一年级下册数学综合练习题

2024-08-16

一年级下册数学综合练习题(精选8篇)

1.一年级下册数学综合练习题 篇一

一年级数学下册《综合练习(二)》教案

第四课:综合练习

教学 时间:xxx

教学 内容:19页例10和练习四的第4-8题

教学 目标:

知 识:通过教学使学生学会画指定长度的线段。

能 力:通过综合练习使学生能巩固所学的`知识。

教学重难点:通过综合练习使学生能巩固所学的知识。

突破方法 :练习法

教 具:小黑板、投影机、

教 学 过 程

一、复习

1、指出下面哪些是直线、哪些是线段?

1 2 3 4 5

2、下面每个图形是由几条线段组成的?

1 2 3 4

二、教学例10

我们学过了画线段,线段是有长度的,现在我们来学习按指定的长度画线段,下面来画一条长3厘米的线段。画法:从尺的“0”刻度画起,画到3厘米的地方,长在两端做上端点,这就是一条3厘米长的线段。自己练习画3厘米的线段。

三、练习

1、做练习四的第4题

2、做练习四的5-8题

板书设计: 第四课:综合练习

2.一年级下册数学综合练习题 篇二

一、一题多用, 尽显习题的训练功能

“能正确、熟练地口算10以内的加、减法, 20以内的进位加法, 以及相应的连加、连减和加减混合计算”是一年级数学上册教学目标中重要的知识与技能目标之一, 因此, 课本从第八单元“加法和减法”开始, 几乎每个练习都安排有一组口算的习题。怎样用好这类习题呢?

也许很多教师只是让学生做一做、写一写得数, 然后校对一下答案就算完事。而我认为这样不能起到口算训练的效果, 也难以达到教学目标中“熟练”的要求。

我在做此类习题的时候, 常常会安排这样的几个层次:

……

1. 全体起立, 每个学生从第一列开始认真报一报每一题的得数, 不比谁报得快, 只比谁报得准。

(学生认真地报答案, 陆续报完并坐下。)

2. 老师找到了那么多认真报得数的学生, 比如××、××, 还想继续找出几个最认真的。起立, 从最后一排往前再报一遍。

(兴许个别学生没报完就坐下了, 从后往前再报一遍可以给予弥补。)

3. 大家都报得非常认真, 老师请两位同学来比赛。

(随意地指题, 让两个学生同时报答案, 几次后分出胜负。可以进行两三组比赛。)

4. 大家都想赢?这样吧, 老师再给你们一次练习的机会, 等会儿我们再比。自己认真地再报一报答案吧。

5. 同桌两人比比看, 看谁有进步?

6. 拿出你的笔, 写上你正确而漂亮的答案。

……

当然, 并不是每一次口算的练习都要经过这6小步, 可以视具体情况而灵活应用的。

总之, 一组简单的口算习题, 我们可以多次地、多种方法地使用, 达到口算训练的目的。一年级的学生没有家庭作业, 我们不能指望学生在课后、在家里进行多少口算练习, 所以我们应该珍惜课堂上的每一次练习机会。

二、启发思考, 挖掘习题的智力因素

发展学生思维的主阵地在课堂, 主要的依据是教材。同样的教材, 由于教材智力因素挖掘程度的不同, 学生的思维发展就不一样。对于课本习题同样如此, 帮助学生养成善于思考的习惯, 从而获得不同的收获。

例如课本第92页练习十二的第2题:

当学生做完该题后, 引导学生仔细观察, 说说自己的发现。有的学生说:“第一组的得数越来越大, 第二组的得数越来越小”。有的学生说:“8加几, 加上的数越来越大, 得数也越来越大;7加几, 加上的数越来越小, 得数也越来越小”。还有的学生说:“8加一个数, 加上的数一个比一个大1, 得数也一个比一个大1;如果加上的数一个比一个小1, 得数也会一个比一个小1”。甚至还有学生有这样的发现:“8加上双数结果还是双数, 8加上单数结果就变成了单数”……

有时, 做完习题后, 给学生一定的时间与空间, 启发学生深入思考, 学生的发现往往会比我们期待的更多、更精彩。

三、举一反三, 领会习题的内在意义

有些习题虽然是学生第一次接触, 但它却不是以一个新知识点的形式出现的, 教材也没有安排相应的例题教学, 但这些内容对于学生来说, 却是全新的。例如课本93页练习十二第9题填表:

学生从来没有接触过表格, 读懂表格也是一个难点。像这样的习题, 就要帮助学生“举一反三”, 直到理解其内在的含义。我在处理时, 是这样做的:

……

1. 通过观察、讨论, 正确找到表中的3个数学问题, 并正确解答。

2. 说说自己是怎么找到数学问题的?有什么体会?

3. 练一练:

说说找到了哪些数学问题?该怎么解答?

4. 比一比, 与刚才的表格有什么相同?又有什么不同?

5. 再练一练:

你又是怎么找到数学问题的呢?怎么解答?

6. 与刚才的表格又有什么不同呢?

……

通过练习, 学生不仅学会了看表格的方法:有时需要横着看, 有时却需要竖着看;还知道完成表格首先要找到问题, 再根据具体的问题, 选择合适的方法;有时用加法, 有时却用减法等等。当然, 根据学生的具体情况, 我们还可以给学生提供类似下面的变式练习:

如此“举一反三”, 学生不仅能正确地解答表格中的问题, 而且还能体会到用表格表示数量关系的简捷与明了, 习题的价值与意义得以进一步提升。

四、强化细究, 体现习题的思维价值

有些习题, 学生真正理解“为什么”是需要“深入加工”的, 需要提供更多的实例进行细究。

例如课本第58页练习七的第4题:

不计算, 在得数比8小的算式后面画“√”。

当学生正确地做完题目, 说清“为什么”后, 我随手写下了“3+5=8”, 并抛出问题:根据你刚才的体会, 你能很快地编出得数比8小的加法算式吗?学生有的减少第一个加数, 编出了2+5、1+5、0+5;有的减少第二个加数, 编出了3+4、3+3、3+2等等;还有的同时减少两个加数, 编出了2+4、2+3等等。接着, 学生根据老师的板书又提炼出了方法:只要让其中一个加数减少, 或者让两个加数同时减少, 就能让得数变小;相反, 就能让得数变大。同样地, 还可以让学生根据“8-2=6”编出得数比6小 (或大) 的减法算式。

如此“细究”, 提高了思维的深度与广度, 为学生创设了更多的思维训练机会, 拓展了思维发展的空间, 为学生的创造力发展提供了可能。

五、多样呈现, 落实习题的预设目标

有时改变习题的呈现方式, 能真正实现习题的目标价值。

例如课本第79页“想想做做”第4题:先估一估是多少, 再数出来。如果像课本那样直接呈现给学生, 学生往往为了追求“准”而舍去了“估”的过程, 直接用数的方法得到答案, 这样就达不到“估一估”的目的, 怎么办呢?我在教学时是这样处理的:

……

1. 投影出示有10个草莓的图片, 数一数有多少个草莓?

