教师优秀英语作文:练习写作(精选6篇)
1.教师优秀英语作文:练习写作 篇一
初中片段写作练习
一、动作片段
示例:6岁的小表妹看见了几只飞舞的蝴蝶,便调皮地奔过去。有一只蝴蝶停在了一朵花上,她目不转睛地盯着它,躬着背,小心翼翼地踮起脚尖,蹑手蹑脚地走到蝴蝶旁,猛地用双手一捧,可蝴蝶却飞走了,她气得撅起小嘴,但马上又像只小鹿似的蹦跳着追赶另一个目标去了。
写作引路 :
1、细致观察,准确用词。
2、注意顺序,细化动作。
3、选取典型,巧用修饰。
4、根据场景,妙用修辞。
大展身手
片段演练:
主题
1、斯文女士的吃相
主题
2、粗鲁男士的吃相
主题
3、胆小的他放烟花
主题
4、妈妈炒鸡蛋
要求:运用人物动作描写方法,选择主题进行刻画,字数50字——100字。
时间5分钟。
主题
1、斯文女士的吃相
她小心翼翼地端起碗,慢慢地挑了几缕菜叶,轻轻地送到嘴边,害羞似的张开樱桃小嘴,又迅速地合上,极小幅度地嚼着食物,还不停地用餐巾纸擦拭唇角的余油。
主题
2、粗鲁男士的吃相
他还没等菜上齐,就急急忙忙地拿起筷子,端起大碗,对着想吃的菜猛地一夹,合着饭呼呼地往嘴里送,撑得两腮鼓鼓的,嘴角边还有几颗米粒挂在上面,也顾不得擦去,整个人的吃相就像一只饿极了的小猫。
主题
3、胆小的他放烟花
他轻轻地把爆竹放到地上,身子离得远远的,尽可能的伸长胳膊,一点儿一点儿地往前凑,但他的手抖得直打哆嗦,还没等点着爆竹芯,他吓得扭头就跑了。
主题
4、妈妈炒鸡蛋
妈妈往碗里打了三个鸡蛋,撒上一些盐,然后用筷子顺时针不停地搅动,待到蛋液搅匀后,她在炒锅里放上油,不一会儿,炒锅里腾起了油烟子,她快速地把蛋液倒进去,“嗞啦”一声,然后拿起锅铲翻动了起来,嘴里哼着小曲。很快,鸡蛋便炒好了。家庭作业:运用相应的动作描写方法,描写一个同学进行跳远测试的场景,字数100字左右。
沙坑边上,几个同学正准备进行跳远测试。小威站在起跳点上,眼睛注视着前方,他深吸了一口气,扬起双臂,踮起脚尖,微微弯下腰,身子下蹲,脚用力一蹬,双臂往后一摆,腾空跃起,身子在空中划了一道优美的弧线,稳稳地落在沙坑上,他回头望了望量尺,兴奋地跳了起来,高声喊道:“太棒了!”
二、神态片段练习
喜:忍俊不禁、和颜悦色、眉开眼笑、眉飞色舞
怒:横眉怒目、疾言厉色、咬牙切齿、冷若冰霜
惧:大惊失色、双眉紧皱、六神无主、毛骨悚然、目瞪口呆、瞠目结舌
哀:欲哭无泪、潸然泪下、涕泗横流、热泪盈眶
描写方法:认真观察,细致描摹。可以适当加入比喻等修辞手法,更加形象。
示例:
·她那张小嘴巴蕴藏着丰富的表情:高兴时,撇撇嘴,扮个鬼脸;生气时,撅起的小嘴能挂住一把小油壶。·她的脸好象绽开的白兰花,笑意写在她的脸上,溢着满足的愉悦。
·她听到这儿,噗哧一声笑了,就像石子投进池水里,脸上漾着欢乐的波纹。
·鼻子两翼一掀一掀,眼睛里充满了泪水。
示例:对方犯规,裁判又错判了,你看此时的篮球明星乔丹愤怒了——只见他双手叉腰,手上的青筋暴跳;双眉拧成了一团,双目圆睁,嘴巴张得大大的,呈呼啸状。
写作练笔:写一片断描写,描写你的家人、老师、同学或朋友生气时的神态,不少于100字。
写作练笔:要求:填上描写人物神态的句子。
胖胖小弟刚想走,忽然看见妈妈端着一盘红烧肉进来。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
• 例一:老师气冲冲地走进教室:“看看你们的劳动成果,做成了什么样子?”说着把昨天考试的试卷朝讲台上一扔。“哗啦”试卷散成一片。只见老师把双手撑在讲台上,浑身有些发抖,脸涨得通红,双眉紧锁,目光像两把利剑,射出冷冷的光,往日的亲切和蔼一扫而光------
• 例二:“给我扔出去!”那怒吼似炸雷,震得我耳朵发麻。我抱着小猫,一动不动,一边偷看妈妈的眼睛,那眼睛里仿佛喷出熊熊烈火,似乎要把我烧成灰烬。
练笔:班主任说:谁没有交作业? 【班主任脸色阴沉,眉毛高高的翘起,一双喷火的眼睛恶狠狠地盯着同学们,煞白的嘴唇微微开启着,突然间怒吼道:“谁没有交作业?】
多种配合【动作、神态】
例
一、弟弟有些坐不住啦,一会儿抓抓头,一会儿挠挠腮,眼睛瞪得铜铃大,紧盯着棋盘,恨不得这回有个“炸弹”,能把爸爸手下大大小小的“兵”全给炸死。我在一旁幸灾乐祸:“爸,你再厉害些,把他的‘司令’的脑壳也敲下来。”弟弟抬头狠狠地盯了我一眼,目光中有愤怒,有焦急,还有点哀求。
例二:对方犯规,裁判又错判了,你看此时的篮球明星乔丹愤怒了——只见他双手叉腰,手上的青筋暴跳,像裸露在地表的树根;双眉拧成了一个疙瘩,双目圆睁像要喷出火来,嘴巴张成大大的O型,呈呼啸状,他怒吼着,像是在说:“你们是在比赛吗?你们还想比赛吗?我抗议!”【神态+动作+语言】
第三:心理描写 就要到家了,拿着仅有58分的数学试卷。我害怕得要命,就怕老爸看到。很是伤心。伤心,伤心!我害怕进家门!很怕很怕很怕!
