限制。考生需要靠自己的知识和判断,在面对考题是灵活应对。

范文:

The two pictures illustrate vividly the popularity of the famous British soccer star David Beckham.In the left picture a man painted Beckham's name on his face to show his support for Beckham, while in the right another is willing to spend three hundred yuan to have a hairstyle that is exactly the same as Beckham's.From the two pictures we can sense a crazy tendency of idol worship in today's China.Star fans, the majority of whom are teenagers and young adults, are used to blindly following every aspect of celebrities'behavior, accepting both positive and negative influences as universal truths.Aside from Beckham, another telling example is the nation-wide Super-Girl competitions held in past two years in China.They were so successful in drawing fans' attention and emotions that the ups and downs of the super girls had almost constituted the whole lives of their frenetic followers.Admittedly, it is natural that those cool and fashionable stars seem attractive to the youth.Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of our government and society to guide young people in building a wholesome outlook towards the world and life.In my opinion, what's most important is to have them adore worthy values and qualities, such as honesty, diligence, and persistence.译文:

这两幅图生动地展现了英国足球明星贝克汉姆的受欢迎程度。在左边的图中一个男人把贝克汉姆的名字醒目地写在脸上以显示对小贝的支持,右边的这幅图中另一个人愿意花300元钱做一个和贝克汉姆一样的发型。

从这两幅图中我们可以看到在当今中国疯狂的偶像崇拜趋势。追星族大多数都是青少年和年轻人,他们盲目地模仿名人各个方面的行为,并把名人的正面和负面影响都当作普遍适用的真理。除了贝克汉姆,另一个生动的例子就是在过去的两年中盛行于中国的“超女比赛”,这场比赛成功地调动了追星族们的注意力和情感,以至于“超女”们的起伏跌宕几乎构成了那些狂热歌迷们的全部生活。

诚然,既酷又时髦的明星对年轻人有很大的吸引力。但是,政府和社会有责任指导年轻人们建立健康的世界观和人生观。我认为最重要的是让年轻人追求更有价值的品质,如诚实、勤奋、坚持不懈等。

闪光词汇及词组:

teenager:n.青少年

blindly:adv.盲目地

celebrity:n.名人

universal:adj.普遍的 aside from:除……以外

telling:adj.有效的,明显的,生动的 ups and downs:起起伏伏,成功和失败

constitute:v.组成 frenetic:adj.狂热的

wholesome:adj.健康的,有益的 outlook of world and life:世界观和人生观

adore:v.崇拜,爱慕

worthy:adj.有价值的,值得的 diligence:n.勤奋

persistence:n.坚持,持续

万能句型:

The two pictures illustrate vividly…

In the left picture…while in the right…

From the two pictures we can sense…

Admittedly, it is natural that…Nevertheless… 考研英语写作范文之人生价值类(1)2004年真题

Directions:

Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1)describe the drawing

2)interpret its meaning, and

3)support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.真题分析:

本题承袭了考研漫画内容简洁、寓意深刻的风格。一个满头大汗的运动员正冲破了一次长跑比赛的终点,而在终点的不远处,赫然标着两个大字“起点”。通过漫画的题目“终点又是新起点”,考生很容易就可以抓住本题的中心论点:在人生道路上,我们不能仅仅满足于一两次的成功,而只有不断地追求,我们才能取得进步和发展。这也符合哲学上事物是不断发展的这一趋势和真理。针对这类人生奋斗类的题型,一般提纲都会要求考生举出事例,即使提纲没有要求,考生最好也能够写出一两个事例,以增强文章的说服力。一般来说,在这种情况下,举残疾人、先进人物等的例子会比较切题,有效地加强文章的力度。

思路拓展

范文:

The picture presents a young runner who just finishes a long run and arrives at the finish line, sweating and smiling.While he stand at the end, a sign stating beginning lies not far away from his position, indicating that an end means a new beginning.It is true that when a runner reaches the end of one race, he needs to realize that his immediate task is how to achieve the next goal, instead of indulging the past glory and accomplishment.The identical truth applies to every individual, organization, and nation, that setting new goals continuously is the source of advancement.The deaf and mute American girl Helen Keller is a typical example of our case, as she had spent her whole life struggling and striving for one goal after another.It is not surprising that she finally turned out to be an excellent writer.Equally, businesses and industries should keep setting new tasks in order to preserve their competitiveness.Microsoft, for instance, never ceases creating new products the company launched Vista, Office 2007 and Exchange Server recently though it is already being such a huge conglomerate.In short, it is non-stop efforts that lead to progress.译文:

该图展示了一个运动员刚完成一场赛跑、达到终点,他满头大汗但是却非常满意地微笑着。在他所站的终点标志附近,该图标出了“起点”的标志,说明了“终点是新的起点”。

确实,当一个运动员跑到终点的时候,他必须马上意识到他的下一个任务是达到新的目标,而不是沉湎于过去的荣耀和成就。同样的道理也适用于每一个个人、组织、以及国家,即不断地设立新的目标才能不断地前进。

聋哑的美国女孩海伦。凯勒是这方面的一个典型例子,因为她一生都在为一个接一个的目标而努力和奋斗。因此,她最后变成了一个优秀的作家并不令人惊讶。同样的,工商界如果想要保持它们的竞争力,就要不断地为自己设立新任务。例如,微软公司作为如此大型的一个集团,也从来没有停止创造新产品的脚步,该公司在最近发布了Vista,Office2007和Exchange Server三大产品。总的来说,永不停止的努力才能引领进步和发展。

闪光词汇及词组:

sweating and smiling: 这里我们要介绍英语中的一种特殊的修辞方法,叫做alliteration,即“头韵”。一般在汉语以及英语中我们讲究压尾韵,而英语中经常可以把一些开头的辅音相同的单词组合在一起,读起来也非常琅琅上口。考生如果能在平时有意识地收集这些头韵组合,在考试中用上一两个,会大大为文章添彩。类似的短语还有我们在“经典应用文背诵”部分中提到的safe and sound.“He has more brawn than brain”,他四肢发达头脑简单。

achieve: v.达到,完成 glory: n.荣耀,光荣

accomplishment: n.成就

identical: adj.同一的,同样的

advancement: n.前进,进步

turn out to be: 变成 conglomerate: n.大集团

launch: v.发行,投放市场

non-stop: adj.不停的 万能句型:

The picture presents…

It is true that…

…is a typical example of our case

… it is not surprising that…

… Equally…

In short…(2)2007年真题

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should:

1)describe the drawing briefly

2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write on ANSWER SHEET 2.真题分析:

在这道最新的考研题目中,出题漫画较往年显得更加生动有趣,寓意也十分明显。在一位球员即将进球的瞬间,球员和守门员都显得犹豫不决。球员认为守门员长得极其高大从而挡住了球门,使他的攻击几乎变成了“missionimpossible”(不可能完成的任务)。同时,守门员却觉得自己太渺小而球门太大,守门的任务十分艰巨,同样也是“missionimpossible”。对于有中文文化背景的学生来说,很容易就可以联想到《孙子兵法》中说的“知己知彼,百战不殆”,也就是说,只有充分了解自己和对手的所有优缺点,我们才能够有足够的信心取得最终的胜利。从这一点上我们可以继续引申,说明无论是个人、组织甚至对于国家来说,无论遇到什么情况,都要正确的评估自己以及具体事例的特点,从而充满信心地去取得应该取得的成就。

思路拓展:

关于人生价值类的题目在短短几年时间内竟然考了两次,这必须引起我们的高度重视。出题者的思路也是可以理解的,正在参加考研的大学生们都风华正茂,处于人生扬帆的关键时刻。这个时候大学生们需要树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观,从而有助于他们在将来的人生道路上取得成功。

人生价值的内容包罗万象,有对成功的理解、对生活的态度、对知识和学习的定位等等,以及如何面对困境和挫折、如何正确认识金钱和人生的关系等等。这一类话题并不总是热点话题,但又和许多领域紧密相连,特别是和教育领域的相关话题有关。同时,我们在许多社会现象中也可以发现人们不同的人生价值,媒体上也经常组织相关的大讨论,考生应予以密切关注。

范文:

This picture shows a critical moment that can occur in any soccer game—a players is about to kick the ball while the keeper is fully ready for the attack.Interestingly, the player and the keeper are experiencing quite opposite psychological processes: the player thinks the task is extremely difficult as the goal is quite small compared with the huge keeper, while the latter fears that the goal is too enormous for him to protect.It is conspicuously indicated that in order to gain confidence and achieve success, we not only need to attain a thorough understanding of ourown merits and disadvantages of ourselves, but also those aspects of our opponents.Both the player and the keeper merely focus on their own faults and their counterparts'advantages, leading to their hesitation at the key time.In a recent interview of hurdler Liu Xiang, he revealed that his success is partly owed to his training team's study of his strong competitors around the world, so that he can learn from the others and is more confident when facing any new race.Just as the ancient Chinese philosophical book The Art of War concludes, if you know yourself and your enemy, you'll never lose a battle.译文:

