中英文对照葡萄品种(精选4篇)
1.中英文对照葡萄品种 篇一
第一部分 葡萄酒分类
Dry red wine:干红葡萄酒 Semi-dry wine:半干葡萄酒 Dry white wine:干白葡萄酒 Rose wine:桃红葡萄酒 Sweet wine:甜型葡萄酒 Semi-sweet wine:半甜葡萄酒 Still wine:静止葡萄酒 Sparkling wine:起泡葡萄酒 Claret:新鲜桃红葡萄酒(波尔多产)Botrytised wine:贵腐葡萄酒 Fortified wine:加强葡萄酒 Flavored wine:加香葡萄酒 Brut wine:天然葡萄酒
Carbonated wine:加气起泡葡萄酒 Appetizer wine(Aperitif):开胃葡萄酒 Table wine:佐餐葡萄酒 Dessert wine:餐后葡萄酒 Champagne:香槟酒 Vermouth:味美思 Beaujolasis:宝祖利酒 Mistelle:密甜尔 Wine Cooler:清爽酒 Cider:苹果酒 Brandy:白兰地
Fruit brandy:水果白兰地 Pomace Brandy:果渣白兰地 Grape brandy:葡萄白兰地 Liquor(Liqueur):利口酒 Gin:金酒(杜松子酒)Rum:朗姆酒 Cocktail:鸡尾酒 Vodka:伏特加 Whisky:威士忌 Spirit:酒精,烈酒
Cognac(France):科尼亚克白兰地(法)Armagnac(France):阿马尼亚克白兰地(法)Sherry(Spain):雪莉酒(西班牙)Port(Portuguese):波特酒(葡萄牙)BDX:波尔多红酒
第二部分 酿酒微生物
Yeast:酵母
Wild yeast:野生酵母 Yeast hulls:酵母菌皮
Dry activity yeast:活性干酵母 Bacteria:细菌 Malolactic bacteria(MLB):乳酸菌 Lactic acid bacteria(LAB):乳酸菌 Acetic acid bacteria:醋酸菌 Spoilage yeast:败坏酵母
第三部分 生理生化过程
Transpiration:蒸腾作用 Evaporation:蒸发 Photosynthesis:光合作用 Maillard Reaction :麦拉德反应 Veraison:转色期 Saturation:饱和
Alcoholic fermentation(AF):酒精发酵 Stuck(Sluggish)Fermentation:发酵停滞 Primary Fermentation:前发酵,主发酵 Secondary Fermentation;二次发酵 Heterofermentation:异型发酵
Malolactic fermentation(MLF):苹果酸-乳酸发酵 Malo-Alcohol Fermentation(MAF):苹果酸-酒精发酵 Methode Charantaise:夏朗德壶式蒸馏法 Maceration Carbonique :CO2浸渍发酵 Whole bunch fermentation :CO2浸渍发酵 Beaujolasis method:宝祖利酿造法 Unareobic fermentation:厌氧发酵法 Thermovinification:热浸渍酿造法 Charmat method:罐式香槟法 Enzymatic browning:酶促褐变 Acetification:酸败 Ageing:陈酿
Sur lies:带酒脚陈酿 Esterify:酯化 Saccharify:糖化 Liquefy: 溶解、液化 Bottle aging:瓶内陈酿 Amelioration:原料改良 Chaptalization:加糖 Distillation:蒸馏
Fractional Distillation:分馏 Rectification:精馏 Clarification:澄清
第四部分 葡萄酒酿酒辅料
Betonite:膨润土(皂土)Kieselgur ,diatomite:硅藻土 Capsule:胶帽 Tin Plat、Foil:锡箔 Pigment:颜料、色素 Casein:酪蛋白 Pectin:果胶酶 Silica gel:硅胶 Gelatin:明胶 Isinglass:鱼胶 Egg white:蛋清 Albumen:蛋白 Blood powder:血粉
第五部分 理化指标
Total acid:总酸 Titrable acid:滴定酸 Residul sugar:残糖 Carbon dioxide:二氧化碳 Sugar-free extract:干浸出物 Volatile acid:挥发酸 Sulfur dioxide:二氧化硫 Total sulfur dioxide:总二氧化硫 Free sulfur dioxide:游离二氧化硫 Copper(Cu):铜 Iron(Fe):铁 Potassium:钾(K)Calcium(Ca):钙 Sodium(Na):钠
第六部分 物质名词
Methanol:甲醇 High Alcohol:高级醇 Polyalcohol:多元醇 Ethyl acetate:乙酸乙酯 Flavonol:黄酮醇 Glycine:甘油
Calcium Pectate:果胶酸钙 Ochratoxin:棕曲霉毒素 Butanol:丁醇 Isobutanol:正丁醇 Gastric Acid:胃酸 Propanone:丙酮 Acetic Acid:乙酸 Formic Acid:甲酸,蚁酸 Phospholipids:磷脂 Amino Acid:氨基酸 Fatty Acid:脂肪酸 Carbonic Acid:碳酸 Carbohydrate:碳水化合物 Fixed Acid:固定酸 Tartaric Acid:酒石酸 Malic Acid:苹果酸 Citric Acid:柠檬酸 Lactic Acid:乳酸 Succinic Acid:琥珀酸 Sorbic acid:山梨酸 Ascorbic acid:抗坏血酸 Benzyl acid:苯甲酸 Gallic acid:没食子酸 Ferulic Acid:阿魏酸 Pcoumaric acid:香豆酸
