新概念英语第四册笔记

新概念英语第四册笔记（8篇）

1.给新概念第四册翻译挑毛病 篇一

朱光潜先生在《论翻译》一文中指出：“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……它带有特殊的情感氛围，甚深广而微妙，在字典中无从找出，对文学却极紧要。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景，对于文字的这种意义就茫然”。美国著名的翻译理论家尤金·奈达认为，翻译中出现的最致命的错误往往不是因为词语表达不恰当所导致的，而是由于错误的文化假设所导致的。所以翻译，不仅仅是把原文用母语表达出来，还要对各种文化的差异进行比较，解读语言符号背后的文化底蕴，才能将另一个民族的思想和灵魂准确地表达出来。

不同文化语境

中的词语

首先，词语在不同的文化语境中，会产生不同的心理预期。举一个最简单的例子：在中文和英文中，颜色词所指完全相同，但人们对同一种颜色的心理反应却截然不同。“黄色”，中国人通常会和“色情”等联系起来，而在西方却有“胆小怕事”等含义。那么，He is too yellow to say anything. 这句话应该译为：他噤若寒蝉。“黄色”，这个极平常不过的词语，在当前的语境中意思完全改变了。如果在翻译过程中没有体会到这一点，就不可能准确地传递原句的信息。

从这个简单的例子出发，我们看一下旧版新概念第四册第46课最后一段作者总结全文时所用的一句话：

This combination of very high density of population, goods and services, and machines, all increasing with almost brutal speed, does account for some really antisocial tendencies in modern urban growth.

课文后面的翻译是这样的：高密度的人口、商品和设施以及机器交织在一起，而且以疯狂的速度在增长，确实是现代城市发展中一些真正反社会趋势的起因。译者直接把“antisocial tendencies”译成 “反社会趋势”。看到“反社会”，大多数中国读者的反应可想而知，或者夸张一点，可能有人把其等同为反革命也不为过。但是，稍微思考一下，有的读者可能会问，怎么这样一个社会话题和政治扯上了关系？城市再发展的没边，也不至于成了反社会呀？这种疑惑是对的。这主要是因为相同的词语在不同的文化语境中产生了不同的心理反应。在西方，日常生活中的这个词绝对没有那么强烈的政治色彩，它通常表示“违反公共道德，有损公共利益”。例如：Spitting in public places is an antisocial habit. 应该理解为：在公共场所吐痰的习惯违反公共道德。这是一处非常明显的由于词语在特定语境下改变含义而导致的误译。

相异的文化背景

其次，除了上面提到的词语可能导致误译，比喻和习语表达也因为其承载着独特的文化色彩会对准确翻译造成障碍。比如：汉语中的“东风”习惯上是用来表达温暖、和煦等含义。而英语中的easter或east wind通常则表达冷酷、凛冽等意思。本体相同，喻体却差之千里，这是因为中国的寒流通常来自西部的西伯利亚，而英国的冷风则从东部吹来。因此，想要把译文译得出神入化，就要透视不同的文化角度，找出两种文化的交汇点。例如：形容一个人食量大、睡得熟等，很多人会翻译成eat like a pig或sleep like a pig，翻来覆去离不开pig。实际上英语的表达空间层次很多，会利用更多的喻体来表达这些意思，如eat like a horse(食量大)；sleep like a log(睡得熟)。在这里给出一组中英文喻体不同的例子，供大家参考：

to grow like mushroom

雨后春笋

get goose bumps

起鸡皮疙瘩

smoke like a chimney

老烟枪

中国人想要表达“生机勃勃”时想到了春笋，而西方人则想到了蘑菇；中国人害怕时起了鸡皮疙瘩，而老外明显皮肤粗糙，起了鹅皮疙瘩；中国人抽烟多时像是老带着杆枪，而西方人却想到了烟囱。

理解了两种文化比喻的差异，我们回头再看看比喻和习语在翻译中的难度。在翻译界一直存有争议，那就是该不该将另一种文化不加解释地直接翻译成母语。“Shed crocodile tears ”是翻译成“假慈悲”好呢，还是“洒下鳄鱼的眼泪”好呢？“Skeleton in the cupboard”是翻译成“壁橱里的骷髅”呢，还是“家丑”呢？支持直译的人会说，不加解释的翻译会让更多的人了解另一种文化的精神，这样做固然很好，但缺点也是相当明显的，因为读者并不清楚这些字面意思下真正的含义。比如，在旧版新概念第四册第22课讲到海豚时，用了这样一个句子：

In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress.

