英语专业个人英文简历的

2, the writing of medical records, prescription writing has gained a better understanding of electronic medical records are also often used.

3, to assist the completion of the foreskin, armpit odor, hemorrhoids, such as surgery.

4, in the land and the total time to time during the internship with the Education Department on behalf of classes.

good communication, can be very easily with classmates, colleagues working with the Department

5.计算机专业个人英文简历 篇五

Name：xxx

Gender：Male

Height：185cm

Weight：80kg

Health：Excellent

Birthdate：March 3, 1978

Birthplace：Hainan

Marital Status：Single

Address：23 South Seaside Avenue, South China Computer Company, Haikou 57000

Mobile：xxx

E-mail：xx

Position Sought

Computer Programmer with a foreign enterprise in Beihai City.

Qualifications

Four years’ work experience operating computers extensively, coupled with educational preparation.

Professional Experience

-Computer Programmer, South China Computer Company, Haikou, from 20xx to date.

-Coded well-defined systems logic flow charts into computer machine instructions using Java or C.

-Coded subroutines following specifications, file size parameters, block diagrams.

-Performed maintenance tasks and patching to established straightforward programs.

-Documented all programs as completed.

-Tested, debugged and assembled programs.

-Adept at operating IBM-PC and Legend computers.

Educational Background

Beijing University of Technology

B. S. in Computer Science, July 20xx

Courses included：

-Computer Science Systems Design and Analysis

-PASCAL Programming Operating Systems

-COBOL Programming Java Programming

-FORTRAN Programming D--BASE Programming

-Systems Management

Beihai No. 14 Middle School, 1992—

English Proficiency

A good command of English in science and technology.

Hobbies

Homepage building and on-line chitchatting.

References: Will be supplied upon request.

Personnal Data

Name：xxx

Gender：Male

Height：185cm

Weight：80kg

Health：Excellent

Birthdate：March 3, 1978

Birthplace：Hainan

Marital Status：Single

Address：23 South Seaside Avenue, South China Computer Company, Haikou 57000

Mobile：xxx

E-mail：xx

Position Sought

Computer Programmer with a foreign enterprise in Beihai City.

Qualifications

Four years’ work experience operating computers extensively, coupled with educational preparation.

Professional Experience

-Computer Programmer, South China Computer Company, Haikou, from 20xx to date.

-Coded well-defined systems logic flow charts into computer machine instructions using Java or C.

-Coded subroutines following specifications, file size parameters, block diagrams.

-Performed maintenance tasks and patching to established straightforward programs.

-Documented all programs as completed.

-Tested, debugged and assembled programs.

-Adept at operating IBM-PC and Legend computers.

Educational Background

Beijing University of Technology

B. S. in Computer Science, July 20xx

Courses included：

-Computer Science Systems Design and Analysis

-PASCAL Programming Operating Systems

-COBOL Programming Java Programming

-FORTRAN Programming D--BASE Programming

-Systems Management

Beihai No. 14 Middle School, 1992—1998

English Proficiency

A good command of English in science and technology.

Hobbies

Homepage building and on-line chitchatting.

6.法律专业个人英文简历制作 篇六

Basic CV

Name: xxx Nationality: China is now the location: Guangzhou National: Han

Exit and Entry: Qingyuan size: 167 cm 58 kg

Marital Status: Single Age: 29-year-old

Training Certification: integrity badge:

Job search intention and work experience

Personnel types: ordinary job ?

Position: sales / marketing categories: Marketing Department / Sales Manager, business / marketing and management / operation of a chain planning manager / director of management operations

Work Experience: 8 Title: No Title

Job type: full-time can be reported for duty - a week

Monthly requirements: 3500 - 5000 the hope that the Working Area: Guangzhou

Personal experience: Company Name: South Korea (strains) of natural cosmetics company Jeju beginning and ending date :20xx-11 20xx-06

Company nature: wholly foreign-owned-owned industries: daily life of service

Positions: director of branches in China

Job Description:

1, is responsible for the construction of the Chinese market channels, face cream, facial mask, soap and other products analysis, promotion planning, market positioning, cosmetics consumption habits and consumer groups, analysis, writing product introductions;

2, responsible for the maintenance of the company focus on customers, to offer promotional programs, the overall operation of the companys marketing strategy to write “the implementation of the system of promotions”;

3, to develop the provincial agents, exhibition planning implementation;

4, the development of Jeju, Korea in 20xx the Chinese market planning and sales promotion planning, dealer-depth interviews, drawing up a “charter agents”;

5, distributors planning the implementation of data collection projects, the establishment of marketing databases;

6, to help solve health permits import of cosmetics.