Glucose, Dextrose ,Grape Sugar:葡萄糖 Fructose, Fruit Sugar:果糖 Cane Sugar, Short Sweetening:蔗糖 Polysaccharides:水解多糖 Starch :淀粉 Amylase:淀粉酶 Foam:泡沫 Protein:蛋白质 Mercaptan:硫醇 Thiamine:硫胺(VB1)Ammonium Salt:铵盐 Melanoidinen:类黑精 Glycerol:甘油,丙三醇 Copper citrate:柠檬酸铜 Copper sulphate:硫酸铜 Hydrogen sulphide:硫化氢 Oak(barrel):橡木(桶)Catechins:儿茶酚
Low Flavour Threshold:香味阈值 Maillard Reaction:美拉德反应 Volatile Phenols:挥发性酚 Vanillan:香子兰 Vanillin:香草醛,香兰素 Linalool:里那醇,沉香醇 Geroniol:�牛儿醇,香茅醇 Pyranic acid:丙酮酸 Furan Aldehydes:呋喃醛 Eugenol:丁香酚 Guaiacol:愈创木酚
Carbohydrate Degradation Products:碳水化合物降解物 Cellulose:纤维素 Hemicellulose:半纤维素 Hemicellulase:半纤维素酶 Maltol:落叶松皮素 Oak Lactone:橡木内酯 Hydrolysable Tannins:水解单宁 Ellagitannins:鞣花单宁 Proanthocyanidin:原花色素 Relative Astringency(RA):相对涩性 Lagic Acid:鞣花酸
Polypetide Nitrogen:多肽氮
Oxido-reduction Potential:氧化还原电位 Condenced Phenols:聚合多酚 Poly-phenols:多酚
PVP(P):聚乙烯(聚)吡咯烷酮 Anthocyanin:花青素 Alcohol, ethanol:乙醇 Invert Sugar 转化糖 Oxygen:氧气 Ester:酯类物质 Nitrogen:氮气 Aroma:果香 Virus:病毒
Bacteriophage:噬菌体 Body:酒体 Byproduct:副产物
Potassium Bitartrate(KHT):酒石酸氢钾 Potassium Sorbate:山梨酸钾 Diammonium Phosphate:磷酸氢二铵 Potassium Meta-bisulfite(K2S2O5):偏重亚硫酸钾 Tannin:单宁
Oak tannins:橡木丹宁
Undesired(Excessive)Tannins:劣质单宁 Desired tannins:优质单宁 Enzyme:酶 Laccase:漆酶
Polyphenol Oxidase(PPO):多酚氧化酶 β-glucosidase:β-葡(萄)糖苷酶 β-glucanase:β-葡聚糖酶 Mannoproteins:甘露糖蛋白 Lees:酒泥 Chateau:酒庄
Bulk wine、Raw wine:原酒 Hygiene:卫生
Activated carbon:活性碳
Currant:茶蔗子属植物、无核小葡萄干 Raspberry:木莓、山莓、覆盆子、悬钩子
第七部分:设备
Filtrate(filtration):过滤 Two-way Pump:双向泵 Screw Pump:螺杆泵 Centrifuge:离心机 Distillation:蒸馏 Heat Exchanger:热交换器 Crusher:破碎机 Destemer:除梗机 Presser:压榨机
Atmosphere Presser:气囊压榨机 Screw Presser:连续压榨机 Filter:过滤机 Bottling Line:灌装线
Plate Filtration(filter):板框过滤(机)Vacuum Filtration(filter):真空过滤(机)Depth Filtration(filter):深层过滤(机)Cross Filtration(filter):错流过滤(机)Membrane Filtration(filter):膜过滤(机)Sterile Filtration(filter):除菌过滤(机)Pocket Filtration(filter):袋滤(机)Rotary Machine:转瓶机 Pomace Draining:出渣 Blending:调配
Racking:分离(皮渣、酒脚)Decanting:倒灌(瓶)Remuage:吐渣 Fining:下胶 Deacidification:降酸 Pump over:循环
Skin Contact:浸皮(渍)Mix colors:调色
Oxidative Ageing Method:氧化陈酿法 Reducing Ageing Method:还原陈酿法 Stabilization:稳定性 Ullage:未盛满酒的罐(桶)Headspace:顶空 NTU:浊度
Receiving bin:接收槽 Corkscrew:开瓶器 Distilling Column:蒸馏塔 Condenser:冷凝器 Heat Exchanger:热交换器 Cork:软木塞 Cellar:酒窖
Wine Showroom:葡萄酒陈列室 Optical Density(OD):光密度 Metal Crown Lid:皇冠盖 Blanket:隔氧层
Pasteurisation:巴斯德杀菌法
第八部分:原料、病虫害、农药