译文：在1928年，有人拍下海豚的照片。它们像海狸一样把一只浸了水的床垫推到岸边。

此处作者用了一个比喻，而课后的翻译也直译为：工作得像海狸一样。这样的翻译还是有点欠缺，最好能加上一个注解：像海狸一样勤勤恳恳地工作。因为并不是每个读者都清楚海狸是怎样工作的。因此，为比喻加上注解相对而言可以更好地解决这个文化差异的问题。

其实，除了这个比喻翻译的欠缺，这里还有一个明显的错译。将mattress翻译成床垫也是因为不了解西方的风土人情。Mattress 放在床上确实是床垫之意，但是出现在海洋里就奇怪了。实际上此处它是指用绳子捆扎起来的木排而已，多用来阻拦水流。

独特的宗教因素

最后一点，西方文化中永恒不可或缺的组成部分——宗教，永远是压在译者心头的一块巨石。西方许多著名的翻译学家认为，译者的双文化背景，尤其是宗教和哲学知识甚至比双语功底更为重要。

还是拿新概念第四册为例，第5课是一篇讲述大猩猩的课文，它的题目是 No Room in the Ark。单看这个题目：方舟中无容身之地，看起来似懂非懂，很多读者不明白作者的用意何在。但熟知西方宗教的读者一定知道：“方舟”一词，在《圣经》中的地位举足轻重。它是指传说中的诺亚方舟。远古时代诺亚方舟不仅解救人类于洪水之中，更重要的是，诺亚在方舟中也安放了家里的各种动物，从而使它们免受灭顶之灾。明白了这一点，作者的用意也就一清二楚了：这篇文章是用题目告诉我们，大猩猩在这个世界已经濒临灭绝了。

2.新概念英语第四册笔记 篇二

人为的疾病

What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?

In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.

Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.

RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense

New words and expressions 生词和短语

settlement

n. 新拓居地

enterprising

adj. 有事业心的

settler

n. 移居者

Antipodes

n. 新西兰和澳大利亚(英)

promiscuous

adj. 杂乱的

abandon

n. 放任，纵情

overrun

v. 蔓延，泛滥

devastation

n. 破坏，劫掠

burrow

v. 挖、掘

susceptible

adj. 易受感染的

virus

n. 病毒

myxomatosis

n. 多发性粘液瘤

infect

v. 传染

epidemic

n. 流行病

mosquito

n. 蚊虫

carrier

n. 带菌者

exterminate

v. 消灭

ironically

adv. 具有讽刺意味地

bequeath

v. 把...传给

pest

n. 害虫，有害动物

pestilence

n. 瘟疫

confine

n. 范围

domesticate

v. 驯养

参考译文

在澳大利亚移民初期，一些有创业精神的移民不明智地把欧洲兔子引进了澳大利亚。这种兔子在澳大利亚及新西兰没有天敌，因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配迅猛繁殖起来。整个澳洲兔子成灾。它们在地下打洞，吃掉本可以饲养数百万头牛羊的牧草，给澳洲大陆造成了毁灭性的破坏。科学家们发现，这种特殊品种的兔子(显然不包括别的动物)易患一种叫“多发性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通过让染上此病的动物在洞内乱跑，就可以使这种疾病在一个地区蔓延起来。后来又发现，有一种蚊子是传播这种疾病的媒介，能把此病传染给兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在设法消灭蚊子的时候，澳大利亚却在促使这种蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把这种疾病扩散到整个澳洲大陆，效果甚佳，结果兔子的数目在为减少。后来，明显看出，兔子对这种疾病已产生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消灭。但是，已有希望解决兔子所带来的问题。

3.洪恩国际幼儿英语家庭版第四册 篇三

1.Greetings打招呼

This is teddy, i miss you , Kitty.我是泰迪，我想你，Kitty.Long time no see.好久不见。

Song: I miss you my friend.I miss you my friend.我想你，我的朋友。我想你，我的朋友。

Oh long time no see.Oh how are you doing?哦，好久不见，哦，好久不见。Oh i miss you my friend.I miss you my friend, 2.Toys 玩具

Yo-yo 溜溜球 doll布偶 ball 球 door 门 blocks 木块 balloon气球

I want a purple ball.我想要个紫色的球。I want a door.我想要个布偶。I’m sorry.我很抱歉。That’s ok.没关系。

Song: Little Johnny!yes, Papa.Eating candy? No, Papa.Telling lies? 撒谎吗？ No Papa.Open your mouth, sorry, Papa.3.Body Fox 狐狸 shoulder肩膀 feet脚 arm 胳膊 knee膝盖 toes脚趾