这是某学生的一段作文,写的是他拿到考试成绩后回家的心理活动。虽然,他用“害怕得要命”、“很是伤心”等词,但我们并不感觉到他有多紧张,有多伤心,原因就是他用抽象的概述代替具体可感的描写。
思考:如何进行具体可感的心理描写呢?
可分为两大类:直接描写和间接描写。
直接描写包括内心独白、神态描写、梦境和幻觉描写等。间接描写包括环境烘托、动作语言描写。
内心独白:就是自己对自己讲的无声的话。
” 我不停地在心里念叨:“阿弥陀佛,上帝啊,保佑我吧!
幻觉描写:人在极度紧张的状态下,眼前或耳边会有虚幻的画面或声音,其内容往往是自己最怕看到或听到的,把这些详细地描绘下来,就能十分准确地表现人物的内心世界。
在进行幻觉描写前也要用一些提示语,如:似乎看见,仿佛听到等。
环境描写:一个人在不同的心情时看相同的景物,会产生不同的感受,因为人对使自己心灵产生感应的事物特别敏感,因此人的眼睛能根据自己的心情选择景物,并伴随着强烈的主观感受。
语言行动描写:语言行动是心理的外在表现形式,人物的心理通过语言行动向外界传达。人在紧张的状态下他(她)的语言行动就会扭曲,就会与平时不同。
幻觉描写:人在极度紧张的状态下,眼前或耳边会有虚幻的画面或声音,其内容往往是自己最怕看到或听到的,把这些详细地描绘下来,就能十分准确地表现人物的内心世界。
我好象看见
在进行幻觉描写前也要用一些提示语,如:似乎看见,仿佛听到等。
练习:
1雪天,一边走在回家的途中,一边想着:考试连连挂红灯,受不了这窒息的空气。突然,看见墙边的梅花迎风雪怒放,此时你会想„„
2.老师表扬我的时候
2.教师优秀英语作文:练习写作 篇二
英语写作教学一直以来是大学英语教学中最弱的一个环节。大学英语教学至今没有专用写作教材;写作内容只是作为精读教材的附带部分分散插在各个单元练习中。这种安排本身就注定了写作内容支离破碎,缺乏系统的结构框架。
大学英语教师长期以来习惯于精读、语法等课程的讲授,却缺乏写作教学特别是语篇水平上写作教学的驾御能力[1]。传统英语写作多重视主题句的扩展和一些语法衔接和词汇衔接的手段,如代词、连词、转折词、副词等等,但这些还不能足以保证语篇的连贯性,学生依然会出现表达零乱松散,衔接不紧,层次不清等情况。
主位推进模式从词汇入手,通过主位推进,教给学生的将是整个文章的布局谋篇。它将语言形式的演进与语言内部句与句之间意义的衔接紧密结合,进而扩展至对通篇文章主题思想的延伸和推进,最终完整准确地呈现详实的语篇内容。
本文将运用主位推进模式分析非英语专业学生的英语作文,着重从语篇层面分析学生的弱点,探讨该理论在大学英语写作教学中的应用。
2 主位推进模式
主位(theme)和述位(rheme)最早由布拉格学派创始人马泰休斯(Mathesius)提出[2]。他从交际角度来研究句子中不同成分在语言交际中发挥的作用,并总结出位于句首的成分在交际过程中起到特殊的作用,即引出话题。他把这部分称为主位,把其它部分称为述位。主位一般表示已知信息,述位一般表示未知信息,是新信息。
既然每个完整的句子都有自己的主位和述位,而语篇中句子与句子之间必定存在着一定的联系,使整个语篇能够在意义上连贯起来,即在语篇的前后句中主位与主位,述位与述位之间必然会有一定的联系。整个语篇的发展也必然会按照一定的模式发展。这种语句的联系和发展模式就是主位推进模式(thematic progression),它在语篇的生成和理解过程中起着重要的作用。
在研究主位推进模式中,研究者们分析真实的语篇提出了不同的模式,主要有Danes(1974)的三种最基本的主位推进模式:即简单线性主位发展型、连续主位发展型和派生主位发展型。除了国外学者(Danes[3],Fries[4]和Bloor[5])之外,国内知名学者推出了不同的模式,包括徐盛恒(1982)[6]四种模式,黄衍(1985)[7]七种模式,黄国文(1988)[8]六种模式,胡壮麟(1994)[9]三种模式和朱永生(1995)[10]的四种模式。下面参照各家之说,举例说明主位推进最常见的四种模式。
1)主位一致型(也称平行型或放射型):特点是主位相同,述位不同。如用T表示主位,R表示述位,该模式图示如下:T1→R1;T2(=T1)→R2;Tn(=T1)→Rn.例如:
Gail and I(T1)imagined a quiet wedding.We(T2)had experienced the usual ups and downs of a couple learning to know understand,and respect each other during our two years together We(T2)had honestly confronted all the weakness and strengths of each other’s characters.(Marriage Across Nations《新视野大学英语读写教程》Book 2,Unit3)
主位一致型推进模式中所有句子都以同一个成分为谈论的起点,每个句子的述位都对这个起点作新的论述。
2)述位一致型(也称集中型):各句均以第一句的述位为述位,各句不同的主位都归结为同一个述位,即主位不同,述位相同。模式如下:T1→R1;T2→R2(=R1);Tn→Rn(=R1).例如:
England is a country(T1);France is a country(T2);Norway is another country(T3);Egypt,Italy,Poland are other countries(T4).(C.E.Eckerslay,Essential English1)
3)延续型(也称梯型):前一句的述位或述位的一部分作为后一句的主位,如此延续下去。模式如下:T1→R1;T2(=R1)→R2;T3(=R2)→R3;Tn(=Rn-1)→Rn.例如:
I take them into the kitchen(R1),where(T2)the light is better,and study them—they are filtered(R2),for which(T3)I am grateful.(Weeping for My Smoking Daughter,《新视野大学英语读写教程》Book 2,Unit6)
延续型的推进模式可以使语篇产生结构上首尾相联,意义上步步推进,感觉上扣人心弦的效果。后一句对前一句内容的扩展和补充,所以在讲故事和描写的语篇中经常看到该模式。
4)交叉型:前一句的主位或主位一部分是后一句的述位或其一部分。模式如下:T1→R1;T2→R2(=T1);T3→R3(=T2);Tn→Rn(=Tn-1).例如:
The play(T1)was interesting(R1),but I(T2)didn’t enjoy it(R2).A young man and a young woman(T3)troubled me(R3).I(R4)turned round and looked at them,but they(T4)didn’t pay any attention to me(R5).(《新概念英语》Book2,Unit1)
交叉型推进模式中,每一句的主位是一个新的谈话的起点,并由此而引出了一个新的谈话内容。