该图展示的是一场足球比赛中的关键时刻——一个球员正准备要进球,而守门员正全力准备回击这次进攻。有趣的是,球员和守门员正在经历相反的心理历程:球员认为这项任务非常艰巨,因为球门如此之小而守门员长得高达威猛;守门员却害怕球门太大而他自己太渺小,很难保护球门。

这幅图告诉我们,为了取得信心、达到胜利,我们不仅要对自己的优缺点有充分的了解,而且还要对对手的优缺点有充分了解。但是,图中的球员和守门员只想到了自己的缺点和对手的优点,因此在关键时刻踌躇不前。

在对著名中国运动员刘翔的一个最近的采访中,他透露了自己的成功部分归功于他的训练队详细研究了他在世界各国的对手们的特点,因此他可以学习他人的优点,于是面对比赛的时候更有信心。就像中国古代著名的兵书《孙子兵法》总结的那样,知己知彼,百战不殆。

闪光词汇及词组:

be about to: 将要,正打算

psychological: adj.心理上的 enormous: adj.巨大的,庞大的 attain: v.获得,达到

merely: adv.仅仅

counterpart: n.相对物或人

hesitation: n.犹豫,踌躇

glorious: adj.光荣的 race: n.赛跑

The Art of War:《孙子兵法》

万能句型:

This picture shows a … moment that can occur in

It is conspicuously indicated…

Just as the ancient Chinese philosophical book The Art of War concludes, if you know yourself and your enemy, you'll never lose a battle.考研英语写作范文之请求信

请求信是对收信人提出请求,并希望对方满足该要求。写请求信的重点是要写清楚为什么要请求他人做某事,请求他人做某事的原因。

写请求信时首先要说明写作意图,一定要注意语气要礼貌,用词要规范;然后具体展开说明请求的原因;最后表示希望对方予以答复。

写作“三步走”:

介绍自己、提出请求—>说明原因及其它事项—>表达谢意、期盼答复

Tips:

在许多情况下,请求信是写给不认识的人或者机构,所以在信的开头可以做一下简单的自我介绍。同时,由于提出的请求往往都是需要麻烦别人的事情,所以要注意语气的礼貌程度,不要吝啬你的感谢。

(1)2006年真题

Directions:

You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address.范文:

To Whom It May Concern,My name is Li Ming, a college student of Peking University, and I am writing in the hope of your assistance to find a needy child for whom I may provide financial support.First and foremost I would like to declare that I possess the financial ability to implement this plan owing to my decent income from part-time jobs.As to the candidate, I am hoping that he/she comes from an elementary school of the less developed areas of Western China, who is forced out of school.I would like to pay for his/her tuition fee and other school expenses until he/she graduates from university.Thank you for your time.Yours cordially,Li Ming

译文:

有关负责人:

我叫李明,是北京大学的学生。我给您写这封信的目的是希望可以资助一名贫困学生,请您帮我物色一名合适的人选。

首先我想声明我有着实现这个计划的财政能力,因为我现在的兼职工作可以给我带来不菲的收入。至于具体的人选,我希望他/她是来自经济落后的中国西部地区的一名小学生,因为贫困原因而被迫退学。我将支付该学生的学费和其它杂费等,直至其大学毕业。

感谢您的时间和耐心。

您真挚的,李明

闪光词汇及词组:

in the hope of: 希望

assistance: n.帮助,协助

first and foremost: 首先

declare: v.声明

possess: v.拥有

implement: v.实施

owe to: 因为,由于

decent income: 不错的收入

as to: 至于

less developed: 欠发达的 万能句型:

I am writing in the hope of your assistance to…

Thank you for your time.(2)Directions:

You are preparing for your graduation thesis and are in urgent need of some reference materials.Write a letter to the National Library and ask for their help.Provide detailed information, and method of delivery and payment.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address.范文:

Dear Sir or Madam

I am a senior student from Tianjin University, and I wonder if you could spare some time to help me look for two reference books, Communication Principles and Organizational Communication, both published by Foreign Language Press in 2000.The two books are of particular importance to my graduation thesis, but I failed to obtain them from my university library as well as local bookstores.Could you please tell me whether the National Library has the mentioned books? If so, could you please do me the favor of photocopying and sending them to me by EMS? I would like to pay for the relevant expense by cash or credit card.Looking forward to a prompt reply from you.Sincerely yours

Li Ming

译文:

尊敬的先生或女士:

我是天津大学的一名大四学生,不知道是否可以占用您的一点时间帮我找两本参考书?它们分别是《传播学原理》和《组织传播学》,都是由外语出版社于2000年出版。

这两本书对于我的正在写作的毕业论文有着特别的重要意义,但是我在我们的大学图书馆和当地书店都没有找到它们。不知道国家图书馆是否藏有着两本书?如果有的话,不知您是否可以帮我复印一下并用特快专递寄给我呢?关于相关费用我会通过现金或者信用卡的形式进行支付。

希望能够尽快得到您的答复。

您真诚的

李明

闪光词汇及词组:

senior student: 大四学生

spare some time: 花一些时间

fail to do sth: 没能做成某事

obtain: v.得到,获得

photocopy: v.复印

万能句型:

I am wondering if you could spare some time to…

Could you please do me the favor of…

I would like to pay for the relevant expense by cash or credit card.Looking forward to a prompt reply from you.考研英语写作范文之祝贺信

祝贺信是社交中的一种礼仪性信函。通常包括以下几个方面的内容:说明祝贺事由,表达热烈、诚挚的祝贺;围绕祝贺事件表述贺喜内容;表达美好祝福。

写作“三步走”:

说明事由并表达自己衷心的祝贺—>展开评论事件、赞扬收信人—>再次表达良好祝愿

Tips:

在写作主要内容的时候,可以重点赞扬一下当事人的优秀能力和取得成就的原因、并展望他将来的美好发展前景等。

Directions:

Your friend Jason is elected as the Chairman of the Students' Union of your university.Write a letter to congratulate him, state the reason for his success, and express your best wishes and encouragement.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.范文:

Dear Jason,I am much delighted to learn that you have been elected the Chairman of our University Students' Union.This is a special and happy moment for you and I am very proud of your achievement.The Students' Union plays an essential role in our campus life.Managing and leveraging such an organization not only poses a great challenge to you, but will also fundamentally enhance your ability comprehensively.I believe this position will be a new beginning, and a chance for you to embrace a fuller life and pave the way for a brilliant future career.Please accept my most sincere congratulations!

Best wishes,Li Ming

译文:

亲爱的詹生:

听说你被选为学生会主席,我感到非常高兴。对你来说,这是一个特殊的时刻、一个高兴的时刻,我为你的成就而感到骄傲。

学生会在我们的校园生活中起到了重要的作用,要管理和权衡这个组织对于你提出了一个很大的挑战,同时也将综合地提高你的各方面能力。我相信这是一个新的开始,这个机会将使你拥抱一个充实的生活、并为你将来的灿烂未来打下基础。

请接受我最诚挚的祝福!

衷心的祝愿,李明

闪光词汇及词组:

delighted: adj.高兴的,欣喜的 achievement: n.成就,功绩

essential: 本质的,基本的,重要的 play a … role: 起……的作用

leverage: v.衡量,利用

pose a challenge to: 给……带来挑战

fundamentally: adv.根本上

enhance: v.提高,增强

comprehensive: adj.全面的 embrace: v.拥抱

pave the way for: 为……铺平道路

brilliant: adj.灿烂的 万能句型:

I am much delighted to learn that…

This is a special and happy moment for you and I am very proud of your achievement.not only… but also…

I believe this position will be a new beginning, a chance for you to embrace a fuller life and pave the way for a brilliant future career.Please accept my most sincere congratulations!考研英语写作范文之辞职信

写辞职信时要说明辞职原因,有时需说明离开的时间以给对方一个物色接替人选的时间,以免给所在单位造成不必要的麻烦。然后还要感谢对方曾经给过自己这样的工作机会。

写作“三步走”:

提出辞职—>说明原因,表示遗憾或感谢—>期盼回复

Tips:

在写作辞职信的时候语气一定要诚恳,尤其是要表达遗憾的心情,同时对于原雇主曾经给自己的这份工作机会表达感激之情。

(1)2005年真题

Directions:

Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashion.But now you find that the work is not what you expected.You decide to quit.Write a letter to your boss, Mr.Wang, telling him your decision, and stating your reason(s).You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.范文:

Dear Mr.Wang,I am writing to inform you of my intention of withdrawing from my current position in this magazine.Though having worked here for merely two months, I, unfortunately, find that this job is quite different from my expectation.First of all, I have to say that my salary is far from satisfying, which barely sustains me in this expensive city.Moreover, so far I have never had the responsibility of any challenging task.I apologize in advance for any inconvenience it might bring to you.Yours truly,Li Ming

译文:

尊敬的王先生:

我给您写这封信是想辞去我目前在杂志中的职位。

尽管我在这里仅仅工作了两个月,但是我发现这份工作并不符合我的预期。首先,我的工资远远不能令人满意,使我在这昂贵的城市中生活艰难。此外,到目前为止,我没有机会负责任何具有挑战性的工作。

我为对此可能给您带来的不便致歉。

您真诚的,李明

闪光词汇及词组:

intention: n.意图, 目的 withdraw from: 离开,撤出,退出

merely: adv.仅仅,只,不过

be far from:远远不及,远远不够

barely: adv.刚刚,仅仅,几乎不能

sustain: vt.支撑,撑住,维持,持续

have responsibility of sth: 负责某事

万能句型:

I am writing to inform you of…

Though having…, I, unfortunately, find that…

First of all… Moreover…

I apologize in advance for…

(2)Directions:

You have worked in a Non-Governmental Organization for several years, but now you need to quit the job because you are moving to another city with your family.Write a letter to your boss Mr.Smith to tell him your decision and the reason, and your appreciation for the work experience in this agency.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.范文:

Dear Mr.Smith,I am sorry to inform you by this letter that I plan to resign my present job in the next month.The main reason is that I will move to Qingdao to live permanently with my family, as Qingdao is my hometown.Looking back upon my five-year experience in this organization, I have had a very happy and enjoyable time working with you and other colleagues, from whom I have received lots of help and have learnt much.Please accept my sincere gratitude, as well as my regret for not being able to serve here any longer.Yours faithfully,Li Ming

译文:

尊敬的史密斯先生:

通过这封信我很遗憾地告诉您我计划在下个月辞去目前的工作,其主要原因是我将和我的家庭一起搬回我的家乡青岛,并将在那里长期居住。

回顾我在这个组织中五年的工作经历,我与您和众位同事度过了非常愉快的时光,你们给了我很多帮助,也教会了我很多东西。请接受我最诚挚的感激,我也非常遗憾不能在这里工作更长的时间。

您真挚的,闪光词汇及词组:

permanently: adv.长期的,永久的,不变的 look back upon: 回顾

enjoyable: adj.令人愉快的 gratitude: n.感激

万能句型:

I am sorry to inform you by this letter that I plan to…

The main reason is that…

李明

2.备忘录写作练习 篇二

英语写作能力 (书面表达) 是《高中英语教学大纲》和《英语课程标准》中对学生的基本要求, 又是最具综合性、创造性和挑战性的题型。一直是高考的重要考查项目, 所占的比分也相当可观。高考要求学生在写作方面达到的水平是:能根据所读文章进行转述或摘要;能根据文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告;能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文;能够叙述事情或表达观点和态度;能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。然而, 现有的状况:一是统编教材基本没有对书面表达提出具体要求, 没有多少相关的练习, 而且教师缺乏对学生进行系统的写作知识的指导, 很多的写作训练只是到考试前或高三时突击一下来应付考试;二是学生不够重视, 缺少主动的练习;三是很多学校因为课时有限, 没能开设专门的写作课。这几个原因造成了学生写出的文章单词拼写错误和语法错误多, 不成句子, 标点符号不规范等现状。写作能力的培养往往是一个长期复杂的训练和积累的过程, 难以一蹴而就, 它与其他技巧一样, 是通过后天的培养能学到的。

二、案例描述

1. 教材分析及教学构思

本节课是以学生刚刚学习过的Module5 Unit 2 The environment (《译林出版社牛津高中英语》) 为写作背景资料, 以环境保护为中心话题, 从而制订了教学目标:通过引导学生利用已学阅读材料中的有效资源, 比如:利用词汇、句型等来完成由语言输入到输出的转化。

当然, 写作目的的完成, 也需要提高学生的学习兴趣, 做好铺垫工作。所以在导入环节给学生欣赏一段视频, 请学生用所学的语言来描述所看到的画面场景, 引出写作话题;然后根据作文材料提供的图片对出现的现象进行概括描述, 形成写作的第一个段落。然后回忆所学的相关词汇分别来描述写作题目中的每张图片。其中加入一段与环境有关的听力材料进行填空练习, 从而起到补充词汇, 学习更多相关句型的作用;在完成初步写作任务后, 再连句成篇, 学习使用连接词, 并设计了填空练习, 进一步完善全文的写作。

2. 教学过程

播放The earth的视频, 让学生描述视频中出现的画面, 猜出今天写作的主题, 即Protecting the environment, 从而呈现写作题目。

将初步写好的文章展示给学生看, 布置作业:即下面我要谈的简单句到复合句的转换。

很多学生写的文章都是“主系表”和“主谓宾”之类的简单句, 这样虽然不会出现太大的错误, 但是不会得到高分。通过对高考作文的研究, 很容易看出这样的简单句并不能达到高考的要求。这就要求我们能写出一些有文采的较复杂的句子。一篇好的文章是由简单句和复合句的适当搭配来构成的。在写作中要注意两者的相互补充, 这样会使文章语言简洁生动, 充满活力。

三、案例反思

本节课采用了选词, 找句子、翻译句子, 提问, 听力填空等形式, 层层铺垫, 由浅入深, 让学生根据学过的相关文章, 提取有效信息资源, 提炼相关词汇句型, 为完成写作做准备, 从而水到渠成地完成写作, 并布置了提升作业, 锻炼学生进行简单句与复杂句之间的转换练习。

在写作教学中, 也应当关注以下的日常教学:

1. 词汇方面

(1) 词性的多样性

英语中大多数的单词不止只有一种词性, 有的需要构词法进行词性的转换, 而其中个别词性是大家熟知熟用的。如果换成另一种词性的形式来表达, 就更显得多样了。

(2) 高级词汇的使用

高考评分标准第五档次中提出:“语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误, 但为尽力使用较为复杂结构或较高级词汇所致。”这里的“高级词汇”, 是指大纲中有但课本中出现频率不是很高, 或者大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求的词汇或短语。

(3) 同义词的使用

在英语中, 有些词或者词组如:good, clever, some等的使用频率很高, 如果学生能够恰当地使用它们相应的同义词或词组, 那么会为文章增色不少。

2. 句型方面

(1) 背诵佳句

背诵对提高写作能力帮助很大。在教材中或课外阅读时看了好文章, 不要仅限于理解, 还应该在理解的基础上要求背诵。通过背诵, 不仅可以使学生记住一些好的词句, 同时可以增强学生的语感, 培养学生正确使用语言的习惯, 也避免生搬硬套地写一些中国式的英文。

(2) 多做汉译英练习

虽然有人经常会说, 英语的学习不要太依赖母语, 要排除母语的干扰, 但我们平时在讲授单词或短语的时候, 通常的做法都是通过例句。所以教师在平时授课前要精挑例句, 灌输学生的英语思维能力。经过课后与学生的谈话我了解到:学生希望教师使用尽可能多的例句来讲解生词和短语, 这样他们对于新知识的理解更加深刻, 使用起来也比较灵活和准确。不仅在课堂上, 我们在课后也可通过多做汉译英的练习来加强学生运用词句的能力, 经过不断反复的练习, 学生的写作能力定会提高。

英语写作是一项综合能力的应用活动, 也是高中英语教学中的薄弱问题, 应该纳入日常教学环节中。将读、写、听、背相结合, 即借鉴阅读材料, 听力材料中的美词佳句融入写作教学与写作练习中去, 重视写作学习策略的学习, 让学生巩固所学内容, 在获得大量的语言输入的同时, 精心设计教学任务, 有效达到语言输出。

摘要:针对如何充分利用课本资源, 将所学课文与写作有效结合进行英文写作这一问题, 通过一堂英语写作课, 培养学生利用已学课文为知识背景, 进行写作训练, 探索学以致用的教学模式, 即:将语言输入有效转化为语言输出的能力。

关键词:语言输入输出,读写结合,写作能力,资源利用,词句转换

参考文献

[1]佘广安.任务型教学:定位与思考.中小学外语教学, 2002 (6) .

[2]于泓.新英语课程标准新课标教学指南.

[3]江苏省教育考试院.普通高等学校招生全国考试 (江苏卷) 说明[M].南京:江苏教育出版社, 2010.

[4]普通高中课程标准实验教科书 (选修) ·英语5.译林出版社, 2006.

[5]中华人民共和国教育部.全日制义务教育英语课程标准 (实验稿) , 2003.

[6]文秋芳.英语学习成功者与不成功者在方法上的差异.外语教学与研究, 1995 (3) .