2. 投影出示习题中的第一幅图, 只能看一会儿, 要求估一估比10个草莓多, 还是少?大约是多少个? (投影出图片让学生观察后, 随即拿走图片)

3. 数一数草莓到底是多少个, 看看自己是估多了, 还是估少了?

4. 出示习题中的第二幅图, 仍要求只能看一会儿, 估一估比刚才的14个草莓多, 还是少?大约是多少个? (投影出图片让学生观察后, 随即拿走图片)

5. 认真数一数、圈一圈, 看看自己是估多了, 还是估少了。

……

表面上看, 这样的处理与直接出示习题让学生做没有什么分别, 从量化的作业结果来看, 也不会区分出什么优劣。但是这样的处理, 却让学生实实在在地“估”了, 既落实了习题的预设目标, 又培养了学生的数感。由此可见, 习题的呈现方式也不是单一的, 而应是多样化的。

六、渗透孕伏, 品味蕴含的数学思想和解题策略

低年级的数学教师往往会认为数学思想是那么高深莫测, 不会在一年级涉及, 而解决问题的策略到四年级才教学, 低年级没有这部分内容, 所以不用管。其实不然, 在一年级上册, 很多习题中就蕴含了数学思想, 体现了解决问题的策略, 这就要求我们在习题教学时, 不能忽视平时的渗透孕伏。

例如课本第87页“想想做做”第3题:

当学生做完这三组题后, 让学生比一比每组的两道题, 说说自己做题的体会。学生很容易发现每组的两道题得数是相同的, 而且学生发现, 算下面的题目就是像上面的题目那样“想”的, 例如算9+5, 就可以想9+1+4, 这样能算得又对又快。显然, 学生对于“9+5”转化成“9+1+4”已经有了很真实的体验, 转化的数学思想也就在学生的脑海里发芽了。

一年级的数学知识是简单的, 但可以提炼的数学思想与解题策略却也不少。例如学统计的时候, 就蕴含了分类的思想与列表格的策略;结合小棒图认数, 体现了数形结合的思想;画一画图形来理解加减法的意义, 运用了画图解决问题的策略;做减法想加法又是互逆思想与倒推思想的渗透……这些都值得我们在进行习题教学时注意。

3.小学数学六年级下册综合试卷 篇三

2.40= 8400=3.5+5.3=7-2.7=

5=18++=1-+=

二、计算(能简便计算的要用简便方法计算)

三、解方程

0.8x- 0.4= 1.2x-= =

四、填空

1.在直线下面的括号里填上适当的数。

2. 9个亿和900个万组成的数是(),改写成用“亿”作单位的数是(),省略“亿”位后面的尾数是()。

3.去年2月,张叔叔把1000元存入银行,存期一年,年利率4.14%。到期时应得利息()元,缴纳5%的利息税后,实得利息()元。

4. 3∶4=()∶12= =()%

5.下图表示一辆汽车在公路上行驶的时间与路程的关系,这辆汽车行驶的时间与路程成( )比例。照这样计算,5.5小时行驶()千米。

6.在○ 里填上“>”或“<”。

0.444 ○○7.9580 ○ 320

7.把下图所示的长方形铁皮卷成一个深2分米的圆柱形铁桶的侧面,铁桶的底面直径大约是()分米,加上底面后,铁桶的容积是()升。(铁皮的厚度忽略不计)

8.300立方分米=()立方米 2公顷=( )平方米

45秒=( )分 1.8吨=()千克

9.下图中轮船在灯塔的( )偏( )( )€胺较颍?)千米处。

10.右图是一个等腰三角形,它的一个底角是()度,面积是()平方厘米。

五、选择正确的答案,在它右边的□里画“√”

1.10个百分之一是多少?

千分之一 □百分之一 □

十分之一 □

2.把一根长2米的绳子剪成相等的6段,每段的长是这根绳子的几分之几?

□□ □

3.有男、女生各3人,任选1人去浇花,选到男生的结果怎么样?

一定选到男生 □

选到男生的可能性比女生小 □

选到男生的可能性和女生相等 □

4.从右面看虚线左边的物体,看到的形状是右边的哪一个图形?

5.红旗面数是黄旗的,红旗面数和两种彩旗总数的比是几比几?

5 : 4 □ 5 : 9 □9 : 5 □

6.涂色部分的面积大约占圆面积的百分之几?

40% □ 25% □12.5% □

六、画图

1.把图中的长方形绕A点顺时针旋转90点的位置用数对表示是( , )。

2.按边长2∶1的比画出三角形缩小后的图形。缩小后的三角形的面积是原来面积的 。

3.如果1个小方格表示1平方厘米,在方格纸上设计一个面积是10平方厘米的轴对称图形,并画出对称轴。

七、解决实际问题

1.小明打算16天看完一本故事书,平均每天看15页。现在要10天看完,平均每天应看多少页?

2.一套衣服56元,裤子的价钱是上衣的60%。上衣和裤子各多少元?

3.甲地到乙地的公路长250千米,一辆客车和一辆货车同时从甲地开往乙地,客车每小时行100千米,货车每小时行80千米。客车到达乙地时,货车离乙地还有多少千米?

4.一个圆锥形零件,底面半径3厘米,高5厘米。每立方厘米铁块重7.8克,这个零件重多少克?

5.下面是某旅游景点去年接待游客情况统计图。

(1)根据图中的数据,把统计表填写完整。

(2)平均每月接待游客多少万人?

(3)最多时一个季度接待游客的人数比最少时多百分之几?

4.一年级下册数学综合练习题 篇四

教学目标 1、练习整十数加减整十数,掌握正确的计算方法。

2、创设生活情景,感受数学知识在生活中无处不在。

3、培养学生思维灵活性。

教学重点 正确计算整十数加减。

教学难点 正确计算整十数加减。

课前准备 小黑板,挂图,口算卡,磁性教具

课时

教学过程

一、口算练习:

1、40+30 90-50 100-80

95-5 80-80 60+6

40+20+8 80-50+4

40+50-30 90-60-10

(1)记时,独立计算,集体订正

(2)师:说一说,40+30=?你是怎样想的?用小棒摆一摆,在小组里说出计算方法。

(3)指名说出计算方法,还有谁的方法不同的?

2、算一算,练一练(第8题)

师出示口算卡片,开火车进行口算练习。

40+30 90-50 100-80

95-5 80-80 60+6

40+20+8 80-50+4

40+50-30 90-60-10

3、听算

师报算式,生独立计算,然后集体订正,检查听算能力。

10+40+30 40+20+30

70-40-30 60-20-30

二、读一读,算一算

1、(课件出示P609T)

要求:1、读一读,读懂题意。

2、指明读题加深理解。

3、列式计算,并说一说,你是怎么计算的?