7, the successful expansion of 600 professional cosmetics traders to conduct business negotiations. The establishment of distribution channels.

8, to sell into Jusco, Watson, to achieve depth of understanding of counters and shelves.

Causes of separation: the reasons for enterprise development

Company Name: Hong Kong hairdressing chain IOU beginning and ending date :20xx-02 ~ 20xx-10

Company nature: Sino-foreign joint ventures in their respective professions: daily life of service

Positions: Chief Operating Officer

Job Description: Duties:

1, is responsible for the development of the Headquarters Group of the overall chain of operations, including investment planning, investment implementation, management, and other stores to join the planning and implementation of monitoring operation;

2, leading the development of the Department of 4 people, 2 Marketing, Finance Department 2, Human Resources 2 operating program of activities to complete the formulation, implementation and monitoring; complete joining of the district to develop the analysis (site), decoration, staff recruitment, shop materials preparation, monitoring of suppliers;

3, market information collection, collation, analysis, statistics;

4, the logistics and inventory, goods traffic is expected to be reasonable, monitoring, adjustment; the financial situation of the monitoring, operating cost control and data analysis;

5, the coordination of operations manager of the dealer management controls, internal and external training programs and the effect of the formulation and implementation of assessment; (external means stores)

6, to write and organize the implementation of “high-performance communication training”, “career planning”, “List Total operating (including investment manuals, recruitment manual, training manuals, site selection manual decoration, logistics management manuals, shop management handbook, etc.)” , “negotiation skills training investment,” “beauty salons financing system,” “beauty salons culture system.”

Performance:

1, a successful chain of 11 stores to expand, and began operating.

2, lead the Operations Center to create a profit from zero income.

Causes of separation: the abolition of the development direction of

Company Name: Unicom Yellow Pages Information Co., Ltd. beginning and ending date :20xx-02 ~ 20xx-02

Company nature: wholly foreign-owned-owned industries: advertising, planning, marketing

Positions: Director of Marketing Promotion

Job Description: Duties:

1, the planning and implementation of marketing activities, brand promotion projects, research projects, the association of public relations activities;

2, responsible for ad exchange program, the program ad project planning, implementation;

3, is responsible for planning and implementation of market development activities;

4, storage management, document management, data processing and so on, the promotion of economic contracts related to the project of writing.

Performance:

1, 389 to open up the whole office in Guangzhou and 865 commercial and residential, the implementation of a comprehensive 4-year issue.

2, the performance of the average annual increase of more than 50%.

Leaving reasons: personal development

Educational background

Graduate institutions: Guangdong Institute of Public Administration

Highest level of education: college graduates - 20xx-07-01

Studies by one: the law of the Second Science: Business Administration

By education and training experience: the termination of the start date school years (institutions) to obtain a certificate of professional certificate number

20xx-09 20xx-07 Qingyuan City in the first high school graduation certificate

Guangdong Institute of Public Administration 20xx-09 20xx-07 Diploma Law

20xx-05 20xx-05 Dasheng integrated marketing agency market research skills in technical courses

20xx-06 20xx-06 Colgate - Palmolive Company distribution depth technical courses

20xx-09 20xx-09 School of Management, Hong Kong white-collar world sales techniques Course

20xx-09 20xx-09 School of Management, Hong Kong white-collar world of technical management skills courses

South China University of Technology 20xx-06 20xx-08 marketing courses permit dynamic

20xx-09 -07 control South China University of Technology Institute of the Public Reading MBA in Marketing

Language ability

Foreign Languages: English well

Mandarin level: the level of proficiency in Cantonese: proficient

The ability to work and other expertise

1, familiar with the planning and implementation of marketing, sales team training, the shop in charge of training, planning and implementation of exhibitions, print media planning and implementation issues;

2, the brand planning, the operation of franchise systems, market research, legal process, official familiar with the writing;

3, familiar with the brand promotion, market planning, channel development;

4, a pioneering and creativity, can be carried out assessment and analysis of customer, there is the experience of joining the regional investment;

Detailed personal autobiography

7.英语专业个人英文简历的 篇七

The introduction part signifies the time-honored history and the importance of cognitive analysis on metaphor briefly.The literature review at home and abroad provides a framework for our further study on metaphor.