以上四种只是主位推进的最基本模式。大多数语篇的主位推进模式往往比较复杂,常常是几种模式的交替组合使用,构成主位推进的复合模式。
3 用主位推进模式分析范文与学生习作
笔者向授课的福建农林大学2009级非英语专业(农村区域发展专业)的学生,共42名,在课堂上布置一篇题为Can Money Buy Happiness?的作文,时间为30分钟,要求是120字左右。这是1995年CET-4的作文,此作文题附有提纲:1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本(source of happiness)。2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of all evil)。3.我的看法。
这些学生已进入大学学习一年,进行当堂习作时,学习的是《新视野大学英语》(第三册),处于大学英语三级水平,他们习作中出现的错误可代表相当一部分学生的情况,显示他们与四级要求的作文的差距。
3.1 主位推进模式应用于CET-4范文的评析
范文根据题目要求,把文章分为三段。以其中的两段为例分析其主位推进模式。
Different people(T1)//have different ideas about money(R1).Some(T2)//take it for granted that it is the source of happiness(R2).To them(T3),//money means everything(R3).With it they(T4)//can buy whatever they enjoy and do whatever they like(R4).In their minds(T5),//money can bring them power,comfort,friendship,love and so on(R5).
On the contrary,some(T6)//believe money is the root of all evil(R6).Money(T7)//drives people(R7)to make dirty money through illegal means such as stealing,robbing,smuggling and corrupting(R7).A lot of people(T8)//became criminals just because of the thirst for much more money(R8).Therefore,money(T9)//can often lead to the ruin of a person(R9).
分析一下这两段的主位推进模式如图1:
从以上分析可以看出,范文用了主位一致型(平行型),述位一致型(集中型)和延续型这三种主位推进模式。这点符合方丽于2004年所作的研究,“在英语说明文中,语篇大多呈平行型、延续型和集中型三种主位推进模式。”[11]而且,方丽的研究还表明“主位推进程序的6种常见模式在中国学生的英语作文中使用的频率与英语说明文大致一致。段落中句子与句子之间的彼此联系、照应、衔接和过渡,大多采用平行型、延续型或集中型的发展模式。”[11]
3.2 学生习作中的语篇问题
3.2.1 缺乏整体构思,语篇构架混乱
按照作文题目的要求,给出的提纲分为三点,学生应该从三方面加以论述,前两段分别论述两种观点,在第三段表时自己的态度,要言之有理。
而有的学生不注意篇章结构,把本应分三部分阐述的观点融为一起,显得思维混乱。如:
“Somebody think money is the source of happiness,and somebody think money is the root of all evil.But I’m think the money have some benefit and harmful.Money can make someone who drive the car and live in the big or beautiful house.Of course,in the times,we can’t have no money.If it true,that we may be can’t live in the world.Because we need money to buy food,driving or living.So someone think money is the source of happiness.But also,the money make the evil,we can see someone who kill man because money,someone go rob because money,someone accept bribes because money.So we also think money get evil.”
此文有许多语法和词汇搭配的错误,在这里不再过多论述,着重从语篇的框架入手分析。在论述观点时,这位学生先是简要提了别人的观点,然后提出自己的观点,而在举例说明后又说“so someone think”,再举例后又说“so we also think”。非常明显这样的篇章布局给人思维混乱的感觉,到底是在说别人的观点还是在说自己的观点。
在这里应教会学生,首先要分段,“要整体构思,根据具体要求、头脑中的已存知识和能得到的配料确定要表达的主题,考虑大致篇幅,分几部分,每一部分的主题又是什么;要注意语篇构架,弄清楚哪部分先讲、哪部分后讲以及各部之间的语义连贯问题。”[12]
这里借用方丽(2004)在研究中使用的两个术语“宏观主位”和“段落主位”。“宏观主位”指整篇文章的主题或中心;“段落主位”指段落的主题。英语语篇段落与段落之间联系紧密,连贯性强,各段都与主题有着紧密的联系,宏观主位与段落主位总是保持着一致性、连贯性。“而大多数中国学生的英语语篇显得结构松散,段落主位常常出现与宏观主位不一致的情况,段落与段落之间联系不紧密,连贯性差,某些段落与主题没有紧密的联系。”[11]因此在篇章布局上,应当向学生分析范文中的“段落主位”和“宏观主位”是怎样保持一致,以便学生在自己的写作中有这样的意识,以利于他们作文的篇章布局。
以这次作文为例,宏观主位应是对金钱的态度,而段落主位应分为三部分,一部分人的金钱观(金钱是幸福之本),另一部分人的金钱观(金钱是万恶之源)和自己本人的金钱观。因此,本文应从三方面加以论述,才会脉络清晰,语篇连贯。
3.2.2 主位选择不当,信息混乱
有些学生的主位选择不当,造成信息杂乱的感觉。如:
“And some people think the money is root of all evil.We do anything can use money.But they don’t see the evil that use money.In society,money crimes all source of money.They use all kinds of means to acquire more money.”