3.谈英语写作练习 篇三

面对初中生英语写作中存在的诸多问题怎样才能有效地提高他们的写作能力呢?

一、掌握课本

学生写作能力的培养并不是一朝一夕的事情,在平时的课堂上,老师要特别注重抓好学生基本功的训练,重视词汇积累。平时抓好学生英语课文的复述与背诵,尤其是针对每个单元的Reading,我的要求是一定得背,雷打不动。这样既能培养学生地道的语感,又让他们掌握了针对不同素材的英语表达方式等,真是一举多得。中学英语的Reading题材多样,熟记课文就等于初步掌握了各种题材的写作要求。所谓“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”就是这个道理。一旦学生有几十乃至上百篇英语文章作铺垫的话,我们英语老师指导学生的写作就容易得多了。

此外,也可以选定一篇课文或若干段落,要求学生抄写时,逐句默读,然后眼看别处,凭记忆逐句默写。开始练习时,他们可以逐个词组意群或分句进行默写,熟练之后,就可以逐句或数句进行默写。这种方法可以使学生在抄写时注意力比较集中,使他们的短期记忆力得到锻炼。学生只要用这样的方法抄写好的范文,他们的写作能力,也会随之得到提高。

二、范文引路

方法有二:1.听后默写。选定一篇短文,教师从头至尾读材料三遍,然后要求学生凭记忆进行默写,笔述时要鼓励学生适当运用自己的词句。他们记忆的内容往往与原文不尽相同,但只要写出大意就行。为帮助学生较好地听懂材料,教师可以预先把其中的生词告诉学生,念完三遍后,还允许他们作少量的提问。这是一种听写和作文相结合的练习,它比一般听写灵活。这种练习可以和听写交替使用,它既可以锻炼学生的听力和短时记忆能力,又有助于锻炼他们的遣词造句和书面表达能力,以及熟悉作文的逻辑层次关系。它是一种有积极意义的引导性写作形式。2.仿写。它是提高英语书面表达能力的有效途径。在仿写中,格式、构思、表达方式等均可模仿,但必须要求学生灵活变通,切忌死搬硬套,语句要通顺,符合英文表达方式。仿写有两种形式,教材课文体裁广泛,内容涉及面广,难易度适中,适合学生做模仿式写作练习。课文中出现的各类文章,都可以联系生活实际,指导学生进行仿写训练。当然,仿写不是目的,而是练习写作的一种手段。仿写前要从时态预定。句型预设内容选材等方面,对学生加以辅导,让学生明白怎样仿写。笔者采取的措施是,先让学生掌握课文,然后让学生复述,最后作为作业布置给学生。

三、讨论式作文

教师命题后,让学生分小组讨论写法,教师把各小组讨论的结果集中起来,并将作文的要点写在黑板上,然后再让学生分组进行写作,各组可以推荐一名代表执笔,学生可以在组内互相讨论、共同纠正,最后每个学生各自把组内统一的作文抄一遍。讨论式作文既可以练习学生笔语,又练习他们的口语,一举两得。

四、看图作文

选定一张或数张相关的图画,要求学生看图作文,图画可以随带有关的问题或由教师口头提问一些相关的问题,以帮助学生作文。看图作文是看和写相结合的练习,可以与给图片或漫画展览写解说词的活动结合起来。它既能提高学生的写作能力,又能丰富他们的课余生活。可以从报纸杂志、连环画等图片中取材剪辑而成,也可以让学生自己准备,然后互相交换进行写作。

五、摘要

选定一篇课文或短文,将学生分成若干小组阅读材料。读完材料后,各小组讨论内容要点,然后全班讨论,列出一个简明的内容要点提纲,并由教师逐一写到黑板上,最后要求学生各自根据黑板上的要点提纲写摘要。这种摘要练习很有用,是最常见的笔头练习形式之一,学完一篇课文要求学生写摘要,写初稿时如有不清楚的地方,可以翻阅原文,但要尽量用自己的话来表达。初稿完成后,要认真加以修改,并使摘要的词数达到规定的要求。最后抄写时,

要注意字迹清楚,标点正确,末尾要标明摘要确切的词数。

六、短文改错

这项训练主要是针对学生在作业以及书面表达中出现的问题而安排的,笔者专门收集各种错句和病句,然后做成幻灯片,让全班同学一起改正。这种题型的训练既能增强学生的阅读能力又能提高学生的识别能力,加强了基础训练,较好地做到了温故知新,尤其对于一些习惯性错误,集中订正的效果也相当不错。一段时间后,再把各种错句印发给学生,让他们再次书面改正,以循环记忆的形式让知识牢牢地印记在他们的大脑里。

七、鼓励学生大量阅读课外英文读物

我们常年订阅学英语报,对于一些和课文内容同步难度不大的文章,我都推荐给学生阅读,抓住文章中段落的主题句,关键词语,重点短语及句型,然后串说内容;或者和学生一起分析文段,分析文章的层次和主题句,将每层的意思连接起来,这样就对文章进行了高度浓缩。通过缩写训练,培养学生的逻辑思维,找中心句,不仅提高了写作能力,并且培养了他们的概括总结能力。我鼓励他们交流阅读心得,尤其遇到目前教材中还没有出现过的单词和语法,让他们记录下来并认真讲解。

4.备忘录写作练习 篇四

一.教学内容:

话题写作练习

A 人物介绍

参考篇目:Unit 1.Hawking.Einstein

注意:1.表格变为段落

2.按时间顺序

3.根据逻辑关系加上连接词

常用短语和词汇:

be bornwhen he/she was ……years old /at the age of

laterbegin tograduate from

spend time doingdiscover

评价:be considered to be / be regarded as

be rewarded……contribute

devoted oneself to sth.根据以下素材写一篇介绍爱因斯坦的短文

Date of birth: March 14th, 1879Place of birth: Germany

Childhood: curious, slowing in learning

Education background:

1886 : study in Munich, mathematics, religion

1896 : graduated from high school

1900 : become a maths teacher

1905 : receive a doctor’s degree

Achievement:develop the Theory of Relativity by 1915

prove light is bent when passing the sun

won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922

Evaluation: one of the greatest scientists in the 20th century

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was born on March 14th,1879 in Germany.When he was a child,he was curious about everything, but he was considered to be slow at learning.In 1886, he began to study in Munich.He studied mathematics as well as religion.In 1896,Einstein graduated from high school at the age of 17.Four years later, Einstein became a maths teacher.In 1905, he received a doctor’s degree.By the year 1915, he had developed the famous Theory of Relativity and became famous in the world.He proved that light is bent as it passes the sun.Because of his great achievement, he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922.Einstein was one of the greatest scientists in the 20th century.Some people say that he was a genius.But I think the main reason why he was so successful was his hard work.B.说明文

参考篇目:Unit2.News Media 不同观点对比。阐述自己观点。

常用短语和词汇:

对比:while, but, however, on the contrary, on the other hand,类比:as well, besides, also, too,表达观点:I think, in my opinion, it seems to me……

1.适当增加与要点有关的语句加以说明;

2.主要陈述自己观点,对对方观点要提及并加以驳斥;

3.在结尾处重申自己的观点

********

你们班上在讨论城市里博物馆的作用。根据以下内容,写一篇120字左右的短文,陈述你自己的观点。开头已给出。

Side A

1.Museums can help understand what happened in the past

2.Museums can educate people

3.Museums are centers for research.4.Museums can attract tourists to the city

Side B

1.Museums use up a great sum of money

2.Museums are usually in old buildings, so they need protection

Most cities have at least one museum, but how important are museums to people living in the 21st century?

Some people think that museums use up the money which could be spent on other things.Besides, museums are usually in old buildings, so they often need protection.In my opinion, museums can help people understand what happened in the past.If we have a better understanding of the past, we may improve our life in the future.Museums play an important role in educating people and they are centers for research.Also, museums are very important for tourism.They attract a lot of tourists to the city each year.To sum up, it seems to me that museums are an important part of our life.They are worth visiting and protecting.C.Safety Rules

参考篇目:Unit8 First Aid

Useful expressions:

You should always…Please don’t ….You ought to …

You should not….You must….Never…..Make sure that ….You must never….Always remember to ….*********

Use the lists of dos and don’ts below to write a passage about safety rules in the chemistry lab.Dos

•wash your hands before & after the experiment

•keep the air fresh

•put on gloves when doing experiments

•be careful with fire and dangerous chemicals

Don’ts

•taste chemicals

•eat anything

•touch anything without teacher’s permission

•run about in the lab

An emergency may happen every day.But if we are careful and follow some safety rules, some can be avoided.Let’s take chemistry lab as an example.First of all, you should wash your hands before and after the experiment.And you should keep the air in the lab fresh.You’d better put on the gloves when doing the experiment.Be careful with fire and dangerous medicine.Never taste chemicals or eat anything in the lab.Always remember not to touch anything without teacher’s permission.You shouldn’t run about in the lab.Only in this way can you keep yourself safe in the lab.D.记叙文

参考篇目:Unit 7 Living with disease / Diagnosed with Cancer

时间、地点、人物、事件、因果关系交待清。

时态:过去时

表示时间的短语:one day, while, when, then, a moment later, as soon as…

因果关系:so, as, as a result……

图示提示要先审图,记要点,列出所需词汇和短语。

*********

根据以下图示(图略),以Naughty Tommy为题,写一篇短文,描述在公园里所发生的事。

Tommy was a naughty boy.One day he saw a girl playing happily under a tree.He decided to play a trick on her.So he picked up a stone and hid himself behind the tree.Then he threw the stone at the girl.Hit on the back, the girl began to cry.Tommy was very happy and went away with a smile.A moment later, he saw a dog sleeping on a bench.He picked up a stone again

and hit the dog.The dog woke up and jumped at him.Tommy was so frightened that

he ran away as fast as he could.E.过程描写

Useful expressions:

 

 

 

 While…..as soon as be about to do….when….just as…. suddenly / all of a suddenly

 happen to do…/ It happened that…

Tips:

How to write a process paragraph?