Grape Nursery:葡萄苗圃 Graft:嫁接苗 Scion:接穗 Seedling:自根苗 Disease:病害 Botrytis:灰霉病 Downy Mildew:霜霉病 Powdery Mildew:白粉病 Fan Leaf:扇叶病毒病 Anthracnose:炭疽病 Mild Powder:灰腐病 Black Rotten:黑腐病 Noble rot:贵腐病 Pearls:皮尔斯病 Phylloxera:根瘤蚜 Nematode:线虫 Bird Damage:鸟害 Pest:昆虫
Lime Sulphur:石硫合剂 Nursery:营养钵 Herbicide:除草剂 Pesticide:杀虫剂 Fungicide:真菌剂 Bordeaux mixture:波尔多液 Microclimate:微气候 Variety:品种 Cluster:果穗 Rachis:穗轴 Scion:接穗 Rootstock:砧木 Grafting:嫁接
第九部分: 学科名词
Enology:葡萄酒酿造学 Pomology:果树学
Vinification:葡萄酒酿造法 Wine-making:葡萄酒酿造 Ampelography:葡萄品种学 Viniculture:葡萄栽培学 Wine Chemistry 葡萄酒化学 Enologist,Winemaker:酿酒师 Vintage:年份
Inoculation(inoculum):接种(物)MOG(material other than grapes):杂物 Terpene:萜烯 Terpenol:萜烯醇
第十部分 葡萄酒等级
法国:
A.O.C:法定产区葡萄酒 V.D.Q.S:优良产区葡萄酒 V.D.P:地区餐酒 V.D.T:日常餐酒 德国:
1.Tafelwein:日常餐酒; 2.Landwein:地区餐酒;
3.Qualitaetswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete:简称QbA,优质葡萄酒; 4.Qualitaetswein mit Praedikat:简称QmP,特别优质酒。QmP级别内根据葡萄不同的成熟度,还可以细分为6个等级: 1.Kabinett:珍藏 2.Spatlese:晚收 3.Auslese:精选
4.Beerenauslese:简称BA,颗粒精选
5.Trockenbeerenauslese:简称TBA,用深度贵腐的葡萄酿成,葡萄大概要失去95%的水分,酿成的酒也最甜。TBA等级的葡萄酒有的时候就如同蜂蜜那么浓稠,由于产量很少所以价格通常很高。
6.Eiswein:冰酒,是用冰冻的葡萄酿造的酒。
第十一部分 葡萄分类及部分品种
一、葡萄分类 Vitaceae:葡萄科 Vine:葡萄树
American Vine:美洲种葡萄 Franco-american:欧美杂交种 Hybrid:杂交品种
Wild Grape(Vine):野生葡萄 Cultivar:栽培品种 Wine Grape:酿酒葡萄 Table Grape:鲜食葡萄
Seedless Grape:无核(籽)葡萄 Grape(Vine)Variety:葡萄品种
二、红葡萄品种:
Cabernet Sauvignon(France):赤霞珠 Cabernet Franc(France):品丽珠 Cabernet Gernischt(France):蛇龙珠 Carignan:佳利酿 Sinsaut(France):神索 Gamay(France):佳美 Grenache(Spain):歌海娜 Merlot(France):梅鹿辄 Petit Verdot(France):味尔多 Pinot Noir(France):黑比诺 Ruby Cabernet(America):宝石解百纳 Sangiovese(Italy):桑娇维塞 Syrah(France):西拉 Zinfandel(America):增芳德 Muscat Hamburg:玫瑰香
Saperavi(Former Soviet Union):晚红蜜
三、白葡萄品种:
Aligote(France):阿里高特 Chardonnay(France):霞多丽 Chenin Blanc(France):白诗南 Traminer(Germany):琼瑶浆 Italian Riesling:贵人香 Grey Risling:灰雷司令
White Riesling(Germany):白雷司令 Muller-Thurgau(germany):米勒 Muscat Blanc:白麝香 Pinot Blanc(France:)白品乐 Sauvignon Blanc(France):长相思 Selillon(France):赛美蓉 Silvaner(Germany):西万尼 Ugni Blanc(France):白玉霓 Folle Blanche(France):白福尔 Colombard(France):鸽笼白 Long Yan(China,Changcheng):龙眼 Rkatsiteli(Former Soviet Union):白羽
四、染色品种:
Alicante Bouschet(France):紫北塞 Yan 73(China,Changyu):烟73 Yan 74(China,Changyu):烟74
第十二部分 葡萄酒品尝
Taste:品尝
Clarity:清澈、透明 Transparent:透明的 Sensation;感觉 Bitter Flavors:苦味
Off-flavor, Off-smell, Odour:异味 Stemmy:果梗味
Reduction Smell:还原味 Oxidative Smell:氧化味 Harmony:协调性 Odour:气味 Olfactory:嗅觉的 Scent:植物香气 Aroma:果香 Bouquet:酒香 Body:酒体 Perception:感觉 Amber:琥珀色的 Ruby:宝石红色 Tawny:黄褐色 Violet:紫罗兰色 Pink:紫红色 Brown:褐色的 Round:圆润的 Full:完整的、丰满的 Harmonious:协调的 Supple:柔顺的 Soft:柔软的 Smooth:平滑的 Mellower:醇美的 Lively:充满活力的 Rich:饱满的,馥郁的 Fine:细腻的 Fresh:清新的