这是非常典型的一个段落,句与句之间的连贯性差。段落中几个主位以跳跃式的形式出现,彼此之间没有逻辑关系。
又如另一位学生的段落:
“Some people(T1)hold a view that money is the source of happiness.They(T2)grasped that money bring them anything they wanted which makes them happy.On the one hand,you(T3)don’t need to worry about establish foundation,children’s education fees and so on.On the other hand,you(T4)can do anything you want to do without fear of money.”
这位学生的英语写作水平相对比上一篇高,至少还能看出其基本的意思。下面针对其主位模式来分析,这段主要传达一些人的观点,前两句用了some people,they作为句子主位,是合适的。后两句用了you表达人称的无标记主位,造成了信息分散,给人一种杂乱的感觉。建议象范文一样把you改成they,这样此段的主位推进模式就和范文的第一段相似,有平行型和集中型,见图2。
3.2.3 句型单调,多是”主—谓”句
学生在英语写作中存在的一个普遍现象就是句型单调,词和句子结构缺乏变化,常常是千篇一律的”主—谓”句型,文章读起来死气沉沉,缺乏活力与节奏。
如以下一段:
“Firstly,many people think that money is source of happiness.Because they think our life needs some matter.And those matter need use the money to buy.They also think if people don’t have money,our life will become dark and don’t happiness.”
虽然此段存在明显的语法错误,但我们暂且不论,着重从句型的角度来分析:本段一共四句话,有三句都是以they think开头,显得很呆板,从主位推进模式来看,都是主位一致型。建议修改如下:
Firstly,many people(T1)//think that money is the source of happiness(R1),because happiness(T2)//means a lot of material things(R2).Such material things(T3)//need money(R3).Without money(T4)//,people’s life will be poor,not happy at all(T5).
修改后的主位推进模式如图3:
经修改后,原段落的主位推进模式由主位一致改为延续型,意义上层层推进,后一句对前一句内容的进行扩展和补充。这样修改后,会使原文的观点阐述更加流畅自然。
4 主位推进模式对英语写作教学的启示
中国学生在写作方面常犯的错误和常见的困难大致归结起来不外有三个层次:词汇层面、句法层面和语篇层面。前两个方面传统写作教学强调得比较多,而且随着学生英语语言水平的提高,这两个层面上的错误也会逐渐减少。但语篇层面的写作教学则一直以来是一个薄弱点,往往是学生不知问题出在哪里,老师也常常感到不知从何下手改进。
主位推进模式无疑为语篇层面上的写作教学提供了一个有效的途径。从以上的分析可看出,主位推进模式可以应用于CET-4范文的评析和学生习作的分析讲评。向学生讲授主位推进模式可有助于他们写作的语篇扩展和生成。
在写作教学中,教师可以通过讲授主位理论知识,培养学生的语篇衔接能力和谋篇布局能力。教师可采取多种方式如命题作文、给出大纲、让学生对大的篇章进行缩写等进行训练,有意识地引导学生根据不同的体裁、不同的读者对象作篇章主位结构安排,然后将不同的结构安排情况进行比较,通过多次练习使他们逐渐学会根据不同体裁熟练把握各类语篇的主位结构,克服传统写作教学中结构单调杂乱的不足。
在写作中要教会学生首先分析所写题目,进行整体构思;其次把握语篇结构,酝酿语篇组成部分及语义关系;再次进行主位推进模式、词汇和句法的选择;最后,认真修改语篇,仔细分析各主位结构,检查所应用的主位推进模式是否能很好地表达作者的意图。
5 结束语
总之,用主述位理论指导英语写作,可以改变写作时只注重遣词造句、衔接手段等语言形式的写作意识。主位推进模式体现句子之间的语义逻辑关系,清晰的主述位意识有助于提高句间和段落的连贯性。掌握和灵活运用主述位理论,在整体篇章结构上对写作具有指导意义。
参考文献
[1]张爱卿.大学英语写作能力滞后探源[J].外语与外语教学,1998(12):13-15.
[2]宋雅智.主位-述位及语篇功能[J].外语学刊,2008(4):85-87.
[3]Danes F.Functional sentence perspective and the organization of the test[A]//F.Danes(ed).Papers on Functinal Sentence Perspective[C].Prague:Academia,1974:106-128.
[4]Fires,Peter H.On the Status of Theme in English:Arguments from Discourse[A]//J.Petofi and E.Sozer(eds).Micro and Macro Connexity of Texts[C].Hanburg:Helmut Buske.1983:116-152.
[5]Bloor T,Bloor M.The Functional Analysis of English:A Hall-idayan Approach[M].Beijing:Foreign Lanuage Teaching and Research Press,2001:90-93.
[6]徐盛恒.主位和述位[J].外语教学与研究,1982(1).
[7]黄衍.试论英语主位和述位[J].外国语,1985(5).
[8]黄国文.语篇分析概要[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988.
[9]胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1994.
[10]朱永生.主位推进模式与语篇分析[J].外语教学与研究,1995(3):6-12.
[11]方丽.“主位推进程序”与中国学生的英语语篇思维模式[J].四川外语学院学报,2004(3):76-79.