2、磁性教具摆出10T

要求:1、仔细看图,数一数桃和梨的个数。

2、比一比,谁的个数多?

3、指出同样多的部分和多余的部分,

4、想一想,从桃里去掉桃和梨同样多的部分,剩下的是什么?

5、在小组里说一说谁比谁多,谁比谁少,多几个?少几个?再填空。

3、课件出示11T

先出示美丽的校园,在逐步出示三个同学的对话,

师:从刚才的对话中你知道了什么?学校里有什么树?你能提出什么问题?

(1)在小组里提出问题,并自己解答。

(2)全班反馈,说出你的问题和算式。

(3)说一说你是怎么算出来的?

二、思维训练

P60的思考题

下面每个括号里能填什么数?

教学反思:

5.一年级下册数学综合练习题 篇五

一年级语文一至四单元综合练习

班别 姓名 学号 成绩

读拼音,写词语。

ren zhen hua jia zhu yi kan zhe

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

fu muyue liang peng you xie zi

( ) ( )( ) ( )

niao yu hua xiang shan qing shui xiu

( ) ( )

加偏旁,再组词。

门( )( )舌( )( )

乃( )( )马( )

吾( )( )巴( )( )

车( )( )先( )( )

我会填。

一( )汽车 一( )书 一( )桌子

一( )水牛 一 ( ) 小手 一( )鱼

一( )树一( )山 一 ( ) 白云

反义词:

大——() 多——() 开——()

坏——() 矮——() 哭——()

慢——() 近——() 丑——()

青青的() 大大的() 美丽的`()

明亮的() 鲜艳的() 长长的()

弯弯的() 高高的() 蓝蓝的()

慢慢地() 高兴地() 认真地()

我会连。

眨准 脑仿 蚯感 摇 朝

备眼 拂袋 激篮 蚓 霞

棉醉 惊照 年墙 事 载

酒被 龄顾 醒树 壁 情

五、我会照样子写词语。

绿油油 高高兴兴

很大很大 游来游去

补充句子。

1、 和 一起 。

2、一边 ,一边 。

3、 正 。

6.一年级数学下册练习题 篇六

一年级数学下册练习题

班别:姓名学号:评分

一、我会填。(共:60分,每空2分。)

1、一个数从右边起,个位在第位,十位在第()位,第()位是百位。

2、与90相邻的两个数是()和()。

3、我会算。(8分)

(1)45连续加7:45、、、、。

(2)73连续减4:73、、、、。

4、用9、7、8、16这四个数中选三个数列出两道加法算式和两道减法算式。

5、按规律填数。(4分)

(1)2、7、12、、。(2)9、11、13、、。

6、看钟表写时间,看时间画时针和分针。

8:454:05

7、()里该填什么?

30+()=50()-7=3016–()=9

()+4=54()-2=48()+()=36

8、1个人唱一首歌要用4分钟,20个人合唱这首歌要用()分钟。

9、星期天,妈妈带小红到超市买东西,上午9:00去,买东西用了50分钟,她们()时()分回家。

二、用数学。(共:40分)

1、妈妈买用去80元,还有7元,妈妈原来有多少元?(5分)

答:,妈妈原来有()元。

2、商店里有56支,卖了6支,还剩下多少支?(4分)

答:还剩下()支。

3、小明今年7岁,爷爷今年64岁,小明比爷爷少多少岁?(5分)

答:小明比爷爷少()岁。

4、看图列式计算。(10分)

(1)(2)

5、(5分)

5、(5分)

6、商店原有54台,上午卖出了20台,下午又卖出了4台,

7.一年级下册数学综合练习题 篇七

第一部分听力 ( 共两节, 满分30分) ( 略)

第二部分阅读理解 ( 共两节, 满分40分)

第一节 ( 共15小题; 每小题2分, 满分30分)

阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项 ( A、B、C和D ) 中, 选出最佳选项。

A

The adolescent girl from Tennessee is standing on the stage of a drama summer camp in upstate New York. It's a beautiful day. But the girl doesn't feel beautiful. She's not the leggy, glamorous Hollywood type. In fact, she describes herself as dorky.

Since she was six years old, Reese Witherspoon has wanted to be a country singer. And Dolly Parton is her idol. But this flat-chested wisp of a girl is not Dolly Parton. Nevertheless, all of this summer she's been acting, dancing and singing—giving it her best.

Despite three years of lessons, at the end of camp her coaches tell her to forget about singing.They suggest she think about another career. IfReese did have talent, it was hiding under herskinny, mousy frame and her Coke-bottle glasses.Still, she takes their words to heart. After all, why shouldn't she believe the professionals?

But back at home in Nashville, her mother—a funny, happy, upbeat person—wouldn't let her mope. Her father, a physician, encouraged her to achieve in school. So she worked hard at everything and was accepted at Stanford University.

And at age 19 in 1996, she got a part in a low-budget movie called “Freeway”. That led to a substantial role in the movie “Pleasantville ”.But her big break came with “Legally Blonde”.2001 marked her career's turning point with the breakout role as Elle Woods in the box-office hit“Legally Blonde”.

Well, she decided, “if you can't sing and you aren't glamorous, play to your strengths. If you're going to make it in this business, it's not going to be on sexy—that's not who you are. Better focus on what you've been good at. Celebrateyourself. ”

And then came the offer that took her back to her Nashville roots—playing the wife of tormented country star Johnny Cash, a singing role in the film of “Walk the Line”. All of a sudden the old fears were back. She was so nervous on the set, a reporter wrote, she “kept a sick bucket”nearby and admitted she “would go backstage after a singing scene and shake. ”But she didn't give up on the movie or herself. She spent 6 months taking singing lessons again. She learned to play the Autoharp. And the hard work built up her confidence. At the age of 30, Reese Witherspoon walked up on another stage, the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, and accepted the Oscar as Best Actress for her heartbreaking, heartwarming singing role as June Carter Cash in “Walk the Line”.

Finally, as you read this accounts of Reese Witherspoon, consider the obstacles she met. The lesson of the story, I suppose, is that instead of making dozen excuses why you can not realize your dreams, think about this story, just hold to your dream and never give up.

21. When Reese Witherspoon was a young girl, what was her dream?

A. She wanted to become a country singer.

B. She wanted to be a famous actress.

C. She wanted to become famous.

D. She wanted to succeed in her study.

22. What was her parents' attitude towards her dream?

A. They agreed with her coaches.

B. They encouraged their daughter.

C. They only focus on her study.

D. They told her to give up her dream.

23. The underlined word “mope ” in paragraph 4 probably means.

A. give up everything

B. lack confidence

C. feel depressed

D. clear up something

24. Which is the best title for the passage?

A. A successful actress

B. Reese Witherspoon

C. Never give up

D. Dream is important

B

WASHINGTON—The Obama administration has unveiled a comprehensive strategy for combating wildlife trafficking in hopes of curbing illegal poaching ( 偷猎 ) that is threatening to wipe out elephants, rhinoceros and other endangered species in Africa. The document issued Tuesday places an almost complete ban on the ivory trade in the United States. Meanwhile, representatives of many African countries are meeting with world's leading conservationists in London to discuss how to stop the illegal sale of ivory.