Well-balanced:平衡良好的 Subtle: 微妙的, 精细的 Velvety:柔软的、温和的、柔顺的 Fragrant:芳香的、香气幽雅的 Flowery:花香的 Syrupy:美妙的、甜美的 Mellow:甘美的、圆润的、松软的 Luscious:甘美的、芬芳的 Tranquil:恬静的 Spicy:辛辣的 Tart:尖酸的 Harsh,Hard:粗糙的 Lighter:清淡的、轻盈的 Thin:单薄的 Flat:平淡的
Unbalanced:不平衡的 Spoiled,Unsound:败坏的 Fuller:浓郁的 Vinous:酒香的
Coarse:粗糙的、粗劣的 Piquant:开胃的、辛辣的 Tart:尖酸的、刻薄的 Astringent:收敛的、苦涩的 Conflict:不和谐的 Stale:走味的,沉滞的 Dull:呆滞的、无活力的 Sulphur Taste:硫味
Hydrogen Sulphide odour:硫化氢味 Taste of Lees:酒泥味 Mousiness:鼠臭味
Corked Taste,Corkiness,Corky:木塞味 ouldy Taste,Musty Taste:霉味 Cooked Taste:老化味 Resinous:树脂味
Casky(Woody)Taste:橡木味,木味 Smoke Taste:烟熏味 Metallic Flavour:金属味 Earthy Taste:泥土味 Herbaceous Taste:青草味 After Taste:后味
第十三部分 葡萄酒欣赏与服务
Wine Bar:酒吧 Sommelier:斟酒服务员 Label:酒标 Water Jar:斟酒壶 Wine Funnel:斟酒漏斗 Decanter:细颈玻璃壶 Beverage:饮料 Soft Drink:软饮料 Tumbler:大酒杯、酒桶 Palate:味觉、鉴赏力 Bouquet:香味 Ice-Bucket:冰桶 Fruity:果味的 Subside:沉淀物
第十四部分 葡萄酒营养物质名词
Nutrition:营养素
Free Amino Nitrogen(FAN):游离氨基酸氮 Sterol:甾醇 Vitamin:维生素 Tocopherol:VE,生育酚 Thiamine:VB1,硫胺素 Flavin:黄素
Riboflavin:VB2,核黄素 Nicotinic Acid:烟酸
第十五部分 葡萄酒分析
Determination:检测 Titration:滴定 Dilute:稀释
Litmus Paper:石蕊试纸 Reagent:试剂 Goggle:护目镜 Flask:烧瓶
Beaker:烧杯(带倾口)Distilled Water:蒸馏水 Hydrometer:液体比重计 Refractometer:手持糖量仪
High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC):高效液相色谱 Paper Chromatography:纸层析法 Specific Gravity:比重
Sodium Hydroxide:氢氧化钠(NaOH)
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate:邻苯二甲酸氢钾 Phenolphthalein:酚酞 Pipette:移液管
Erlenmeyer Flask:锥形烧瓶 Activated Charcoal:活性碳 Whatman Filter Paper:沃特曼滤纸 PH-meter:PH计
Titration End-point:滴定终点 Buffer Solution:缓冲液
Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate:酒石酸氢钾 Calibrate:校准 Electrode:电极
Starch Indicator:淀粉指示剂 Sulphuric Acid:硫酸 Pyrex Beaker:耐热烧杯 Potassium Iodide:碘化钾(KI)
Sodium Thiosulphate:硫代硫酸钠(NaS2SO3)Hydrogen Peroxide:过氧化氢(H2O2)Orthophosphoric Acid:正磷酸 Methyl-red:甲基红
Ebullioscope(Ebullimeter):酒精计 Thermometer:温度计 Pycnometer:比重瓶 Formic Acid:甲酸(蚁酸)Sodium Formate:甲酸钠 Bromophenol Blue:溴酚蓝 Agar Plating:琼脂平板培养基 Chocolate Agar:巧克力琼脂 Corn Meal Agar:玉米粉琼脂 Egg Albumin Agar:卵蛋白琼脂 Glycerin Agar:甘油琼脂 Malt Agar:麦芽汁琼脂(培养基)Nutrient Agar:营养琼脂 Plain Agar:普通琼脂 Starch Agar:淀粉琼脂 Potato-dextrose Agar(P.D.A):土豆-葡萄糖培养基 Autoclave:高压锅,灭菌锅 Petri Dishes:灭菌盘
Low-magnification Microscope:低倍显微镜 Micro-loop:接种环 Micro-needle:接种针 Alcohol Lamp:酒精灯
第十六部分 葡萄酒病害
Copper Casse:铜破败病 Ferric Casse:铁破败病 Proteinic Casse:蛋白质破败病 Blue Casse:蓝色破败病 White Casse:白色破败病 Oxidasic Casse:氧化酶破败病 Micobial Disease:细菌病害 Mannitic Disease:甘露醇病
2.葡萄的品种 篇二