3.英语写作练习1 篇三
The weather is very hot.In this house, the air
conditioning is not working, so the man can only use ice to lower the temperature, and his husband can only run the fan to lower the temperature.The dog is relaxing in cool place.Picture 2:
After work, the man and his wife who live in apartment 8G come home very late.So they are very tired, and they want to sleep right now.Picture 3:
4.教师优秀英语作文:练习写作 篇四
An Interesting Thing
一件趣事
情景内容
Last month your parents were both on a business trip, and you were left home alone for a few days.Tell your friends what a difficult(or happy)time you had during those days.范文
I really had a difficult time.My parents would wake me up every morning, but during those days I had to get up myself.On the first night I set the alarm at 6 o’clock, but it didn’t wake me up at all the next morning.I was scolded for being late by my teacher.Afterwards, I bought three new clocks and set them all together.What noisy mornings I had!
on a business trip 出差
be left home alone 被单独留在家中
set the alarm at 6 o’clock 把闹钟调到六点钟
be scolded for being late 因迟到而被责备
I Have A Dream
我有一个梦
情景内容
Have you ever had a dream about your splendid future or imagined something unreal but interesting or meaningful? Tell your close friend about it now.范文
I have a dream that I am always young.Then I will have enough energy to do everything whenever I want.Moreover, I don’t have to worry about old age during which I even can’t take care of myself.I know that my dream will not come true.However, I think it is lucky that I am young now.So I will treasure my time, enjoy my life and try my best to do everything well.close friend 亲密的朋友
have enough energy to do everything 有足够的精力做一切事情
moreover 并且,更进一步
worry about old age 害怕年老
take care of myself 照顾自己
come true 变成现实
treasure my time 珍惜时间
Tell Him or Her What He or She Should Do
告诉他/她应做些什么
情景内容
One of your close friends tells you, “I’m suffering from depression.I have trouble sleeping.I’m often tired.When I think about the future I feel hopeless about it.I don’t enjoy anything.I’m never happy.I don’t laugh or smile any more.”You would like to help him / her to find one or more solutions.范文
First of all, you’d better try to find an adult you can trust to talk to.For example, your parents are a good place to start, but if that doesn’t work, try teachers or someone else, and simply tell this person about yourself and how you feel.It sometimes seems like everyone else in the world is happy and you are the only one who is miserable.You will be surprised to learn that you are completely normal.I hope this helps and the next day will be better.suffering from depression 正处于沮丧/抑郁之中
feel hopeless 感觉没有希望
I don’t laugh or smile any more.我不再笑
that doesn’t work 那不起作用
you are the only one who is miserable
你是世界上唯一遭受苦难的人
Learn From Lei Feng
向雷锋学习
情景内容
Today is March 5th.To learn from Lei Feng, at 3∶30 p.m., my classmates and I went...范文
Today is March 5th.To learn from Lei Feng, at 3∶30 p.m., my classmates and I went in groups separately to visit some old teachers who had retired from our school.We chatted with them for a while, and then began to do some cleaning for them.Everyone worked very hard and we really felt glad we were able to do something for the old teachers.We hoped to have more chances to take part in such activities.visit some old teachers who had retired from our school
看望从我们学校退休的老教师
chat with sb 和某人聊天
do some cleaning 打扫卫生
have more chances to take part in such activities
有更多的机会参加这样的活动
Misunderstanding
误会
情景内容
My best friend Wang Ping held a birthday party.He / She invited all of my best friends except me.I was wondering at it when suddenly I remembered that one day...范文
One day when we were taking an English exam, Wang Ping, sitting next to me, passed me a piece of paper and asked me to tell her the answers to the reading comprehension.But I thought it was wrong to cheat in the exam, so I refused.After class, I tried to explain it to her, but she angrily told me never to mention it again.I knew she must have misunderstood me.So I decided to have a heart-to-heart talk with her tomorrow.hold a birthday party 生日聚会
invite all of my best friends except me
邀请了其他朋友,惟独没邀请我take an English exam 英语考试
the answers to the reading comprehension 阅读理解题答案
cheat in the exam 考试作弊
never to mention it again 不要再提这件事
a heart-to-heart talk倾心交谈
No Smoking Day
世界戒烟日
情景内容
May 31st, No Smoking Day, is drawing near.Now what do you want to say to smokers to help them get rid of the bad habit?
范文
Today more and more people care for the problem of smoking.On that day, nobody is allowed to smoke, because smoking is polluting the air, also it’s harmful to people’s health and will cause lung cancer.I hope you should make a plan to get rid of the bad habit.It’s our hope that we all take an active part in the activity.I’m sure you’ll succeed in giving up smoking.May 31st, No Smoking Day, is drawing near.5月31日,世界戒烟日,正临近了。
help them get rid of the bad habit 帮助他们摆脱这个坏习惯
care for the problem of smoking 关心抽烟问题
cause lung cancer 引起肺癌
take an active part in the activity 积极参加这项活动
succeed in giving up smoking 成功地戒烟
An Incident
一次小事故
情景内容
It was a summer morning in the classroom on Monday.Amy found a Band-Aid on Billy’s ankle.She asked Billy what was wrong with his ankle.Supposing you are Billy, please tell Amy what happened to your ankle.范文
Yesterday afternoon I was playing ball games with a few boys from the neighborhood.While kicking the ball, I slipped and fell over.My angle was injured.It bled a bit, so I had a Band-Aid on it.But I don’t think it serious.I hope it will be all right soon.Band-Aid 创可贴
what was wrong with 怎么了,出了什么事
supposing you are Billy 假设你是比利
slipped and fell over 滑倒
bled a bit 流了许多血
On My Way To School
在上学的路上
情景内容
You missed class this morning.Your classmate called you to find out why you were absent.You tell him what happened.I broke my leg on my way to school this morning.It was foggy.I was riding my bike very fast.Suddenly a car drove towards me and knocked me off my bike.I was taken to the hospital immediately.The doctor examined me and found my left beg broken.I had to lie in bed for at least three weeks.missed class 缺课
find out why you were absent 弄清楚为什么迟到
knocked me off my bike 把我从自行车上撞下来
lie in bed for at least three weeks 至少在床上躺三周Sports Meeting
运动会
情景内容
Last Thursday a sports meeting was held in Li Ping’s school.Li Ping was in the boy’s 1000-metre race, but he didn’t finish the race.Suppose you are Li ping, you tell us what happened.范文
When the race began, I felt great!My friend Wang Xiaopeng was running by my side.Halfway during the race, he told me that his legs were hurting.I knew he couldn’t run any further though we only had 200 meters to go.Then, ‘Bang, ’he fell to the ground.Of course winning was my goal, but being a good friend was more important.boy’s 1000-metre race 男子1000米比赛
I felt great!我感觉棒极了!