A large pile of ivory was crushed in central london as a symbolic gesture, ahead of a major summit this week aimed at curbing illegal wildlife trade. Rowena Paxton was among citizens who gave away their ivory items to be crushed. “I feel like a big weight has been taken off me and I'm now to say goodbye and I just say please, please save our elephants, save our rhino, ”said Paxton.

A 1989 ban outlawed ( 宣布……为 不合法) the international trade in ivory, but cross border smuggling continues. Conservationists estimate that more than 25 , 000 elephants are killed across Africa each year so their tusks can be extracted for ivory. French customs official Sebastien Tiran said France seizes at least a half-ton of ivory per year. “What we have noticed regarding trafficking of protected species is that there is a lot of change, but one thing that never change sis the interest of consumers for ivory, ”said Tiran.

To curb the illegal ivory trade, experts said it is important to reduce the demand. Many blame China for the continued large ivory trade. Some residents of Hong Kong hold annual protests against the practice. “I think Chinese people's idea about this kind of animal product is changing. It's not like before, we are changing, ”said Amy Wang, a woman from mainland China living in Hong Kong.

Destruction of the existing stockpile is another way of undermining the trade, although some people say it also makes the ivory more expensive. The World Wildlife Fund reported that the price of ivory in China has reached $ 2, 000 per kilogram. China has cracked down on smugglers recently and has joined the United States, France, Britain and others in destroying illegal ivory stockpiles. French Minister of Ecology Phillippe Martin said it is an important gesture.“The fact that China crushed, as we do today, six tons of seized ivory is very important because there are consumers in China, so our message to traffickers is—this ( the crushing ) is our statement, and to consumers—this ( ivory) isn't worth anything; elephants should be protected in Africa, ”said Martin.

Conservationists say that Africa's elephant population has dwindled from millions to about 500, 000, and that nearly 10 percent are being slaughtered each year. They warn that only tough action can save the elephants from extinction.

25. What is the main idea of the News?

A. The USA unveiled a ban on the ivory trade to protect wildlife.

B. The world, including many countries, takes actions to save elephants.

C. The conservationists from all over the world discuss how to protect elephants.

D. China plays an important role in protecting wildlife such as elephants.

26. The word “unveiled” ( Paragraph 1 ) is closet in meaning to________.

A. being not hidden

B. passed through

C. announced sth publicly

D. made sth obvious

27. The key to stopping trafficking and protecting the species is_________.

A. passing more and stricter laws on it

B. taking useful measures by more countries

C. reducing people's interest and demand

D. forbidding the international trade in ivory

28. Which of the following measure is not mentioned to stop the ivory trade?

A. The US government has unveiled a strategy to ban the ivory trade.

B. Hong Kong people hold protests against it every year.

C. Existing stockpile of ivory are crushed or destructed.

D. Chinese government stopped the continued large ivory trade.

C

Travel in Brazil during 2014 World CupBrief View of Brazil and the Games

The 2014 FIFA World Cup will take place in Brazil from June 12 to July 13. Brazil is known all around the world as the country of football. As the host nation of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the country has far more to offer than its passion for the game. As big as a continent, Brazil is a dazzling array of cultures and landscapes.

The 12 host cities are dispersed around a very large country. The distance between Manaus and Porto Alegre is more than 1, 900 miles. Geographical settings vary considerably: Manaus is deep in the Amazon rainforest while Cuiaba is in the Mato Grosso. The nature of the cities also varies: Rio and Sao Paulo are huge metro areas;Brasilia was created as a capital city in 1960, with spectacular modern government buildings designed by famed architects. Eight of the host cities are on the coast. All coastal areas have beaches, and several of the them feature colonial-period sites of historical interest.

Transportation and Pick Your Time and Spot

You can fly non-stop or with one stop to Rioor Sao Paulo from most big cities. With few exceptions, most non-stops are overnight red-eyes in both directions. If you're heading to or from one of the outlying cities, a through ticket, probably with a connection in Rio, Sao Paulo, Bogota or Lima, will be less expensive than booking an internal connection separately.

Brazil essentially has no long-distance trains.If you don't fly, you take a bus.

You can combine a few relatively close venues without paying a fortune: Natal and Recife areneighbors, less than five hours apart by bus; Sao Paulo and Curitiba are about six hours apart.

Unless you plan to take the entire month off, you will have to decide how you want to time and locate your visit. The least expensive way will be to pick a host city and take in whatever games are scheduled while you're there. At a minimum, you can see four in each location, typically spread over 11 days. On the other hand, if you want in on the more exciting late-round action, you can head for one of the three cities that will host lateround games or to Brasilia or Rio for the finals.

Tickets and Tourism

Official prices for tickets bought through FIFA for early rounds range from $ 90 for Category 3 tickets to $ 175 for Category 1. Top prices for the finals range from $ 440 to $ 990. Those are stiff but still with in reason. To get those official tickets, however, you have to register and request tickets, then wait to see if you are lucky enough to get any. Some events are already sold out of official tickets. It is not easy to get the tickets forsome popular games, and some tickets for earlyrounds are raised to $ 1000 by the ticket touts.The highest price for the finals reaches unbelievable $ 16623.

While the Olympics are held in just one city, the World Cup matches are held in different cities. You may go to the Amazon rainforest, experience the night life in Rio or go to the beach for a sun bath between the matches.

Fans in Brazil

Like football fanatics around the globe, fans in Brazil are all set to soak in the World Cup fever. Bar owners, managers of electronics stores as well as beer dealers can't wait to welcome moneysplashing customers as the most watched sporting event in the world takes off. They will stay up nights to watch the matches, no matter how late at night. They will only have room in his memory forthe competition schedule and teams. Some football-crazy fans are even ready to put the World Cup before their work at the risk of getting sacked. But remember, it's only once in every four years.