矢富罗莎为欧亚种,果穗圆锥形,平均重800克,最大1000克以上。果粒椭圆至圆柱形,平均粒重9克,最大重15克。完熟为紫红至深红色。果肉脆甜,含糖17%,品质上。7月中旬完熟。
洛浦早生
洛浦早生为欧美种,果穗圆锥形,平均穗重456克,最大1000克以上,果粒短椭圆形,完熟为紫红至紫黑色,平均粒重10克,最大可达6克,果粉厚,果肉软而多汁,味酸甜,稍有草莓香味,可溶性固形物含量13.8~16.3%,品质上等。7月中旬成熟,南北地区均可发展。
紫珍香
紫珍香为欧美种,果穗圆锥形,平均重540克,最大870克,果粒长卵圆形,平均重10克,大者17克,蓝紫色,果粉厚,果肉软,酸甜适口,具玫瑰香味,含糖16%,7月中旬成熟。
丰宝
丰宝为欧亚种,果穗圆锥形,平均重700克,最大重1100克,果粒椭圆形,平均重7克,最大12克,果肉多汁、略脆,甜有淡玫瑰香味,完熟为紫黑色,7月上旬成熟。
坂田良智
3.中英文对照 篇三
随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大,对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间,以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线,已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性,因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时,喷油量必须精确计算,燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型,预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。
共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分: ①低压部分,包含燃油共轨系统组件。
②高压系统,包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。
电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块,如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器),这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。
所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油,这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中,燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。
(1)压力产生。
燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。
由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低,还是燃油喷射量的多少,油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式,高压泵的设计可以小的多,而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低,这源于高压泵的负载很小。
高压泵是径向活塞泵,在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制
所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。
一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。
在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取,但是在一些应用中,它被直接安装在高压泵中。
另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量,以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。
发生故障时,压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。
在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量,降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时,流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。
双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式,它通过计算单元对压力进行控制,并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制,因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。
(3)燃油喷射
喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。
喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下,燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比,因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。
(4)液压辅助动力