1.审题: 文字,图表

2.文体

3.人称

4.时态

5.内容要点

a)时间

b)地点

c)人物

d)事件经过

6.所需词汇及句型:

Practical writing:

NMET 2000

假设你是李华,在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨,你目击一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料,报告当时所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意:1 目击者应该准确报告事实;词数100左右;结尾已为你写好。

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________After two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.Possible version:

It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road.Suddenly the car hit the man while he was crossing the road.He fell with a cry.The car didn’t stop but drove off at great speed heading west.I noticed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864.About two

minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.学生习作

(A)

At 7:15 on the morning of Feb,8th ,2000, I was heading east on the south side of the Park Road, taking my morning walk as usual.I saw an old man on the other side of the road outside the gate of the City Park.He was just crossing the street when a car on the 3rd Street made a sudden right turn at the crossing.The car was so fast that the old man even didn’t have time to dodge and the car hit the elderly hard.I thought the driver would stop to help but she didn’t.Instead, she just drove off, leaving the old man still lying on the ground in pain.Fortunately, I noted down the details: it was a yellow car, the plate number of which was AC864, and the driver was a young lady.After that I went over to check out the old man.(B)

It was 7:15 on the morning of Feb,8,2000.I was walking along the southern side of Park Road.I noticed that an old man coming out of City Park was going to cross the road.There was no car at the moment, so the old man started to cross the road.What happened next really surprised me.A yellow car roared down the 3rd Street, made a right turn and knocked the old man down.It happened in such a short time that the old man had no time to react.Seeing this, I rushed to the place where the old man was hit just in time to see the plate number of the yellow car.It was AC864.F.地点描写

参考篇目:Unit 5 The British Isles

Useful expressions:

be located in / lie in / be situated in

in the west of, to the west of

off the east coast of

cover an area of …… square kilometers

be made up of / consist of

be separated from

be surrounded by

has a population of

******** ***************

Location: north-west of Beijing Area: 3.5 square kilometers

History: built in Qing Dynasty, 150 years of construction

in 1860, Anglo-French Forces invaded Beijing, set fire,took away treasures, ruins,new China, protected, part of it, rebuilt in 1980’s,Yuanmingyuan Park

Yuanmingyuan , which is a ruined park, is located in the north-west of Beijing.It covers an area of

3.5 square kilometers.It was built during the Qing Dynasty.After 150 years of construction, it

became one of the most famous palaces in China as well as in the world.However, when Anglo-French forces invaded Beijing in 1860, the whole palace was set on fire.Treasures were taken away and stones lay in ruins.It was not until the founding of New China that it began to be protected.Part of it was rebuilt in 1980’s.The stones take on a golden color at the sunset, as if they were telling the story of yesterday.文章的检查

时态,词形,人称,数,逻辑关系

It was 7:15 in the morning of February 8,2000.1._________

I was walking along Park Road towards to the east2.________

when a old man came out of the park on the other3.________

side of the street.Then I saw a yellow car drive up 4.________

Third Street and made a right turn into Park Road.5.________

The next moment the car hit a man while he6.________

was acrossing the road.He fell with a cry.The7.________

car not stop but drove off at great speed heading8.________

west.I notice the driver was a young woman,9.________

the plate number was AC 864.About two minutes10._______

later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to

5.英语新闻写作练习 篇五

Chen Xiuli(1st L)working with her fellow villagers to harvest bamboo fungus

In Nanping, southeast China’s Fujian Province, a woman villager has established the first fruit-and-vegetable women’s cooperative, leading the whole village in striving for economic prosperity.Chen Xiuli, a middle-aged mother of two in Shunchang, a county under the administration of Nanping, suggested planting bamboo fungus under the local trees because underplanting can save land and cultivation costs and promote the growth of trees.As a result of her efforts, Shunchang is now known as ‘home of the bamboo fungus’, with output there accounting for 16 percent of the national yield.Creating More Demand

“Lack of access to markets is the major reason why villagers are held back economically,” said Chen.“Geographical isolation, poor infrastructure and lack of information or sales channels means that many villagers have no idea how to sell their farm produce.”

Chen was born in Dali town in Shunchang County.In the summer of 1990, she set up a stand to sell some agricultural products in the town.One day, a passer-by asked her whether she would like to help him purchase a load of watermelons, and she said yes.She was extremely happy when the passer-by afterwards gave her 20 yuan(US$ 3.3)as compensation for delaying her half-day business, because at that time the daily wages of local farmers was only 3 yuan(US$ 0.49 dollars).The watermelon growers also thanked her for helping their business.It was then that the idea came to her to collect and sell bamboo fungus outside the village.When she heard that the

purchase price of bamboo fungus in Jianou, a county-level city of Nanping, was much higher than

in her village, she and her best friends, Zhang Fengdi and Xie Yayu, decided to collect bamboo fungus in Dali and its neighboring villages and then transport them to Jianou.“We did not have cellphones at that time so we had to go door-to-door on foot to ask the villagers whether they had any bamboo fungus for us to collect.We carried the collected bamboo fungus to Chen’s home and then transported them to Jianou.I was exhausted all the time because I would not be home until midnight but still had to get up early the next day to prepare breakfast for my family,” said Zhang.In 1995, the women collected 1,000 kilos of bamboo fungus and netted 100 yuan(US$ 16.3)in profit.It was then that they thought about asking the other villagers to help them.In 1996, 14 villagers joined Chen’s group to collect bamboo fungus, with at least two villagers responsible for each village.The volume of collected bamboo fungus surged and at the same time profits climbed gradually.Some time later, they expanded their range to watermelons, oranges, mao bamboo, chestnuts and more.According to statistics released by the National Bureau of Statistics on January 4, 2013, the per capita annual income of farmers in Fujian Province was 9,967yuan(US$ 1,624), but each member of Chen’s team earned over 20,000 yuan(over US$ 3,258).Establishing a Cooperative

In 2010, Chen and seven other women set up a cooperative specializing in fruits and vegetables.“Although there are a small number of cooperatives in Nanping, Chen’s has done exceptionally well in improving farmers’ access to city markets to sell their agricultural produce,” said an official from the Nanping Agricultural Bureau.“Everyone likes working with her because she is a trustworthy leader.Although she is the organizer, she does not get additional benefits.She even bought some tools with her own money.She has the ability to unite us,” said Zhang.Chen and her team have also encountered several challenges.Once, a truck that was taking a load of bamboo fungus to deliver to the purchaser met with an accident and the driver died.It was Spring Festival at the time and Chen and Zhang had to rush to the nearest village for help.To make matters worse, the buyer refused to purchase the produce because he thought they brought ‘bad luck’.A Big Family

Making money is not the only aim of the cooperative.The members have found that the cooperative is also a form of support in daily life as well.In the autumn of 2012, cooperative member Liu Jinfeng’s husband fell ill and was unable to

harvest their 5 mu(0.05 hectares)of land.Chen and 30 other cooperative members helped Liu to bring in the harvest.In addition, the cooperative regularly visits elderly villagers who live alone, those who are disabled, as well as orphans and needy children.They also hold gatherings on International Women’s Day and at the end of the bamboo fungus harvest.“Our working conditions have greatly improved, but there are still some problems that need to be fixed,” said Chen.She has been going for professional training sessions to upgrade her leadership skills.“My family could not afford to educate me when I was young.Now that I have more access to education, I’m determined to learn as much as I can,” she concluded.《林下竹荪熟了,山沟沟女人“抱团”发展笑意浓》

6、7月,福建顺昌的女人们,带着笑意穿梭林间,采摘刚刚成熟的菌菇——竹荪。这些女人来自“山沟沟”,由她们创新培育种植的“杉沟源”牌竹荪,已在各种展销会上得到外国友人、客商的称赞。