1.1 Previous Study on Metaphor Abroad

The study on metaphor abroad can be traced back to more than two thousand years ago, ranging from rhetoric study, semantic study to a multi-disciplinary study.Among those brilliant studies, some representative theories are as follows, Aristotle’s comparison theory, Quintillion’s substitution theory, Richards and Black’s interaction theory and Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory.

The study on metaphor reaches a climax in the end of 1970s, a metaphor-mania age.Metaphors We Live by collaborated by Lakoff and Johnson has always been considered as a monumental masterpiece on metaphor study in cognitive field.After all, “our ordinary conceptual system in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature” (Lakoff&Johnson, 1980:4) .

Foreign scholars have exerted themselves in metaphor study by broadening their horizons and updating their abundant researches.

1.2 Previous Study on Metaphor at Home

More often than not, people take it for granted that metaphor is a novel term in China.As a matter of fact, study on metaphor is also time-honored in China.The reason why this confusion exists is an irrational classification of metaphor.The ancient scholars engaged in metaphor study maintain that metaphor is subordinate to simile.

It is not until the 1990s that Chinese scholars set out to study metaphor from the cognitive perspective.Compared with the cognitive analysis on metaphor abroad, Chinese scholars still have a long way to go.Fortunately, the abundant Chinese literary works are teeming with the metaphorical phenomena, which provides an enormous corpus of metaphor for their further study.

2 Analysis of Metaphor in English Major’s Intensive Reading Textbooks

“According to The Teaching Syllabus of English Major in Higher Education Institute published in 2000, we are required to recognize and handle the abundant figures of speech” (Ma Yan, 2008:76) .

Metaphor, as a frequently-used figure of speech in textbooks should be given a top priority.“Metaphor should be regarded as the ultimate goal of the second language acquisition.Besides, this goal should vary in both quantity and quality according to the types of metaphor and the learning stages” (Cai Longquan, 2003:43) .

The author selects one hundred metaphors or so used in textbooks.After digesting some references, the author classifies those metaphors into three categories as follows, the conceptual metaphor and linguistic metaphor, the similarity-based metaphor and the similarity-created metaphor, the conventional metaphor and the novel metaphor.

2.1 Conceptual metaphor and linguistic metaphor

Metaphors We Live by is a monumental masterpiece composed by Lakoff and Johnson collaboratively in the cognitive study on metaphor.According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980) , conceptual metaphor can be classified into three sub-types, ontological metaphor, structural metaphor and orientational metaphor.

First of all, the author elaborates the ontological metaphor.Ontological metaphor can be further classified into entity metaphor and container metaphor.

Firstly, the entity metaphor provides the basic ways of viewing the abstract as entities and substances.That’s to say, people regard abstract ideas, emotions, psychological activities, events and states etc as some concrete and tangible entities.There exist abundant entity metaphors in English major’s intensive reading textbooks as follows,

“The charm of conversation...it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just flows” (Lesson 3 in Advanced English Book 2) .This sentence is a mixed metaphor, conversation is firstly compared to a stream which meanders and leaps and then compared to a fire which glows and sparkles.The author views the abstract conversation to concrete stream and fire, so conversation is an entity.

“The glow of conversation burst into flames” (Lesson 3 in Advanced English Book 2) .This sentence also compares conversation to a fire.With the use of metaphor, the author describes the spirited and exciting conversation vividly.

Secondly, the container metaphor is a typical ontological metaphor.As human beings are independent of the outside nature, so there exist both the insides and the outsides.Similarly, people map this concept to other entities, such as houses, fields, even some intangible and abstract events, and activities.Therefore, there exist some expressions as follows, “the station is coming into view”which considers visual fields as containers and“he is in trouble now”which regards troubles as containers.

The container metaphors in the English major’s intensive reading textbooks are as follows,

“They had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden bewildering world-weariness” (Lesson 10 in Advanced English Book 2) .In this sentence, the writer regards the town as a container metaphorically and states the fact that those young people could no longer adapt themselves in their hometowns and their families.

“Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth” (Lesson 7 in Advanced English Book 2) .Here, the writer compares America as a container like a melting pot.