couldn’t run any further 不能再跑
fell to the ground 摔倒在地上
My Old Tape Recorder
我的旧录音机
情景内容
You are a middle school student.You’re going to have an important English examination in two months.You want your parents to buy you another tape recorder to take the place of the old one.Now you tell your parents why you need a new tape recorder.范文
You see, two months later I will have the English examination, including the listening test.I have to do some listening practice.But my tape recorder doesn’t work properly because something is wrong with it.So I need a new tape recorder to take the place of the old one.I hope I can get it as soon as possible.have an important English examination
进行一次重要的英语考试
tape recorder 录音机
take the place of 代替,顶替
do some listening practice 做听力练习
get it as soon as possible 尽快地拿到录音机
Why Do People Play Football
人们为什么踢足球
Why do people play football? It’s a stupid game and dangerous, too.Twenty-two men fight for about two hours to kick a ball into a net.They get more black eyes than goals.Sometimes they even break their bones.Football players must be mad.And why do people watch football matches? They must be mad, too.They certainly shout and scream like madmen.In fact I’m afraid to go out when there is a football match.The crowds are so dangerous.I’d rather stay at home and watch TV.But what happens when I switch it on? They’re showing a football match.So I turn on the radio.What do I hear? The latest football scores.And what do I see when I open a newspaper? Photos of football players.Oh, I’m afraid I may be mad about it some day.范文
As a middle school student, I have no much time to spend playing football.However, I watch a football match on TV whenever possible.I like it not only because it’s an exciting game, but also because it is brave and be full of confidence, courage and perseverance.You need to learn to work together with others perfectly.The sport of football can show a spirit as well as strengthen your body.When you are tired after a long time of study.Just watch a football match, which can give your brain a good rest.Over all, I like the sport of football.It’s a game full of challenge.fight for 为„„而战斗
kick a ball into a net 把球踢进网内
shout and scream like madmen 象疯子一样尖叫
I’d rather stay at home and watch TV.我宁愿呆在家里看电视。
switch sb.on 换(电视)台
a game full of challenge 一项充满挑战的比赛
描写本类主题常用语言集锦
1.With the development of the mode of public transport, the communication between people becomes more and more frequent.随着交通工具的发展,人们的交往越来越频繁。
2.With the result of the Party’s policy of economic reform, there has been a great increase in economic growth, from which Chinese people have benefited a lot.由于党的正确的经济改革政策,我国的经济有了很大的增长,人们从中获益不浅。
3.Some people say the most important element to success is luck, while others claim it is hard work.有人说,成功的关键是运气,而有些人则认为成功是靠努力工作。
4.Now people in growing populations are beginning to recognize the importance of birth control.现在越来越多的人认识到计划生育的重要性。
5.According to a recent survey, more and more students are doing part-time jobs.根据最近的调查表明越来越多的学生在打工。
6.As far as learning a language is concerned, practice is of great importance.就学习一门语言而言,不断的实践是十分重要的。
7.It goes without saying, without advanced science and technology, a country will have poor living conditions.毫无疑问,没有先进的科学技术,一个国家将只能处于贫穷的境地。
8.The telephone has made it possible for us to communicate with our friends far away, without leaving our houses.电话的使用能使我们有可能不出家门而与在远方的朋友们交谈。
9.With help from a computer, this project was completed ahead of time.有了计算机的帮助,这一工程提前完成了。
10.Complicated as the problem is, it can be solved in a few minutes with an electronic computer.虽然这个问题很复杂,用电子计算机几分钟就解决了。
11.So far, computers have found applications in the field of industry, which has caused a surprising change in terms of the productivity.迄今为止,计算机在工业领域中的使用使得生产发生了惊人的变化。
12.The school should make it its aim to help students to develop themselves in an all-round way.学校应该把学生的全面发展作为自己的目标。
13.Professor Mary pointed out that in learning a foreign language, great attention should be paid to the improvement of reading speed.玛丽教授指出,在外语学习过程中,应特别注意阅读速度的提高。
14.He owed his success entirely to his family support.他把自己最终的成功全都归功于他家人的支持。
15.If you persevere, you will accomplish wonders.如果你坚持不懈,定能创造奇迹。
16.What we learn in school will have a great effect on our future.我们在学校所学的东西对我们的未来有很大的影响。
17.Failure is also a type of learning if you can draw a lesson from it.如果能从失败中吸取教训的话,失败也是一种学习。
18.We learn a foreign language in order to communicate with people all over the world.我们学习外语是为了同世界人民进行交往。
19.Newspapers and magazines keep us informed of what is happening around the world.报纸杂志使我们了解世界各地发生的事情。
20.Once you have confidence in yourself, you are sure to make remarkable progress.一旦你对学习有了信心,你的学习就一定会取得显著进步。
21.The result from the study and research has shown/illustrated that people are becoming more and more concern about the quality of their life.研究和观察结果表明,人们越来越关心生活的质量。