29. Which of the following are the host cities of 2014 World cup?

A. Manaus, Porto Alegre and Brasilia

B. Cuiaba, Rio and Lima

C. Porto Alegre, Brasilia. and Bogota

D. Sao Paulo, Brasilia. and Lima

30. If you want to go to Brazil, you can________.

A. go there by long-distance trains first, then take a bus

B. book an internal connection separately for it is cheaper

C. fly non-stop or with one stop to some big cities

D. combine all the host cities in Brazil

31. Which of the following is the highest price for official tickets of 2014 World Cup?

A. $ 175B. $ 990

C. $ 1000D. $ 16623

32. Which of the following shows that the fans are crazy about the World Cup?

A. People will stay up nights to watch the matches.

B. Bar owners warmly welcome the people to watch matches.

C. people give up their jobs to watch the matches.

D. People will remember the competition schedule and teams.

D

Plug in your car, then unplug, and drive away. More and more consumers are doing just that. At the 2014 New York Auto Show many automakers unveiled electric or hybrid vehicle to address the growing global appetite for environmentfriendly cars. While some technological challen-ges remain, the market is heating up.

A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle from Toyota converts hydrogen into electricity, has a smooth ride, strong acceleration, and leaves no carbon monoxide behind. “We think that hydrogen is the future of electric vehicles because they're so much more convenient, ”said Toyota's Wade Hoyt.“And the way it works is that the hydrogen wants to combine with the oxygen in the air. It forms H2O, which is water vapor, is the only exhaust, so it's a true zero emissions vehicle. And you get electricity out of that combination. ”

Many manufacturers are now producing hybrids and electric vehicles. Ford has unveiled an all-electric Ford Focus and Chevy is touting its environment-friendly Volt. While electric cars are easy on the environment, they can also offer strong performance. Tesla's has ferocious acceleration, pushing the car from zero to about 100 kilometers per hour in three-point-seven seconds, with a top speed just over 200 kilometers per hour. Electric motors deliver strong acceleration because they offer more torque than equivalent gasoline engines. That is why luxury brands, like BMW, are experimenting with this new technology.

But the switchover from gasoline is an evolutionary process, says James Bell of General Motors.“I think the mistake that many people in the industry and in the media maybe thought — when the Nissan Leaf came out or the Chevrolet Volt —was that suddenly people would drop their gasoline cars and rush for them. No, it's not that way, ”he said. “This is going to be a slow evolution, but it's also a Pandora's box moment. It's not going to go back in. Electrified vehicles are the way to meet those emissions in the future. ”

Alternative fuel vehicles account for just one million cars were produced worldwide annually.But in 2013 the number of hybrid and electric cars doubled. Automakers still don't make money on electric cars because of the high cost of battery technology. Tesla's battery, for example, costs$ 50, 000, about half of the vehicle's total selling price. But manufacturers pay the costs because they believe electric vehicles are an important part of the industry's future.

Matt Miller, auto industry reporter for Bloomberg News, says a mixture of old and new technology is the winning strategy. “Really the key for the future, I think, is hybrid technology, so rather than having a car like a Tesla, completely electric-powered, you have a car like the BMWI-3 or I-8, which has a small gasoline motor to help charge the battery when it's needed and electric motors to drive, ”he said. “That's got to be the future. Then you get something like 90 or 100 miles per gallon, which is decent and you still get the torque when you need it. ”

The challenge is to produce a car with long, inexpensive battery life that allows the driver to travel a long way between charges. Automakers expect many millions will then decide to switch from gas to alternative fuel.

33. What are the advantages of electric and hybrid vehicle?

A. It has the highest speed and no carbon monoxide.

B. It has strong acceleration and zero emissions.

C. It can convert hydrogen into electricity.

D. It is cheaper than the gasoline cars.

34. What's the biggest challenge of electric vehicle?

A. How to switch from gasoline to electricity.

B. How to produce long and cheap battery.

C. How to convert hydrogen into electricity.

D. How to persuade consumers to buy it.

35. What is the tendency of the market of cars according to Matt Miller?

A. Tesla will become more and more popular among people.

B. People still like to buy cars using gasoline.

C. Completely electric-powered cars will be popular.

D. People would like to buy cars with hybrid technology.

第二节 ( 共5小题; 每小题2分, 满分10分)

根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

When you have a question about something, where do you go? For many people the answer is simple. They go online to a search engine like Google. But what about people in rural or underdeveloped areas who may have no way to get on the Internet? Luckily, Rose Shuman, a business and international development consultant in California, has found a way for them.

Question Box is a service that provides answers—free of charge—for people who cannot search the Internet directly. They might not be able to read, or they simply have no access.

People use a metal call box with a push-to-talk button to connect to a live operator, as Rose Shuman explains, “You just push a button, a big green button, and that will connect you directly to our operators who are sitting in front of computers, and speak your language.And they'll look it up in English or in Hindi, or whatever the main language is, and translate the answer right back for you. ”

The service is currently offered in two villages. The latest version of the box uses mobile phone technology and solar panels in case the electrical power fails. Rose Shuman says the aim was to make the box as easy as possible for users.

“Rather than try to bring a lot of infrastructure to them and expect them to learn how to use the Internet, the idea was to make a technology that even Grandma could use, figuring that Grandma could probably walk up to a box and push a button, ”added Shuman.

In April, Question Box expanded to Uganda.Forty community workers with mobile phones con-nect villagers to call center operators in Kampala.They wear T-shirts that say “Ask Me. ”

So Question Box teamed up with a local technology company to store information on a local server. That way, the researchers in Kampala can quickly search the database for answers when users ask about current events and many other subjects.

Rose Shuman continued, “When was Mahatma Gandhi born and how long is the Nile River?What's the tallest mountain? The funniest one I think we got was, ‘Did the pyramids ever move to another place? ' which we found pretty funny.But we did look it up, and they haven't moved. ”

A. Question Box began two years ago in India.

B. Her amazing solution is“Question Box”.

C. Some modern technologies have been used for improving the service.

D. The workers go around telling people about the service.

E. You can ask them any sort of question you want.

F. But Internet service in Uganda proved slow and undependable.

G. Those who asked questions wanted to make progress in their studies.

第三部分英语知识运用 ( 共两节, 满分45分)

第一节完形填空 ( 共20小题; 每小题1. 5分, 满分30分)

阅读下面短文, 从短文后各题所给的四个选项 ( A、B、C和D) 中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

41. A. enjoyableB. satisfied

C. boringD. uncomfortable

42. A. andB. or

C. nor D. so

43. A. buying B. buy

C. to buyD. having bought

44. A. umbrellaB. room

C. shelterD. house

45. A. No matter howB. However

C. No matter what D. Whatever

46. A. take up B. pick up

C. put upD. look up

47. A. inB. on

C. withD. of

48. A. and otherB. or other

C. or anotherD. and the other

49. A. whatB. which

C. thatD. when

50. A. far too muchB. far too many

C. too farD. too many

51. A. reasonB. beauty

C. sceneryD. attraction

52. A. whatB. that

C. where D. which

C. wander D. turn

54. A. for B. to

C. in D. with

55. A. only then B. only if

C. if only D. then only

56. A. abnormal B. uncommon

C. particular D. special

57. A. might B. need

C. should D. could

58. A. even though B. even if

C. likeD. as if

59. A. come upB. come across

C. come in D. come out

60. A. Rather than B. More than

C. In additionD. Apart from

第Ⅱ卷

第三部分英语知识运用 ( 共两节, 满分45分)

第二节 ( 共10小题; 每小题1. 5分, 满分15分)

阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容 ( 不多于3个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。

Christmas is no fun when you're poor.