Then, it’s the turn of the orientational metaphor.Orientational metaphor is a series of metaphorical concept based on spatial directions which originate from the interaction between human beings and the nature.Those fundamental spatial directions which include up/down, front/back, deep/shallow, center/peripheral are mapped onto some abstract concepts like emotions, physical conditions, quantities and social status.

Moreover, the references of the orientational metaphor are not arbitrary.On the contrary, they are based on the material, social and cultural experiences.The typical references are as follows, “more is up while less is down”, “rational is up while emotional is down”, “high status is up while low status is down”etc.

At last, the author elaborates the structural metaphor.The structural metaphor means to construct one concept on the basis of another concept.For instance, it’s often the case that people refer to time in terms of money in our daily life and take according actions.People consider time as something as valuable as money, so we have many phrases like“spend one’s time”“waste one’s time”and“save one’s time”which derive from some related phrases of money.

“With God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadows and liberated its people from his yoke” (Lesson 5 in Advanced English Book 1) .Here, two concepts are constructed as follows, “influence is shadow”and“control is yoke”.

“The oratorical storm...swept like a fresh wind through the schools” (Lesson 10 in Advanced English Book 1) .Here, the oration is constructed as a storm.

“No signposts in the sea” (Lesson 15 in Advanced English Book 1) .The concept that“life is a journey”is formed.

Then what’s the linguistic metaphor?Linguistic metaphor refers to the linguistic expressions underlying the conceptual metaphor.In other words, all linguistic metaphors are the realizations of the conceptual metaphors.Take the conceptual metaphor“conversation is a fire”appearing in the Advanced English for example,

“The charm of conversation...it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just flows” (Lesson 3 in Advanced English Book 2) .In this sentence, the writer compares conversation to a fire which glows and sparkles.

Generally speaking, the conceptual system is the basis of communications.Besides, the value of the conceptual metaphor has something in common with that in the culture.However, chances are that some conceptual systems vary from culture to culture.On this occasion, the linguistic metaphors in one culture will hardly resemble that in another culture.The little resemblance between two cultures’conceptual system is a formidable challenge for foreign language learners.

2.2 Similarity-Based metaphor and similarity-created meta-phor

In the similarity-based metaphor, there is a preexisting resemblance between the tenor and the vehicle.Take computer in Chinese for example, the function of computer is almost equivalent to that of human mind.Therefore, people use human mind in Chinese which is familiar to the readers to refer to the newly-born entity“computer”metaphorically.Not only in the scientific field but also in our daily life, there exist abundant similarity-based metaphors.When one feels depressed, he may say that“I am really low today!”.Here, we use the adverb“down”in physical sense to refer to the disappointment in psychological sense.

“And the doctor’s eyes rolled up in their fat hammocks” (Lesson 9 in Basic English Book 4) .Here, the writer catches the similarity between eyelids and hammocks.

“The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms..., white clouds of bloom drifted...” (Lesson 15 in Basic English Book 3) .The writer grasps the similarity between neatly-displayed farms and the checkerboard and that between flowers blooming in large quantities and floating clouds.

Other similarity-based metaphors are as follows,

“the maze of vaulted streets” (Lesson 1 in Advanced English Book 1) .

“I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land” (Lesson 5 in Advanced English Book 1) .

“who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night” (Lesson 9 in Advanced English Book 1:150) .

“when it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of an egg” (Lesson 7 in Advanced English Book 2) .

“our rather rambling garden...had become a spotless white canopy” (Lesson 12 in Basic English Book 3) .

In the similarity-created metaphor, there is no preexisting resemblance between“tenor”and“vehicle”before this kind of metaphor has come into use.Take“gentleman is water while cad is oil”for example, more often than not, people are not clear about the resemblance between gentleman and water and that between cad and oil until the appearance of this metaphor.

The similarity-created metaphor is also pervasive in English major’s intensive reading textbooks.Some impressive and representative metaphors of this kind are as follows,

“a fairyland of dancing flashes” (Lesson 1 in Advanced English Book 1) .Here, the writer creates the similarity between the copper market with unsteady lights and the fairyland.

“when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and autumn...” (Lesson 15 in Basic English Book 3) .The writer imagines the birds migrating in large quantities like a flood.

“suddenly the whole room broke into a sea of shouting...” (Lesson 3 in Basic English Book 4) .The writer compares the riotous shouting as the stormy sea.