福建顺昌县是中国“竹荪之乡”,竹荪产量占全国的15.6%。过去靠竹荪种植富了许多村民。如今,随着多年的种植,竹荪的产量越来越低,种竹荪的村民越来越少,制约了竹荪产业的发展,有些村民甚至打起了主意:将林地改为烟田。顺昌县山多,但为了保护生态,林子不能砍。能否将竹荪从大田“搬”到林下仿生态栽培呢?让村民不砍树也致富。山沟沟果蔬合作社理事长陈秀丽想:能不能发展林下经济,利用林地空间生态种植竹荪,树枝叶遮荫免搭棚,省工省本,提高土地利用率。同时,腐烂在地里的培养料疏松土壤为林竹生长提供有机肥料,促进了林竹的快速生长,形成菌林共生的生态群落,解决菌与稻、烟等农作物“争地”的矛盾,促进竹荪产业转型升级和持续发展,把经济发展与生态保护紧密结合,走一条生态与经济协调发展、人与自然和谐相处的绿色崛起之路。她的想法与顺昌县大历镇科技特派员高允旺在“拉家常”时不谋而合,他们在顺昌县供销社支持下,选定阔叶林、毛竹林、杉木林三种不同的林地种2亩作示范地,取得林下经济中“林菌模式”成功,预计亩产干品竹荪45公斤,产值9000元,实现“生态美和百姓富”的有机统一。这是“山沟沟”女人的又一个创举。

这个创办了山沟沟果蔬专业合作社的女人叫陈秀丽,只要在当地一打听她,许多农户手机里都有她的手机号码,不管家里是收成了笋、板锥栗还是西瓜,他们总会拨打这个号码,让陈秀丽前来收购。每到农作物收成的节令,陈秀丽便派出小分队收购菌菇、笋菜,去冬今春,她已为周边地区购销冬、春笋100多万公斤。从2009年迄今,陈秀丽和她的姐妹们创办的山沟沟果蔬专业合作社,每年组织各村妇女购销柑桔、西瓜、板锥栗等时令农副产品达500多万公斤。

陈秀丽的山沟沟果蔬专业合作社原来仅有7名股东,去年发展至52人,人均分红8000多元,2013年初进一步壮大,股金扩展至120万元,入社社员113人,其中有53名二女结扎户、独生子女户等育龄妇女,成为南平市首家由育龄农村妇女组织参股的专业合作社。“山沟沟”如今已拥有核心种养基地1670亩,带动周边高阳、岚下等乡镇800多位农户,辐射基地种养面积8000多亩,成为顺昌

县“生育关怀·幸福工程项目基地”、南平市“示范专业合作社”、福建省“农村妇女双学双比巾帼示范基地”。陈秀丽理事长因此先后荣获顺昌县“双学双比竞赛活动流通女能手”、南平市“三八红旗手”等荣誉称号,2013年被全国妇联评为“全国农村科技致富女能手”。

从一车西瓜到流通大户

“如果没有那车西瓜,我现在还只是一个围着丈夫孩子和锅台转的农村家庭妇女,还在镇里的农贸市场摆摊。”44岁的陈秀丽说。

陈秀丽原是大历镇立墩村民,与不少农村孩子一样,有着艰难的成长经历。15岁时父亲去世,自强自立的她为了贴补家用,小学毕业后就到运输公司跟车卖票,到筷子厂打工„„但这些都不足以完成她改善家中窘况的愿望。21岁那年,她嫁给大历村同龄人徐太诗,就在镇上摆摊设点卖些农副产品。

1990年夏天,一位过路的客户见她卖的西瓜个大瓢,在她摊前徘徊许久问她能否帮他进一车西瓜。爽快的陈秀丽答应帮助他到村里西瓜大户收瓜,但因为耽搁了下午的生意要求能否给20元作为补偿。陈秀丽开心地说,当时农民一天工钱仅3元,20元补偿款可谓是一笔大数目。

这趟生意,自己不仅赚了钱,邻里乡亲和客户都十分感谢她。有了第一次的成功,陈秀丽琢磨着如何将山里的东西卖到山外?1995年,陈秀丽已是两个年幼女儿的母亲。是年春节,她到建瓯市房道镇姐夫家玩,打听到姐夫朋友在做竹笋流通,每公斤的收购价比大历及其周边乡镇高出不少。她与姐夫商量得到允诺返乡后,与要好的姐妹张凤娣和谢雅玉商量到各村收笋。

“那时没有手机,我们三个人就一个村一个村的走,有笋就收来,挑到镇里的陈秀丽家,最后集中雇车运往建瓯。”张凤娣回忆当时的艰辛说。我们收笋一般是下午出发,收回集中到陈秀丽家,经常是傍晚甚至半夜,睡不了一会儿,第二天一早又得起来给丈夫孩子做饭,那段时间累得是一趴到桌上就睡着。

“第一车收了1000公斤笋,净赚了100元,可扣除自己的差旅费和损耗仅基本保本,真有点灰心不想干了。”谢雅玉接过话茬。陈秀丽坚持干下去,说从乡下挑出来那么累都熬过来了,与其在家闲着还不如去闯。

大家都觉得笋要有量才有赚头,要多找些人手帮忙。商量后,大家各村回村发展人帮忙收购,然后统一挑到陈秀丽家里,由陈秀丽联系对外销售。第二年,陈秀

丽的“姐妹团”发展到了14个人,每村基本有2人,冬春笋的收购量也开始大幅度上升,这个育龄妇女小团体逐渐开始有了盈利。

她们还把销售范围扩大到西瓜、柑橘、毛竹、板锥栗等其它品种,只要是当地有的,外面有人需要的,都成了陈秀丽的销售对象,妇女姐妹们一年到头的时间,也被排得满当当。如今,她们年均分红年加上自家田地、山林的农副产品销售,每人每年收入都能达到2万多元。

合作互助“抱团”闯市场

2010年,陈秀丽与7名妇女骨干一道共同入股成立了山沟沟果蔬专业合作社。南平市农业局经营管理站站长游生嫩说:“南平市由妇女组成的合作社比较少,全由计划生育的育龄妇女组成的合作社山沟沟是首家,更为可贵的是她们不仅在生产上而且在流通上,将山区农副产品推向城里。”

“山沟沟”能有今天,在“娘子军”背后,是丈夫们默默无闻的支持。收笋车坏在半路是常有的事,一个电话老公们都会赶到现场。张凤娣的老公就是姐妹们眼中的“模范丈夫”,每次遭遇难题总能在现场看到他的身影。

让陈秀丽印象最深刻的,是那次与死亡擦肩而过。“那次我和凤娣押车去卖货,晚上10点多开到离岚下一公里的地方连人带车一起翻进了田里,司机当场死亡。那时快过年了,天气特别冷,四下无人,我们俩哭着光着脚跑去附近的村子找人救援。”陈秀丽说,那件事后她好几天睡不着觉,“收笋人还说是死人的笋,不能要,当时真的都想放弃了,但想想这么多姐妹,自己还是决定坚持。”

“抱团”闯市场除了能致富,让她们愿意坚持下来的就是社员姐妹们之间的相互支持。山沟沟有个不成文的“互助制”,姐妹间谁有困难,大家都义不容辞相互帮忙。2012年秋,刘锦凤丈夫患病,5亩稻田没人收割,陈秀丽组织30多名姐妹和各自丈夫帮助她收割。每年的“三八”节和一年收笋结束的那天,陈秀丽附近的20多位姐妹都会固定在一起‘过节’。”大家一起买菜做饭,各展厨艺,有说有笑,像全家人一起过年一样开心。

大家也喜欢跟着陈秀丽干。“管账”多年的张凤娣说:“这么多年了,她做事总是让人心服口服,没因为自己是组织者就多收一分,称啊,工具啊,也都是她自己掏钱买的。我们也愿意跟着她干,好像她有种天生的号召力,交给她我们放心。”忙里忙外,陈秀丽并不觉得当“头”吃亏,“其实不吃亏,我现在认识的朋友一

年比一年多,要找客户的时候,这些朋友总开玩笑说他们愿意像全球通一样,帮我找号码。”

2012年,陈秀丽与她的姐妹们还发起组织了全省第一个农民志愿者服务队。将爱心互助扩展到社会。是年春节,志愿者姐妹们到洋后毛根土、前洋何亦锐等孤寡、残疾老人家上门送温暖献爱心,帮助收拾卫生,老人们现在逢人便夸;寿山寺庙老阿婆去年手脚不慎摔断,志愿者姐妹们献爱心之余,不忘分批轮流上门看望;白沟村与祖母相依为命的12岁孤儿高一凡,不忘是“爱心妈妈”陈秀丽让他树起对生活的勇气和学习的信心„„

6.会考写作练习 篇六

1.今年夏天你去大连参加了一个夏令营,你为中学生英语杂志投稿,讲述了这次经历并谈了自己的感受。

attend an English camp in Dalian, teachers from the USA and Australia and students from China at the camp, from August 1 to August 14, last 2 weeks, English lessons, visit places of interest, exchange experience in Learning English, have parties, hold English competitions, win the first prize, your feelings昨天是你17岁生日,你父母为举办了一个生日晚会。请你叙述生日晚会的经过,并谈谈你的感受。

17th birthday, prepare a big birthday party, invite some good friends, chat, eat a birthday cake and some fruits, talk about studies at present, future jobs, your future plan,Key:

1.In the summer vacation, I attended an English summer camp in Dalian.Some English teachers from the USA and Australia and students from China were at the camp.It lasted 2 weeks, from August 1 to August 14.We had oral English lessons and visited some places of interest there.We also exchanged experience in learning English.We had parties in the evenings.We even held an English speech competition.To my great joy, I won the first prize!