与传统燃油喷射系统相比,将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来,有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴,将来会达到1800巴。
共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放,也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的,以保证喷射结束的快速性。
(5)控制和调节
发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括:
① 曲轴转速和转角; ② 燃油轨道的压力; ③ 进气压力;
④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度; ⑤ 进气量; ⑥ 车速等。
电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步,电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀,废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。
喷油器的开关时间应很短,采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。
根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据,对照发动机状态(时间控制),角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外,EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。
其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制,和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样,它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。
其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗,或提供附加的可靠性和便利性,具体例子有:
① 废气在循环控制; ② 增压控制; ③ 巡航控制;
④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。
由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口,所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接,因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制),其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。
The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common
rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close
the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:
① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:
④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In
addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:
① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;
4.管件中英文对照 篇四
90º 弯头90º Elbow45º弯头45º Elbow180º弯头180º Elbow
长半径弯头:LR elbow(LR是long radius的缩写)
短半径弯头: SR Elbow(SR是short radius的缩写)
碳钢弯头 carbon steel elbow 不锈钢弯头 stainless steel elbow
合金钢弯头 alloy steel elbow
无缝弯头seamless elbow对焊弯头 butt-welding elbow 冲压弯头Stamping elbow 大口径对焊弯头 Large diameter butt-welding elbow /Large size elbow
三通 Tee
异径三通 reducing tee等径三通 straight tee 斜三通 lateralY型三通 Y-tee 四通 cross
等径四通 straight cross 异径四通 reducing cross
异径管 reducer
同心异径管 concentric reducer(con-reducer)
偏心异径管 eccentric reducer(ecc-reducer)
管帽 cap 翻边 Stub end
法兰 Flange带颈对焊法兰Welding-Neck(WN),平焊带颈法兰 Slip-On(SO),盲板法兰 Blind(BL), 螺纹法兰Threaded(TH), 松套法兰Lap-Joint(LJ)
锻造的:forged
螺纹支管台 threadolet 承插支管台 sockolet焊接支管台 weldolet
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