22.The first thing I do every morning is to turn on the radio to listen to the weather forecast and the news of the day.我每天早上做的第一件事情是打开收音机听天气预报和当日新闻。
23.Once you get into the habit of smoking, you’ll find it hard to give it up.一旦养成了抽烟的习惯,你会发现很难戒掉它。
24.It indicates that all living things on the earth are being greatly threatened by industrial pollution.这表明地球上所有的生物正在受到工业污染的严重威胁。
25.It’s not allowed to blare horns here, those who fail to obey the regulation will be fined.此地禁止按喇叭,不能遵守此规定者将被处以罚款。
26.People all over the world believe that it won’t be long before a cure for cancer comes into being.世界人民期待着不久的将来有治疗癌症的新药出现。
27.He has got into the bad habit of reading in bed, which is harmful to his eyesight.他已养成一个在床上看书的坏习惯,这习惯有害于他的视力。
28.Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one’s abilities is more important.用功是重要的,但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要。
29.Even though l have studied English for a few years, I still find it hard to express myself effectively in English.尽管我已学了几年英语,但仍不能有效地用英语表达自己的想法。
30.Sick and weak as Grandma is, she has taken on all the housework in the family.祖母虽体弱多病,却承担了家里所有的家务。
31.Referring to this accident, the driver admitted that his car knocked down a child.在谈及这次事故时,司机承认他撞倒了一个孩子。
32.I think private cars should be restricted rather than encouraged.我认为,私车应该限制而不是鼓励。
33.Measures must be taken to make the water clean before it goes into the river.必须采取措施,将废水净化后才能排放入河流。
34.Helping others is the source of happiness.帮助别人是快乐的源泉。
35.The computer has completely changed our life.计算机大大地改变了我们的生活。
36.Without computers, the realization of modernization would remain a dream.没有计算机,实现现代化只能是个梦。
37.We must work hard if we want to achieve success.要想获得成功,我们就必须努力学习。
38.Lack of education is an obstacle to success.缺乏教育是成功的障碍。
39.The earth is the only planet and home for the human race.地球是人类唯一的家园。
5.英语四级写作题练习 篇五
原文:太极拳(Taijiquan)是一种中国武术内家拳(the internalstyles of Chinese martial art)。它基于以柔克刚(thesoft overcoming the hard)的原理,发端于中国古代,最开始是一种武术和自卫方式。随着时间的推移,人们开始通过练太极拳来改善健康状况、增加福祉(well-being)。练习者用意念慢慢地、轻轻地移动身体, 同时深呼吸,因此有时被称为移动冥想(meditation)。中国人通常会在清晨到附近的公园练习太极拳。
参考译文:Taijiquan
Taijiquan is one of the internal styles of Chinesemartial art. It is based on the principle of the softovercoming the hard and originated in ancient Chinaas a martial art and a means of self-defense. Overtime, people began to exercise it to improve theirhealth and well-being. Practicers move their bodies slowly,gently and with thought whilebreathing deeply,so it is sometimes referred to as “moving meditation”.Chinese commonlypractice Taijiquan in nearby parks in early morning.
6.教师优秀英语作文:练习写作 篇六
中学英语教学改革中的一个显著特征就是越来越注重培养学生听、说、读、写的综合语言能力。人民教育出版社最新颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准 (实验) 》[1]和北京师范大学出版社出版的《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准 (实验稿) 》[2]在对各种技能的教学建议中都倡导任务型的教学途径, 在设计任务型教学活动时又强调活动明确的目的性以及活动内容和方式的真实性。
那么, 高中英语写作教学贯彻新课标的情况和效果又如何呢?为此, 笔者相继在北京市海淀区和东城区的两所学校进行了调研。两所学校分别选用的是人教版和北师大版的高中英语教材。两所学校高中英语教师的访谈显示, 写作部分的教学时间分配只占到一个单元7到8课时中的1或0.5个课时, 其中, 一所学校教师主要让学生课下完成写作任务, 课上利用半节课的时间进行简单的讲评。另外, 对两所学校高中三个年级学生习作中的错误分析结果显示:学生的作文中85%的错误为语法、句式错误。受访的教师和学生普遍表示, 教材中对于文章结构和内容的搭建有明确的指导, 因此, 学生在写作时不愁“言之无物”;虽然学生可以在听力和阅读任务中轻松识别课文中出现过的单词、理解课文中出现过的句式和语法形式, 但是无法将所学语言知识运用于习作中的遣词造句上, 语言表达的准确性不高。为解决这个问题, 笔者认为在高中, 特别是高一阶段, 任务型的写作教学活动应该缓行, 代之以基于课文语言现象设计的多种多样、循序渐进的替换练习, 为实施真实情境、略显复杂的写作任务作铺垫。这种想法与英国教学法专家Anita Pincas所倡导的二语写作教学理念不谋而合。下面, 笔者将首先介绍Anita Pincas所倡导的“替换法”的理论基础和表现形式, 而后再结合北师大版的高中英语教材设计可行的替换练习。
二、理论基础:行为论
1920年以来, 受日益流行的巴甫洛夫的条件反射理论和行为主义理论的影响, 行为主义学家和语言学家开始重视语言环境的作用。他们认为, 在第二语言习得过程中, 语言输入是学习者得到的外部刺激以及相应的反馈。刺激是指语言学习者通过模仿而吸收的特定语言形式。能否提供适合学习者的刺激决定第二语言习得的成败。行为主义者主张通过大量的、循序渐进的输入, 使学习者充分认识、吸收正确的语言形式 (养成一定的行为定式) , 并进行语言输出。[3]
三、替换练习
结构主义语言学的发现证明, 在教授语法和发音时, 系统而严格的限制性教法是必要的。Pincas, A.认为, 为了减少母语干扰, 这种方法同样适用于二语写作教学。对于初学者来说, 自由度过大的写作活动设计不利于使学习者掌握正确的语言表达形式。相反, 活动越自由, 错误衍生的机率就越大。[4]Pincas以行为论为理论基础, 总结了语法和发音教学的经验, 提出了限制性写作教学的必要性, 并提出了切实可行的方法:替换练习法。
替换练习首先向学习者提供范例, 即语言输入, 然后根据学习者的语言水平调整替换的内容和形式, 进而强化学习者对正确语言形式的认识, 使学习者充分吸收第二语言的表达方法, 最终输出正确的语言形式。
针对本文开头部分提出的高中生英语习作中出现的主要问题, 笔者认为, 为了夯实语言基础有必要在实施任务型写作练习之前, 辅之以大量的语言练习。为了使替换练习更有针对性, 建议语言输入尽量选取课本中的例句, 以强化语言点, 易于学生接受和掌握。下面, 笔者就以北师大版的高中教材《英语2》[5]中的一篇文章为例, 说明如何设计和实施替换练习。
四、替换练习的设计
北师大版英语2 Unit 6 Design的语法重点是介词的使用和定语从句。本单元Lesson 4 The House on Mango Street描述了爸爸、妈妈梦想的房子和他们实际居住的房子之间的差异。课文中表示方位的介词频繁出现;主要涉及that引导的定语从句。Lesson 4设计的写作活动要求学生描写他们理想的房子或梦中小屋。课本设计的写作辅助活动主要包括文章内容和结构的构建以及部分词汇, 并为学生提供了一篇范文。对高一学生完成这个任务的调查结果显示, 学生普遍认为范文过难, 涵盖了过多课文中未出现的生词和表达方式 (如detached house, ecological, solar panels, insulation, fit in with the local environment) ;他们在阅读范文后对写作任务的结构安排和各部分的内容没有疑义, 但对于如何用恰当的语言完成写作任务显得信心不足。为此, 教师可以考虑适当降低写作任务的难度, 并让学生在写全文之前, 先进行一定量的替换练习。这些替换练习都是结合本章、本课的语言点设计的, 具体设计如下。
(一) 降低写作任务的难度
写作任务由“描述你的梦中小屋”, 改为“描述你的家”或者“描述你的小屋”。这个写作任务和课文“芒果街的小屋”的内容更为接近, 有助于学生将从阅读中吸收的知识进行加工和输出。
(二) 进行替换练习
在写作前, 教师可先按照课后的要求帮助学生进行内容和结构的搭建, 再辅之以相关词汇和句式紧密结合的大量替换练习。这样有意识的、突出语法点的操练可以帮助学生强化和加深对新的语言现象的认识、理解和运用。结合前面提到的本单元语言点和范文中反复出现的语言现象, 教师可以考虑设计如下替换练习。
1. 介词练习
仿照原句, 把每一行的词语按照顺序组成一句话, 注意介词的用法。
1) My house is quite large in the middle of a wood.