7.谈练习对英语写作的重要性 篇七

在学习英语写作的过程中,练习十分重要,不可缺少,这是因为:第一,写的练习有助于提高使用语言的准确性。只要写一个句子,就得注意各种语法上的问题,大到句子结构,小到冠词用法和名词的数。另外还要注意选词、拼写、大写、标点、单词移行等问题。想要避免错误,就必须十分小心,反复考虑,多查多问,仔细检查。只有经常这样做,语言的准确性才会逐步提高;第二,写的练习有助于提高表达能力。说也是一种表达,但说话有一定的速度,不能改来改去,不可能仔细推敲所要用的句型和词汇,而且复杂的句型和艰深的词汇也很少用。写就不同了,可以思考、比较、修改,使用句型和词汇也没有限制。说话一般比较简短,写文章则可短可长,可以叙述复杂的事情或说明深奥的理论、思想。所以经常做写的练习,可以扩大能使用的句型及词汇的范围,熟悉各种修辞手段及表达方法;第三,写的练习还有助于锻炼逻辑思维和组织材料及论点的能力。只要是写一篇文章,就需要使它意思连贯,条理清楚,言之有物,观点明确,别人看了之后知道说什么事情,讲什么道理,并得到所希望得到的结论。清楚的文章反映了清楚的思路,反之,力求写出清楚的文章也能促进思路的清晰。

因此,学习英语写作需要做认真细致、坚持不懈的练习。进行写作练习有两类题目可以考虑:一类联系生活,一类联系学习。自己的经历、见闻、感想,所遇见的人,所遇到的事,凡是有意义的,都可以作为练习的对象。用英文记日记也是好办法,不过最好不要记流水账,可以每天写一件比较有意义或有意思的事。这些都是联系生活的写作练习。阅读作为四项基本技能之一,往往和写作有紧密的联系。比如读完一本书或一篇文章之后,如果觉得它有充实的内容,就可以写一篇摘要(summary),再加上作者简介和评论,就成了一篇读书报告(reading report)。做这种练习,不但可以加深对原文的理解,而且有助于吸收有用的词句,还可以锻炼分析能力,好处颇多。这就是联系学习的写作练习。而不论写什么样的文章,在动手之前都应该计划。怎样开头,怎样发展,怎样结尾,这些有关文章组织或安排的问题要考虑。更重要的是要明确究竟打算写什么,想说明什么问题,得出什么结论,用什么事实或理由来证明这个结论。只有思想清楚,思路清晰,才可能写出清楚的文章。写作所用的语言要力求正确、清楚,因此写的时候要十分细心,勤查勤问。在开始学写的时候,不必努力造长而复杂的句子,因为那样容易出错,即使语法上不错,也难以做到通顺明白。在学习写作时,除了多练习,还可以多模仿。对于初学者来说,比较适宜模仿的是经过专家改写的简易读物和专为青少年编写的故事或知识性书籍,这些文字简明生动,易于理解。文艺作品(如小说)和报刊文章由于语言过于灵活或复杂,能看懂就好,学到手是不容易的,故不宜模仿。

常见的英语文章的类型有四种:记叙文(narration)、描写文(description)、说明文(exposition)、议论文(argumentation)。文章类型不同,写作时应注意侧重点也有所不同,下文就此逐一进行说明。

在计划一篇记叙文的时候,首先要明确中心思想或写作目的。文中所有的情节、描写、对话等都应该有助于阐明这个中心思想,使读者得到作者希望他得到的印象。然后挑选事例或细节。为了使记叙文生动有趣,必须使它有足够的细节,空泛、笼统的话最好不说。接着安排细节的次序。最简单易行的办法是以时间先后为序。其他的次序也可以考虑,如从事情的中间或结尾说起,也就是倒叙(flashbacks)。还要考虑叙事的繁简程度。同样一件事,可以说得很细,写得很长,也可以说得很简短。一般的规则是:主要情节应仔细描写,占主要篇幅;次要的情节则少说几句;不重要但不得不提到的情节一带而过就可以了。刻意描写无关紧要的事情只会延缓整个故事的进展,削弱故事的吸引力。最后还得决定从谁的角度来叙述。也就是用第一人称(the first person)还是第三人称(the third person)的问题。第一人称的优点是使读者感到作者是在说他自己的经历或感受,这样就加强了故事的真实性和感染力;缺点是叙述的范围可能受到限制。第三人称则不受此限制,但不同的故事线索要仔细地编织在一起,使全篇头绪清楚,结构完整。

描写文涉及最多的有以下几种情形:1.人物(description o a person);2.地点(description of a place);3.物体(description o an object);4.场景(description of a scene)。人物的描写往往是从外表到内心;地点(环境)包括自然景色和社会条件,大到一座城市,小到一间屋子;场景则像是电影中的一个镜头,一个或一些人在某一时刻正在做什么,说什么,以及他们之间(如果不止一个人)有什么样的关系。一般说来,描写都是很具体的,也就是用实际事物来说明问题,概括性的话不会给人留下鲜明的印象。不管描写什么,首先要考虑好描写的角度、次序、重点和目的。假定描写一个公园,你得决定是从公园管理者的角度来写,还是从一个游览者的角度。很明显,这两个角度大不相同:前者关心的是公园的发展和问题;后者感兴趣的是吸引人的景色。就是游览者,还有年龄和职业的差别,例如老年人和小孩子所注意的事物不会完全一样。在描写的过程中,除非有特别的需要,不要转换角度。如果转换,应该采取某种方式让读者知道。从哪儿写起,到哪儿结束,这是描写的次序问题。如从前到后,由近及远,从左到右,从上到下或按方位顺序。如果可描写的东西或细节很多,就需要突出重点。重点的选择要以描写目的为依据。另外,描写常常和叙事交织在一起,描写可以增加叙事的色彩,叙事也可以使描写更为生动。

在写说明文时,首先应明确题目,涉及的范围要尽可能小一些。因为题目太大或太泛,不容易讲得清楚,也就不符合说明文的写作宗旨了。写作说明文有几种方法:举例(illustration)、分类(division and classification)、比较(comparison and contrast)、因果关系(cause and effect)、下定义(definition)。其中,举例说明使用很广,也更能将复杂问题说清楚,在讨论抽象的概念或过程时尤其如此。恰当的例子可以使读者得到比较具体的印象,帮助其理解文中所讲的道理。层次安排十分重要,一般说来,应该是由浅入深,由易到难,由表及里,从头到尾。因为这样的次序对读者来说是最自然的,最容易接受。就层次来说,也许说明文缺少记叙文可能有的灵活性。说明文不必写得枯燥无味,讲道理也可以讲得生动有趣,引人入胜。应该努力把文章写得既清楚又活泼,不单调,不死板。为此,有时可以穿插一点想象的但又不离题的对话或描写,当然不宜过多,以免影响全文的结构。

议论文的写作目的是论证某一个正确的观点、看法或主张,有时也批驳与之相反的错误的意见。我们在日常生活中接触或使用到议论文的机会比我们意识到的要多。报纸上发表的社论和短评、杂志上刊登的评论、人们为讨论会准备的发言稿,都是议论文。在写议论文时,首先要明确自己的论点,也就是说,赞成什么,反对什么,从头就要清楚,不说和它无关的话。为了说明一个观点是正确的或是错误的,必须提出充分的论据,然后进行论证。一般议论文的主要部分都是由证据构成的,证据强有力,文章才有说服力。证据包括事实和理论两个方面,可以根据情况用事实或理论,或两者都用,来达到论证的目的。我们常说的“摆事实,讲道理”恰好就是写议论文的基本方法。写议论文还要十分注意逻辑性。这主要是指事实与事实、论点与论点或事实与论点之间的关系。从语气上说,议论文不必声色俱厉,摆出一副教训别人的架势。议论文的力量,在于道理说得透彻,有大量的事实作为根据,而不在于咄咄逼人的语气。只要不是谴责敌人,用冷静温和的语气使读者更愿意看,更容易接受文章的观点。至于文章的组织,方式很多,不必统一。不过初学者可以采用一种常用的三段式(syllogism)写法:一开头提出要讨论的问题或要证明的观点;然后摆事实,讲道理;最后回答开头提出的问题,或重申观点。这样一篇文章,包括论点、论据和论证,或称作引论、论证和结论,以中间的论证部分为主体。

总而言之,英语写作是英语学习者的一项基本功,而要想练就扎实的基本功,理论知识的学习固然重要,但更重要的在于勤动笔、多练习,发扬勤学苦练的精神。坚持这样做,就一定能写出一手漂亮的英语文章。

摘要:写作的能力是外语学习的一项基本技能。写作能力的培养, 除了理论知识的学习, 更重要的在于练习。写作练习有助于提高使用语言的准确性, 提高表达能力, 还有助于锻炼逻辑思维和组织材料及论点的能力。学习英语写作, 应重视练习, 勤于练习。

关键词:英语写作,练习,重要性

参考文献

[1]丁往道.英语写作手册 (修订本) .北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2003.