第四部分写作 ( 共两节, 满分35分)

第一节短文改错 ( 共10小题; 每小题1分, 满分10分)

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号 ( ∧) , 并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除: 把多余的词用斜线 ( ) 划掉。

修改: 在错的词下画一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

2. 只允许修改10处, 多者 ( 从第11处起) 不计分。

I like music very much, especial pop music.Every evening that I am doing my homework, I always play some of my favorite songs on the tap recorder. The familiar patterns of notes attracts mein to the colorfully world of music. Now and then Is topped to follow the songs. However, my mother often comes in, asking me to focus my attention tomy homework. She doesn't like the pop music.Like most grown-ups, she enjoys folk music, because the peaceful music reminds her the beautiful life of her youth. It is a truth which people of different age understand music differently and enjoy different kinds of music.

第二节 书面表达 ( 满分25分)

今年以来, 我国东部多地出现持续雾霾天气 ( smog) , 极大地影响了人们的健康与生活。请根据提示, 用英语写一篇文章:

1. 描述现有的雾霾现象及其危害;

2. 分析雾霾形成的原因;

3. 提出至少两条治理雾霾天气的建议。

注意: 1. 上下文连贯, 行文流畅;

2. 词数120左右。

2015年高考英语综合练习题 ( 一) 参考答案

第一部分听力 ( 略)

第二部分阅读理解

第一节

A

【语篇导读】当别人都否定你的梦想时, 你是放弃还是继续坚持? 每当你找借口来解释为何不能实现自己的理想, 不如读读这个故事, 坚持你的梦想, 永不放弃。

21. A。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解。根据第二 段“Reese Witherspoon has wanted to be a country singer”可知答案为A。

22. B。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解与把握。根据第四段可知, 父母对她是鼓励的、支持的, 故选C。

23. C。本题侧重考查学生对词义的理解和猜测。“mope”意为“沮丧的”, 故选C。

24. C。本题侧重考查学生对文章主旨的理解与把握。纵 观全文可 知, Reese Witherspoon的故事告诉我们永不放弃的道理。文章最后一段点明了主旨, 故选C。

B

【语篇导读】这是一篇新闻报道类文章。本文讲述了世界各国为了禁止走私象牙制品, 保护濒临灭绝动物而采取了一系列措施。

25. B。本题侧重考查学生对文章主旨的正确把握。纵观全文可知, 本篇主要讲述了世界各国为了禁止走私象牙制品, 保护大象而采取了一系列措施。

26. C。本题侧重考查学生对单词在文中词义的猜测。“奥 巴马政府 宣布了一 项政策······”。此处unveil意为“宣布, 公布”。

27. C。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解。根据原文第四段第一句可知, 要禁止走私象牙制品, 源头是要减少人们对它的需求, 故选C。

28. D。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解。根据第一段可知A项正确, 根据第四段可知B项正确, 根据第五段首句可知C项正确, 而D项与原文意思不符。

C

【语篇导读】2014年世界杯来啦! 想不想去巴西看场足球比赛呢? 如果能去巴西亲眼看场比赛, 再游一游这个国家, 绝对是一个美妙的巴西世界杯之旅。

29. A。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解。根据原文第二段可知, 举办世界杯的12个巴西城市文章中提到了6个, 分别是Manaus, Porto Alegre, Cuiaba, Rio, Sao Paulo, Brasilia, 而Bogota和Lima不是巴西 的城市, 故选A。

30. C。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解。根据第二部分中的“Brazil essentially has no long-distance trains”, 可知A项错误; 由“with a connectionwill be less expensive than booking an internal connection separately. ”可知联票更加便宜, 故B项错误; 根据“You can fly nonstop or with one stop to Rio or Sao Paulo from most big cities. ”可知C项正确; 而D项原文没有提到。

31. B。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解与把握。要注意的是题干中是“price for official tickets”, 问的是官方购票最高价, 而不是第三方或票贩子的价格, 故选B。

32. A。本题侧重考查学生对文章内容的判断与把握。其中C项为干扰项, 原文中提到“put the World Cup before their work at the risk of getting sacked”, 只是冒着被解雇的危险, 而不是真的辞职了。

D

【语篇导读】2014年的纽约车展上展出了很多纯电动车或是油电混合车。特斯拉真的是汽车市场的趋势吗? 事实上, 环保车辆还面临着巨大的挑战。

33. B。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解与把握。根据原文第二段第一句可知, 电动车或油电混合车的优点是驾驶顺畅、加速快、无污染, 故选B。

34. B。本题侧重考查学生对文章细节的理解与把握。根据原文第五段中的“because of the high cost of battery technology”和最后一段中的“The challenge is to produce a car withlong, inexpensive battery life”可知, 电动汽车的最大挑战是电池问题, 故选B。