“waves of rejoicing swept the places” (Lesson 3 in Basic English Book 4) .Here, the writer compares the great rejoicing to waves.

“to strengthen its shield of the new...” (Lesson 4 in Advanced English Book 2) .Here, the writer compares the powers of United States to a shield.

However, there is one point that shall never be neglected.Similarity is such a complex concept that it is related with many factors, such as cultural tradition and religious system etc.Moreover, anything resembles everything only in some way and the resemblance can either be objective or subjective.

2.3 Conventional metaphor and novel metaphor

The standard of metaphorical degree varies from scholars to scholars.“Black is strongly against the classification of live metaphor and dead metaphor, he regards naming a metaphor as a dead metaphor as ridiculous as to name the corpse as human being” (Shu Dingfang, 2000) .According to Black, “metaphor can be classified into extinct metaphor, dormant metaphor and active metaphor” (Shu Dingfang, 2000) .Based on this criterion, Shu Dingfang gives his classification of metaphor as follows, “novel metaphor, conventional metaphor and dead metaphor”.In a word, novel metaphor leaves a sense of freshness on readers while conventional metaphor seems to be a little cliched in our daily routine.

The conventional metaphor appearing in the English major’s intensive reading textbooks are as follows,

“I have a lump in my throat” (Lesson 2 in Advanced English Book 1) .It means a feeling of pressure in one’s throat caused by repressed emotion.

“She thinks her sister had held life always in the palm” (Lesson 4 in Advanced English Book 1) .The writer compares life to something tangible held in hands.

“I was again crushed by the thought” (Lesson 2 in Advanced English Book 1) .

“More Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idyllic cruise” (Lesson 9 in Advanced English Book1) .Here, the writer considers Mark Twain as the author who created these unforgettable characters.

“Otherwise one will bind the conversation” (Lesson 3 in Advanced English Book 2) .

“the King’s English slips and slides in conversation” (Lesson3 in Advanced English Book 2) .

“Here was the very heart of industrial America” (Lesson 7 in Advanced English Book 2) .

The novel metaphors existing in the English major’s intensive reading textbooks are as follows,

“The conversation was on wings” (Lesson 3 in Advanced English Book 2) .Here, the writer compares the conversation as a bird flying and soaring.

“the sinister corridor of our age” (Lesson 3 in Advanced English Book 2) .The writer compares the things we do and the road we travel in this age as a corridor.

“...and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever” (Lesson 9 in Advanced English Book 1) .Firstly, the writer regards the gold and silver rush as a fever, then the fever turns out to be an epidemic.

“the nerves of both Duke and Duchess were excessively frayed” (Lesson 6 in Advanced English Book 1) .Here, the writer imagines people’s nerves as something tangible that can be frayed.

In brief, novel metaphor is a pragmatic phenomenon while conventional metaphor belongs to semantic dimension.On one hand, with the gradual circulation and acceptance of the novel metaphor, the metaphorical degree declines.On the other hand, the conventional metaphor, as a dormant volcano, is likely to revive.

3 Conclusion

Metaphor is omnipresent in our daily life.It is not only a figure of speech but also a cognitive phenomenon.Moreover, metaphor is more pervasive than any other figures of speech in English major’s intensive reading textbooks.Therefore, this thesis makes a thorough analysis on metaphor in textbooks from cognitive perspective.

The cognitive analysis on metaphor makes great sense.In terms of students, they can have a deeper insight into the implied meaning of metaphor and the charming language, which in turn contributes to their second language acquisition.Meanwhile, the perception of foreign countries’history, culture and religion will motivate teachers to adopt the metaphorical teaching method in order to deliver more vivid lectures than ever before.Therefore, more attention shall be attached to the cognitive analysis on metaphor in English major’s intensive reading textbooks.

参考文献

[1]Lakoff G, Johnson M.Metaphors We Live by[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1980.

[2]蔡龙权.隐喻在二语习得中的应用[J].上海外国语大学学报, 2003 (6) .

[3]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2006.

[4]马琰.高级英语修辞及其多维度教学模式[J].商洛学院学报, 2008 (3) .

[5]束定芳.隐喻学研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.

[6]束定芳.论隐喻产生的认知、心理和语言原因[J].外语学刊, 2000 (2) .