[2]杨俊峰.英语写作.沈阳:辽宁大学出版社, 2000.

[3]文秋芳, 王立非.英语写作教学.西安:陕西师范大学出版社, 2003.

[4]刘上扶.英语写作论.南宁:广西教育出版社, 1999.

8.小说阅读练习与写作发散 篇八

【美】欧·亨利

一天,查完账目以后,稽核托德先生戴上帽子,请第一国民银行总经理朗利先生到小办公室去。

“账目都很清楚,朗利先生,”托德说,“我发现你的贷款也都符合手续——不过有一笔例外。有一张借据很糟糕,我指是那笔借给托马斯·默温的一万元活期贷款。问题不仅在于数目超过了银行发放私人贷款的最高限额,而且既无担保,又无抵押。因此,你在两方面都违犯了国民银行法,政府随时都可以向你提出刑事诉讼。你该明白情况有多么严重了吧。”

“你根本不认识汤姆·默温。”朗利几乎是亲切地说,“不错,我知道这笔贷款。除了汤姆·默温一句话以外,没有任何抵押品。不过我一向认为,一个人只要讲信用,他的话就是最好的抵押品。”

朗利在椅子上继续坐了半小时,然后点燃一支醇和的雪茄,到汤姆·默温家去了。“汤姆,”朗利靠在桌子上说,“有没有埃德的消息?”“还没有。”默温继续编着鞭子,回答说,“我想这几天里埃德总该回来了。”

朗利说:“有一个银行稽核今天去我们那里探头探脑,发现了你那张借据。你知道我认为没有问题,可是这样做是违犯银行法的。他限我明天十二点以前解决,那时候我得拿出现款来抵账,不然——”

默温扔开鞭子,到城里仅有的第二家银行去,那是库珀和克雷格合伙开的私营银行。老于世故的库珀借故合伙而拒绝了他。

下午四点钟光景,他到了第一国民银行,隔着朗利办公桌的栅栏,凑过去说:“我想办法在今晚——我是说明天——替你搞到那笔钱,比尔。”“好吧,汤姆。”朗利平静地说。

那晚九点钟,汤姆·默温谨慎地走出他住的木头小房子。默温的腰带里插着两支六响手枪,头上戴一顶垂边帽子。他迅速地沿着一条冷落的小街走去,到了同窄轨铁路平行的沙路上,最后来到离城两英里的水塔旁。汤姆·默温在这儿停住,用一条黑绸手帕蒙住面孔下部,拉下帽檐。

十分钟后,从查帕罗萨开往罗克台尔的夜班火车在水塔旁边停住了。

默温双手各握一支手枪,从一丛栎树后面站起身,向机车走去。他还没走上三步,两条有力的长胳臂突然从背后把他拦腰抱起,合扑摔在草地上。一个沉重的膝头抵住他的脊背,钢钳一般的手捉住了他的手腕。他就这样像小孩似地被制服了,直到机车加了水,重新起步,逐渐增加速度,开得看不见了为止。这时候,他才被松开,站了起来,发现抓他的人竟是比尔·朗利。

“这事绝不能这么解决,汤姆。”朗利说,“今天下午我见到了库珀,他把你同他谈的事告诉了我。晚上我去你家,见你带了枪出来,于是我一直尾随你到这儿。我们回去吧,汤姆。”

两人并肩走了。

“这是我唯一的机会。”过一会儿,默温开口说,“你要求归还贷款,我总得想办法清偿。比尔,假如他们为难你的话,你怎么办理?”

“假如他们为难你的话,你又怎么办呢?”朗利反问道。

“我从没有想到自己竟会埋伏起来拦劫火车,”默温说,“不过一笔活期贷款又是一回事了。我向来说一是一,说二是二。我们还剩下十二个小时,比尔,过后那个探子又要来找你麻烦了。我们总得想办法把这笔款子筹措到手。你听到了没有?”

默温突然奔跑起来,朗利跟了上去,只听得黑夜中有一个悦耳的口哨声,吹着“牧童悲歌”的凄凉的调子。

“他只会这一支歌。”默温一面跑,一面嚷道,“准保是——”

他们跑到了默温家。默温一脚把门踹开,冲出去,给屋子中间一只旧手提箱绊了一跤。一个风尘仆仆、皮肤黧黑、宽下巴的小伙子躺在床上抽着褐色的香烟。

“怎么样?埃德。”默温上气不接下气地说。

“马马虎虎。”那个干练的小伙子懒洋洋地说,“刚乘了九点三十分那班火车回来。那批牛卖了,十五元一头,一个钱也不少。喂,老哥,别把那只手提箱踢来踢去啦,里面装着二万九千元现款呢。”(选自《欧·亨利短篇小说选》,有删改)

【思考题】

1. 下列对小说有关内容的分析和概括,不恰当的是两项是( )( )

A.鉴于活期贷款是有上限的,需担保和抵押,因此朗利的做法是很冒险的举动,难怪稽核的怀疑和不满。

B.默温去找库珀帮忙,却被拒绝,由此可见默温的口碑并怎么样。

C.故事最后出现的那个小伙子正是埃德,他也是讲信用的人,同朗利一样,都是是欧·亨利小说中着力刻画的一类人物。

D.文章题目没有深意,仅仅起到小说线索的作用,因此完全可以更换一个。

E.这篇小说综合运用了外貌、对话、神态描写,生动地刻画了人物形象。

2. 结合作品,请简要分析朗利这一人物形象。

3. 欧·亨利的小说特色鲜明,请谈谈这篇小说的突出特点。

4. 这篇小说意蕴丰富,给人多方面的启迪,请结合作品,分别对下面的两个方面进行探究。

(1)请就朗利的“一个人只要讲信用,他的话就是最好的抵押品”谈谈你的看法。

(2)有人说,朗利已经仁至义尽了,他没有必要再去制止默温的鲁莽举动。你的看法呢?

【写作发散】

欧·亨利曾引用吉卜林的一句话:“西方就是西方,东方就是东方。它们永远不会相遇。”在他的心目中,东方指的是以纽约、芝加哥为代表的工业发达而人性沦落的东北各州,而西方指的是广阔自由、富有浪漫气息的美国西南部。因此在欧·亨利笔下的西部牧牛人,体现着纯净天然的人性品格——爱情、友谊、尊严与荣誉等,拥有磊落、坦荡、淳朴的高尚情怀,散发着闪光人性的光芒。《活期贷款》即为这类文章中的精品。

【参考答案】

1. BD(B库珀的出现是作为朗利的一个对比人物而出现的,更加突出了朗利的高尚。D既是线索,同时正是因为这样一件存有不确定性因素的事情,更能突出朗利的高尚的人格,带给人们更多的思考。)

2.他是一个胸无城府,待人坦诚,讲信用,无私助人,不惧生死危险而冒死救人的高尚之人。

3. ①欧·亨利的小说最突出的特色是结尾出人意料,但又在情理之中。埃德恪守诚信准则回来了,一切皆大欢喜。②小说情节波折起伏,扣人心弦,故事在山穷水尽处柳暗花明。③人物更加丰满,比如默温和朗利的最后的表现有点侠客风范。

4. 提示:(1)信用是做人之本,只要胸怀坦荡,将心比心,就会有收获。但现实情况是真正做到守信和诚信其实很难。

(2)朗利是作者精心刻画的一个人物,应该说乐于救人并不难,只要你有一颗爱心就够了;但是要救赎一个人,一个濒临绝境很可能走上绝路的人,就不是简单之事,他需要你的勇敢,需要你的高境界的人生修养。

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