35. D。本题侧重考查学生对文章内容的判断与推理。根据原文第六段Matt Miller的话可知, 比起特斯拉这样的纯电动车, 消费者更喜欢配备小型耗油引擎的电动车, 即油电混合汽车, 故选D。

第二节

【语篇导读】介绍通讯、搜索新产品Question Box, 简单、实用、功能多, 可以在农村和边远地区发挥作用。

36. B。根据前一句“已经找到一个解决办法”, 再根据下文介绍Question Box的性能和用途, B项正确。

37. A。上一段讲了Question Box的性能, 这一段往后讲使用情况。这一段中提到“可用英语或印度语”查找, 所以“在印度开始使用”正确。

38. E。根据下文“可用任何主要语言”查找, 还可以“将答案翻译”, 可知Question Box功能较多, 可以向它咨询问题。

39. D。根据前 一句“四十个 通讯工作者……”, 和后一句“穿着‘请问我’的广告衫”可知, “这些通讯工作者向人们宣传这种业务”, 故D项正确。

40. F。虽然这一句是此段的首句, 但是But是对上一段的转折, “但是乌干达的互联网业务很慢, 也不可靠”。再 联系下文“所 以Question Box联合了当地的公司储存信息在当地的服务器中”。

第三部分英语知识运用

第一节完形填空

【语篇导读】书店看书是一种享受, 可以使你暂时忘却现实, 但看书人可能一不小心就会掉入书的温柔“陷阱”。

41. A。本题考查形容词辨析。根据下文内容提示, 看书应该是令人愉快的。

42. B。本题考查连词。whether...or是固定搭配用法。

43 . C。本题考查动 词不定式 的用法。to do在这儿表示目的, 表示“去书店为了买书”。

44. C。本题考查名词辨析。umbrellas意为“雨伞”; shelter意为“避难所, 庇护所”; room意为“房间”; house意为“房子”。

45. D。本题考查whatever引导的名词性从句。whatever既能引导名词性从句, 也能引导让步状语从句; 而no matter what只能引导让步状语从句。

46. B。本题考查动词词组辨析。take up意为“占据, 从事”; pick up意为“拿起, 得到”;put up意为“举起, 张贴”; look up意为“抬头看, 查阅”。

47. C。本题考查固定搭配的用法。endup with意为“以……结束”。

48. B。考查固定搭配用法。some...orother表示“某一个”。

49. C。考查强调句型“It is...that”的用法。

50. A。考查形容词修饰名词。too much用来修饰不可数名词, far表示程度。

51. D。考查名词辨析。reason意为“理由”; beauty意为“美丽”; scenery意为“风景”;attraction意为“吸引力, 魅力”。根据句意可知选D。

52. C。考查定语从句的用法。先行词为places, 用where引导定语从句。

53. C。考查动词辨析。wander round意为“在书店闲逛”。

54. B。考查固定词组搭配。to one's content表示“令某人满意的是”。

55. A。考查倒装句的用法。only + 副词放在句首, 用部分倒装。

56 . C。考查形 容词辨析 。abnormal意为“异常的”; uncommon意为“不常见 的”;particular意为“特定的”; special意为“特别的”。

57. C。情态动 词。might意为“可能”;need意为“需要”; should意为“应该”; could意为“能够”。

58. D。考查连词词组辨析。even if / even though意为“即使”; look like意为“看起来像”;as if / as though意为“似乎, 好像”。

59. D。本题考查动词词组辨析。come out意为“出来”。

60. D。本题考 查介词词 组辨析。apart from意为“除了”; rather than意为“而不是”;more than意为“多于”; in addition意为“除了”, 但此处应该用in addition to sth, 故不选C。

第二节

61. struggling。考查动词的非谓语形式。动词struggle作定语, 应该用-ing形式。

62. so / and。考查连词的用法。根据句意“当时钱很紧张, 付款也到期了, 因此 ( 并且) 我和妻子甚至给对方买不起圣诞礼物”可知, 它们前后之间是因果关系或并列关系, 应该用so或and。

63. sold。考查动词的非谓语形式。分析句子结构可知, that I had found是定语从句, 修饰soft toys, 该名词词组后的动词sell也作后置定语, 它与被修饰词之间在逻辑上是被动关系, 即“以半价被出售”。因此, 该题应该用动词-ed形式作定语。

64. had hidden。考查动词的时态。动词hide表示的动作发生在谓语动词brought in表示的动作之前, 即“过去的过去”。因此, 该题应该用过去完成时。

65. them。考查代词的用法。them替代上文中的the gifts。

66. eyes / faces。考查名词的用法。根据句意可知, 应该用名词eyes或faces表示眼神或面部表情。

67. happily。考查副词的用法。happily修饰谓语动词hugged, 作状语, 应该用副词。

68. for。考查介词的用法。for表示时间。

69. greatest。考查形容词的用法。根据句意可知, 应用形容词的最高级形式。

70. the。考查冠词的用法。根据后面的定语可知, 此处表示特指, 应该用定冠词。

第四部分写作

第一节短文改错

第1处: 第一句中的especial→especially。考查形容词副词的用法。

第2处: 第二句中的that→when。考查连词的用法。

第3处: 第四句中的attracts→attract。这句话的主语是patterns of notes, 考查主谓一致。

第4处: 第五句中的colorfully→colorful。考查形容词副词的用法。

第5处: 第六句中的stopped→stop。考查动词的时态。

第6处: 第七句中的第二个to→on。考查固定词组focus on的用法。

第7处: 第八句中的the去掉。pop music前面不加the。考查冠词的用法。

第8处: 第十句中的her后面加上of。考查固定词组remind sb of sth的用法。

第9处: 第十一句中的which→that。考查it作形式主语的用法。

第10处: 第十二句中的age→ages。考查名词的单复数。

第二节书面表达

One possible version:

Recently, the smog has occurred continually in most parts of East China, which has done great harm to people's daily life. A large number of traffic accidents happen on account of the heavy smog weather and quite a lot of flights have to be put off. Besides, more and more people becomeill because of the poisonous air caused by the smog.

What leads to the smog weather? For one thing, the various pollutions especially the air pollution caused by the factories and cars should be to blame. For another thing, the earth is becoming warmer and warmer due to human's activitiessuch as cutting down trees and putting more carbon dioxide.

It's time we should realize the importance of protecting the environment and take some measures to reduce the smog weather. The government should make some laws to protect the environment. Everyone should be encouraged to go to work or school with the public traffic instead of private cars, such as the bus and the underground. Together, individuals can make a difference.

8.一年级下册数学综合练习题 篇八

一、 从宏观层面看教材的变化

1.教材外观与字数的变化

像《数学》(一年级上册)一样,《数学》(一年级下册)的开本也由实验教材的32开本统一变成了审定教材的16开本。封面左上角的标志也由“教育部审定2012”替代了“经全国中小学教材审定委员会2011年初审通过”,实验教材封面上的“义务教育课程标准实验教科书”一行字在审定教材的封面上并没有出现。书变大了许多,但审定教材《数学》(一年级下册)的页数并没有减少,与实验教材《数学》(一年级下册)一样都是106页。再仔细一看字数,实验教材《数学》(一年级下册)的总字数为73 000,而审定教材《数学》(一年级下册)的总字数为140 000,多了将近一倍,可以宏观地判定它的具体内容将会发生很大的改变。

2.教材中“编者的话”的变化

《数学》(一年级下册)中“编者的话”有两个方面的变化,一个方面的变化是提出了“数学就在你身旁,数学伴随你成长”,暗喻了数学教育的两个重要观点,其一,数学与人们的生活是密切相关的,其二,数学的文化观,即数学对于小学生的成长起着重要的促进作用。另一方面的变化就是所介绍的内容随着教材内容的改变而做出了调整。

3.教材中目录的变化

目录中列出的单元也有一些变化,可概括为两个方面:一个方面的变化是删减,删减掉了实验教材中的第1单元“位置”和第7单元“认识时间”,其中“位置”单元的“减”只是把它前移到了一年级上册中;第二个方面的变化是增加与整合,审定教材中新增了第3单元“分类与整理”,其实质是实验教材一年级上册中第5单元“分类”的后移并且进一步与一年级下册中第9单元“统计”的整合。实验教材一年级下册的第3单元“图形的拼组”也整合为审定教材中的一年级下册第1单元“认识图形(二)”。其他单元在次序略作调整的基础上保持了原有的名称。