(1) Apartment;small;on the third floor;of a tall building
(2) Apartment;big;on Garden Street
(3) House;white;with trees and flowers;around it
(4) House;beautiful;on Mango Street;with tall trees;on both sides of it
2) On back is a small garage for the car and a small yard between the two buildings on either side.
(1) Close to the door;a wardrobe;for clothes of the whole family
(2) In front of you;bookcase;for textbooks;magazines and novels
(3) Next to it;desk;for homework and toys
(4) Under the window;chair;for a box of tissues and my radio
介词练习以文章中的句子为例句, 强调了表示方位的多个介词的使用。第二组练习还强化了句式中介词放在句首的一种表达方法, 有意识地使学生跳出在谈到“某地有某物”时只会使用There be句式的束缚。在进行这个练习时, 在第一阶段, 教师可以让学生仿照两个例句进行简单的替换练习, 即学生只需在所给词的基础上添加必要的冠词和谓语动词等成分;在第二个阶段, 教师可以为学生提供一些自由发挥的空间, 使他们通过添加修饰成分等丰富句子的内容。例如, 在替换练习Under the window is a chair for a box of tissues and my radio.这个句子的基础上, 教师可以引导学生进一步将句子改写为:Under thewindow is a chair for a box of pink tissues and my old friend:a small radio.
2. 定语从句练习
仿照原句, 把每一行的词语按照顺序组成一句话, 注意定语从句关联词的使用。
1) The most important room in the house is the sitting room where there are lots of bookshelves and some very large, comfortable sofas.
(1) Smallest;study;where;computer and bookcase
(2) Favorite;bedroom;in which;cozy little bed and a big desk
(3) Most beautiful thing;carpet;whose color;match the wallpaper
(4) The only new furniture;tea table in the sitting room;on which;two or three cups
2) This was the house Papa talked about.
(1) The place;my sister;eager to visit
(2) The teacher;he;like to talk with
(3) The question;I;not answer
(4) The key;she;look for
这两个替换练习体现了课文中定语从句关联词的两个基本用法, 即根据关联词在定语从句中所替代的成分决定关联词的取舍。教师可以在学生能熟练替换句子中个别词的基础上加大练习的难度, 如通过增加修饰语或者再添加其他的句子成分以增加句式的多样性。
教师可以在设计写作活动时能够突出语言点, 并且在布置具体写作任务时有意识地让学生在替换练习中练习反复出现的语法现象, 促使学生牢固掌握已学的语言知识, 提高语言输出的准确性。
五、结语
写作是一种创造性的思维活动。然而, 对二语学习者而言, 写作, 从某种程度上说, 等同于语法和语音, 也是一种语言的训练活动。创造性的思维要借助准确的语言来表达。而替换练习作为一种限制性 (指语言表达形式) 写作活动并不妨碍思维的自由发展, 它为二语学习者提供了一种增强语言准确性的训练形式, 并为学生的自由表达提供更大的空间。
摘要:在高中阶段, 英语写作是难点。许多高中生受语言水平的限制难以完成任务型的创造性写作活动。本研究介绍的替换练习是一种以强化重点语言现象、并最终帮助学生输出正确语言形式为目的的方法。英语教师可以此方法为铺垫, 加强对学生语言准确性的训练, 从而循序渐进地提高高中生的英语写作水平。
关键词:英语写作,替换练习,语言准确性
参考文献
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中英语课程标准 (实验) [S].北京:人民教育出版社, 2003.
[2]中华人民共和国教育部.全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准 (实验稿) [S].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2001.
[3]Ellis, R. (1985) .Understanding second language acquisi-tion[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[4]Pincas, A. (2001) .Structural linguistics and system-atic composition teaching to students of English as a foreign language[A].In Silva, T.&Matsuda, P.K. (Ed.) , Landmark essays on ESL writing[C].Mahwah, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.1-9.
【教师优秀英语作文:练习写作】推荐阅读:
高三优秀英语教师主要事迹07-30
论如何成为一名优秀的英语教师07-08
教师优秀作文11-08
优秀教师节的作文07-18
教师节优秀精选作文09-03
教师优秀故事作文:一个苹果09-27
教师节献花优秀作文06-30
最美教师张丽莉优秀作文11-14
描写教师节优秀作文11-19
快乐的教师节优秀作文11-04