8.英语专业个人英文简历的 篇八

关键词：英文摘要；衔接；连贯；英语专业

[中图分类号]H030

[文献标识码]A

[文章编号]1006-2831（2013）02-0136-6 doi：10.3969/j.issn.1006-2831.2013.01.033

1. 引言

摘要是对正文简洁而完整的描述，同时又是独立于正文的语篇（Tippet， 2004）。早在20世纪70年代，国际上就已公布并不断更新了关于学术论文摘要写作规范的统一标准，从最初的国际标准（ISO）214-1976到之后的国际标准（ISO）5966等。随后我国也在80年代发布了国家标准GB7713-87等以规范学术论文摘要的格式与内容。摘要作为导读性语篇很大程度上左右了读者对整篇论文的第一印象，因此，对于学术论文来说摘要是至关重要的一部分。随着学术论文摘要得到越来越多的关注，国内外学者对学术论文摘要的研究角度也日趋多样（如：语用学，文体学角度等），形式愈加丰富，包括各类语篇的摘要研究，不同语种的摘要对比研究等，如：Day（1995）和Patrick（2003）分别探讨了科技论文摘要和会议摘要的特点；张春芳（2009）等中国学者对英汉学术论文摘要的异同进行了深入研究。

中国学生英文摘要写作出现的问题中除了语法词汇等基础语言错误外，最大的一个问题就是衔接与连贯。摘要作为独立的语篇绝不只是将文章的主要内容一条条排列出来，更重要的是运用各种衔接手段，围绕论文的中心思想撰写出意义连贯条理清晰的短文。国内许多专家学者从各方面对中国学生的英文摘要进行了研究和探讨，其中不乏真知灼见。然而，这些研究考虑到语料搜集的方便，大都以各专业硕士及以上学位论文或学术期刊的摘要为研究对象，如曹振中（2006）等对语言学学术期刊的英文摘要进行了分析探讨，但对于英语专业本科生这个特殊的群体却缺乏关注。笔者认为，英语专业的本科毕业论文中出现的衔接与连贯问题及特点，恰恰最能反映中国学生的英文摘要中衔接与连贯的普遍问题及特点。原因有二：其一，英语专业本科生的英文摘要中出现的基础语法词汇错误较少，很好地排除了语法错误对衔接与连贯问题的干扰；其二，与研究生相比，本科生通常缺乏系统的学术规范教育，对摘要并无深刻的理解或体会，而毕业论文是其第一次学术写作，因此，其中的衔接连贯特点差异性更小，共性更大，且具有学术论文写作初学者的普遍性，有助于为摘要写作教学提出相应的解决措施。

本文选择中国英语专业本科毕业论文的英文摘要作为研究对象，运用韩礼德的衔接理论（Halliday & Hasan， 1976）及Fries（1983）的主位推进理论，对其中存在的衔接与连贯问题及特点进行分析，并探索其原因，以期为提高中国学生的英文摘要写作水平尽一份绵薄之力。

2. 理论框架与研究方法

韩礼德与哈桑的《英语的衔接》（Cohesion in English， 1976）中将英语中的衔接手段分为两类：词汇衔接（Lexical cohesion）与语法衔接（Grammatical cohesion），其中语法衔接包括照应（Reference），省略（Ellipsis），替代（Substitution）和连接（Conjunction）。每一种衔接又可继续细分为不同类型。

衔接是体现语篇连贯的一个重要条件，但并非唯一的条件。语篇的连贯不仅与语言内部的因素有关，还受外部因素的影响，如作者、读者的共识等。除衔接手段外，本研究还将探讨语篇连贯中的另外两个重要内部因素：话题与主位推进模式。一段独立的语篇要做到连贯必须有一个中心话题，语篇中的语句都紧紧围绕这一话题展开（朱永生，1996）。而Fries（1983）将语篇中主位推进模式分为四种类型：主位同一型；述位同一型；延续型和交叉型。通常情况下一个语篇可能会使用多种主位推进模式，而同一类语篇则会有共同的倾向性。

本研究从某高校05，06，07三届的英语专业本科毕业论文的英文摘要中分别随机抽取30份，共90份，建立一个小型的英文摘要语料库。首先，对90例语料（约18000字）逐字逐句进行分析，找出所有衔接手段和错误，计算并统计使用的各种衔接手段及出现错误的频率等。最后，对语料的话题展开情况和主位推进模式逐一进行分析，统计后得出语篇连贯的主要特点和趋势。