4.教材各个单元结尾的变化

审定教材各个单元结尾都新增了“成长小档案”,向学生提出了“本单元结束了,你想说些什么?”这样的问题,意在引导学生从小养成反思、总结的习惯,这也是体现审定教材教育价值得到提升的一个方面,因为良好学习习惯的养成与掌握知识、技能、思想方法同等重要,甚至是更为重要,因为不良习惯的矫正是很困难的事情,而认识与理解方面的问题则随着学生年龄的增长、认识水平的提高、理解能力的增强而得到改善。

二、 教材微观层面的变化及其教育价值的提升

1.第一单元内容的变化及其教育价值的提升

第一单元“认识图形(二)”是由实验教材上册第四单元“认识物体与图形”的后半部分“认识长方形、正方形、三角形、圆”与实验教材下册的第三单元“图形的拼组”整合而成,其中“认识长方形、正方形、三角形、圆”保留了原有风格。即使这样,也有其积极意义,可以理解为是根据一年级小学生的认知水平做的调整,虽然只是延后了半年,也降低了小学生学习的难度。而后半部分“图形的拼组”的编写发生了较大的改变,把侧重点放在了平面图形的拼组上,保留了拼组长方形、正方形、平行四边形、三角形、正六边形的内容,舍去了拼组圆的内容和一些过度生活化的内容,补充了利用七巧板拼组平面图形的内容,增加了教学内容的趣味性,配合这一内容,还在这一单元后面增添了一个介绍拓展性知识的数学小园地——“你知道吗?”而在实验教材中二年级才开始编入数学小园地“你知道吗?”这就把借助于这类拓展性知识开展的数学教学活动整整提前了一个学期。

2.第二单元内容的变化及其教育价值的提升

第二单元“20以内的退位减法”中,各部分内容的变化是一些细节的变化。第一个变化是“导入情境图”的变化,但还能看到实验教材中“导入情境图”的影子。第二个变化是有几个部分增加了小标题,方便了学生的学习,也方便他们进行复习整理。第三个变化是例题进行了简单的数字替换,但保留了原有风格。第四个变化是增加了第四部分“十几减5、4、3、2”及第六部分“已知一个数比另一个数多几,求这个数”。这一单元的最后一部分“复习与整理”中“20以内退位减法表”由“给予式”变成了“探究式”,意义更为积极。

3.第三单元内容的变化及其教育价值的提升

第三单元由原来实验教材的“图形的拼组”变成了“分类与整理”。在2001年之前出版的小学数学教材中是没有专门介绍“分类”内容的,2001年出版的实验教材《数学》(一年级上册)第一次专门把“分类”列为一个单元。但是,“分类”作为一个汉语词汇,在许多汉语词典中都查不到,因此很多人说不清楚“分类”的含义。如果把“分类”看作一个数学专有名词,根据对小学数学教师所做的一个调查,有49.12%的被调查者不清楚 “分类”是一个数学概念,且所有的被调查者都不能具体说出“分类”的数学定义。因此,“分类”内容对于教与学两个方面都是一个挑战。另一方面,从儿童心理发展的层面讲,分类能力也是体现儿童思维发展水平的一个重要指标。也就是说“分类”的教学有难度,但对于儿童的心智发展很重要。这些因素促使审定教材将“分类”内容安排到了一年级下册中,并增加了与分类相对应的整理过程和对分类结果的思考,渗透了统计的思想,教学目标更高了,教育价值得到了进一步的提升。

4.第四单元内容的变化及其教育价值的提升

第四单元“100以内数的认识”的编排作了微调,将实验教材中单列的“读数、写数”部分合并到了“数数、数的组成”题目之下。同时保留了“数的顺序、比较大小”和“整十数加一位数、相应的减法”两个标题。具体内容也作了作了许多细微的调整。

第一部分“数数、数的组成”中,情境图有一个小小变化,图中参与对话的人物形象与位置发生了改变。“数数”由实验教材的“三种方式从一数到几十或几十几”“三种方式从一数到一百”“从几十几数到几十几”等三个教学环节变成了两个,删除了第三个环节,而在“做一做”中又出现了“从几十几数到几十几”的问题,对于这样改编的目的有点不太好理解,或许编者认为在前面两个教学环节的基础之上,“从几十几数到几十几”的问题学生已经可以自主探究了。这一部分还强调了“二十九再添一是三十、九十九再添一是一百”,渗透了自然数序数理论中“后继数”的概念,也为“凑整”作了一定的铺垫。实验教材中“数的组成”只有“几十几的认识”一个环节,审定教材则增加了“几十的认识”作为铺垫,使学生更易于掌握。在“读数、写数”环节新增了一个承上启下的“数纽扣”活动,一方面复习了“从一数到几十或几十几”的知识,另一方面也渗透了统计的思想和“凑整”的思想。教材中的计数器也由原来的都是“个、十、百”三个数位改变为由“个、十”到“个、十、百”的一个变化过程,更加符合一年级小学生的认知规律。教材还增加了个位与十位数字相同的两位数33的写与读,弥补了实验教材的一个不足。

第二部分中的“数的顺序”环节,增加了一个“做一做”,有助于丰富小学生对于数的各种顺序的感知。在“比较大小”中,与实验教材所不同的是,审定教材借书中小学生之口对“十位上数字不同的两个两位数”和“十位上数字相同的两个两位数”比大小的方法作了提示,并增加了借助媒介进行间接比较的内容。另外还增加了一个串珠子的问题,似乎与“数的顺序、比较大小”关联度不高,却是对所学“数数、数的组成”知识的巩固和对第三部分“整十数加一位数、相应的减法”做的铺垫。

5.第六单元内容的变化及其教育价值的提升

审定教材与实验教材的第五单元内容相同,都是“认识人民币”,这部分内容没有太大的实质性变化。所以我们直接来研究第六单元“100以内的加法和减法(一)”的变化。

在第一部分“整十数加、减整十数”的编排上,保留了原来的基本框架,但把直接给出10+20的计算结果改成了借助于学具小棒、计数器探究算理。

第二部分“两位数加一位数、整十数”的编排也保留了原来的基本框架,只是增加了反映计算过程的示意图,更有利于小学生对算法的理解与运用。

第三部分“两位数减一位数、整十数”的内容有三个改变,一个改变就是同样增加了反映计算过程的示意图,另一个改变是学具由单独的小棒换成了小棒和计数器,更易于彰显数位的重要性,第三个改变是将原来的单纯复习巩固内容变成了“连减”的不同算法,提升了思维的强度。

6.“找规律”内容的变化及其教育价值的提升

经过调整,“找规律”成为审定教材的最后一个单元。这一单元分为五个部分,前三个部分与实验教材没有实质的改变。而第四部分的“找规律填数”问题是新增的,有利于对“数的组成”这一知识的巩固。第五部分是新增的“串珠子”问题,也是“生活中的数学”,可以帮助小学生更加深刻地理解“规律”。

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