3. 结果与讨论

3.1 衔接手段

90例语料中共发现1718处衔接，其中有68处衔接错误。各种衔接手段及错误的分布如表1所示：

上表数据显示：所抽取的英语专业本科毕业论文的英文摘要总体来说，衔接手段使用较多，平均每100字中有9.54处使用衔接手段。也就是说，假设每篇摘要200词，约10句话，平均每篇摘要有19处衔接，即每句有将近2处衔接。其中最主要的衔接手段是词汇衔接，达到62.51%，省略及替代手段较少，分别占所有衔接手段的3.61%和2.44%。此外，摘要中也出现了一些衔接错误，但数量较少且集中在省略和连接两种手段中，其出现频率分别为0.11，和0.08（每100字）。同时在错误统计的过程中，还发现衔接错误集中在其中的19篇摘要中，大部分摘要并无衔接错误。

3.1.1 词汇衔接

词汇衔接是指语篇中出现的一部分词汇相互之间存在语义上的联系，包括重复、泛指和相似（胡壮麟，1994）。其中，词汇重复是最直接的方式。相似不仅包括同义或近义词，还包括反义和下义词。泛指则是将前文中的概念用一些泛指的词汇替代。语料分析统计后，共发现1074处词汇衔接，其分布如下表所示：

表2数据显示：所选的摘要中使用最多的词汇衔接手段是重复，占词汇衔接总数的81.84%。重复是英语学习者在写作中最容易掌握也最常使用的一种词汇衔接手段，但摘要篇幅短小而内容丰富，因此，如过度使用重复衔接，会造成句式单一且文体不正式的后果。例如：

（1） <1>Eating is something very daily routine， and it also contains a profound influence. <2>Eating etiquette as a cultural category is effected by religion， history， and economics from different countries. <3>Therefore， different countries are also having different eating etiquette， and it is shows on the style of eating a meal， seating arrangements， the order of serving dishes， drinking wine， and the rite of having a meal. <4>In this essay， Chapter two and Chapter three distinguish the difference between dining and drinking etiquette for the formal occasions in United Kingdom and China. <5>As China is a country with 5000 years history and abundant cultural heritage， in Chapter two， the essay introduce a special word “Face” which belongs to the Chinese culture. <6>Face is an essential component of the Chinese national psyche. <7>“Face” is a sensitive word which uses frequently during the Chinese dinner. <8>The reasons why causes all these difference is also one of the aspects this easy （essay， typing mistake） focus on. <9>A variety of food and different society atmosphere are the leading reasons in all. <10>Chapter four gives a deep analysis to these two issues. <11>Cultural difference， traditions and the environment make all the difference in eating etiquette. <12>All in all， knowing other countries eating etiquette could help us form a point on our countrys dignity than respect others custom.

该例共有22处重复衔接（斜体标出），其中有些重复是多余且能够避免的，如第<6>，<7>句中的两个face，可以通过合并两个句子来避免不必要的重复。又如这篇摘要中共使用4个different 和4个difference来表达“不同、差异”，这样的重复衔接死板而累赘，此时不妨使用其他表达不同的同义词，即使用相似衔接手段。

重复使用过度主要有三个原因：一是作者仅仅将论文的主要思想简单罗列在摘要中，并没有把摘要当做独立的语篇进行撰写，从而导致形式上的衔接过度；二是受英文表达水平的限制，写作过程中用中文思考，丰富多彩的表达转换成英文时变得贫乏；三是汉语常常省略一些英语中不可或缺的成分，由于英语专业学生语法基础很好，为了符合语法，将中文思考的句子转换成英文时会直接添上缺少的成分，而不是改变句式。

3.1.2 照应

照应，又称指称，是回指某个上文提到过的单位或意义的语言学单位（胡壮麟，1994），包括内指指称和外指指称。摘要虽然是独立的语篇，但它作为正文的缩写，与正文有着密切的关系，通常由外指指称来实现，例如：the essay； the thesis； the paper等，其中的定冠词the就是外指指称，然而，这种外指指称与摘要本身的衔接连贯无关。因此，本研究分析的照应仅包括内指指称，即对摘要内部的衔接连贯有所贡献的照应，结果如表3所示：

上一篇：监察体制改革思考下一篇：给班级前十的颁奖词