Song: head shoulders knees and toes, knees and toes.head shouders knees and toes, knees and toes.Eyes and ears and mouth and nose.head shouders knees and toes, knees and toes.4.Animals pig horse

goat

cow

duck 鸭子 chick

song: old MacDonald’s（老麦当劳爷爷）has a farm(农场)E-I-E-I-O and on his farm he had some chicks, E-I-E-I-O with a chick chick there, here a chick, there a chick, everywhere a chick chick old MacDonald’s has a farm E-I-E-I-O Vehicle交通工具

bicycle自行车 car汽车 bus公交 helicopter直升飞机 What’s this? 这是什么？ It’s a bicycle.它是一辆自行车。

Is this a bicycle? 这是一辆自行车么？ No，it’s a car.不，它是一辆汽车。These are buses.这些是公交。

Song : the wheels on the bus go round and round, round and round, round and round.The wheels on the bus go round and round, all through the town.公交的轮子转啊转，转啊转，转啊转。

公交的轮子转啊转，通过各个小镇。Dinks 饮料 water 水 tea 茶 coffee咖啡 beer 啤酒 milk牛奶 cola可乐 juice 果汁 I’d like some water.我想要一些水。I’d = I would.Song： I like coffee I like tea.I like boys and boys like me.I like coffee I like tea.I like girls and girls like me.Tableware 餐具

bowl 碗 plate 碟子 spoon 勺子 knife 刀 chopsticks 筷子 fork 叉子

What do you want? 你想要什么？ I want to play with my friends.我想要和朋友一起玩。I want a house.我想要一栋房子。

I want some chicken, some cakes and some fruits.我想要一些鸡肉，一些蛋糕和一些水果。Pass me the bowl.把碗递给我。

句型

1、play with + 某人 和某人一起玩

2、I want + 某物

3、I want = I’d like=I would like Song: Down by the ocean down by the sea.Johnny broke a bowl.And blamed it on me.Down by the ocean down by the sea.Johnny broke a bowl.And blamed it on me.顺洋而下，顺海而下，Johnny 摔破了碗却怪我身上。Numbers数字

leg 腿 foot 脚（复数feet）bubble 泡泡 twelve十二 thirteen十三 fourteen十四

4.二年级的英语教学设计第四册 篇四

1. Teaching aims Let the students master the words and expressions：

family， parents， uncle， aunt， baby brother and dad.

2. Teaching aids

some word cards

Several photos，

a tape recorder，

3.Teaching steps

1) Greetings and sing a song

Say “Hello” to everybody， talk something about the weather and the date. Then sing a song named “ An apple a day makes a doctor away”.

2) New content

Hand out a photo of many members. Introduce the family members to them. And describe them in English. At the same time the teacher shows the new word cards to them and let them read one by one. Then the students read after the tape 3 times and ask the students to remember the new words at once. Then， the teacher show the picture and let them practice them.

Next let them take out their photos and practice in pairs to introduce and describe each other’s family members. At the same time the teacher write the sentence “ Come and meet my family” “This is my...” “He/She is...” “He/She has...”on the blackboard. After that ， choose several students to introduce and

describe his/her family members by using the sentence

styles on the blackboard..

4.Homework

Master the new words.

Listen to the tape and try to imitate.

5.新标准小学英语第四册教学计划 篇五

一、学生情况分析

经过一年半的学习，学生已经有了一定的英语基础，部分同学参加了校外的英语辅导班，英语能力水平较高，能在班级英语学习中起带动作用，有的学生甚至在全国的英语竞赛中获得佳绩。四年级整体比较活跃，上课的积极性较高，大多数学生对英语也比较有兴趣，在以后的教学中还要多加引导，加强学生的听说读写方面的能力培养，特别在书写上也要充分重视。

二、教材分析

本册教材采用“以题材为纲的功能-结构-运用性任务体系编写，着重培养学生运用英语能力，同时体现外语跨文化教育本质，坚持兴趣第一的原则，做到显示与未来相结合，并体现国家教育部规划项目“中小学英语教育动态真实原则研究与实验”所获得的优秀科研成果。本册书共有十个模块和一个复习模块，每个模块有三个单元，包含单词、句型、短对话、歌曲或歌谣等部分内容。

在本册中，内容健康生动活泼，贴近儿童的生活；歌谣、游戏生动有趣。以学生的兴趣为动力，进行单词、句型、对话的教学为教学的重点，充分体现玩中学，学中玩。

本学期是英语学习难度逐渐增加的关键期。尽管学生在上学期学习了字母，已不再陌生，但本学期的语言内容，特别是主要语言结构be doing，对学生来说是新的语言结构，而且有一定的难度。因此，本学期不仅要让学生掌握主要语言结构，还要让学生形成学习英语的基本情感----意志力，以及通过反复实践掌握新的语言结构的策略。

三、教学目标及要求

1、能听懂、会说12组会话，并能进行简单的交流。

2、能听、说、认读60个单词和词组并能听、说、读、写61个单词和24 个句子并简单运用。

3、能听、做6个TPR活动。

4、能学会3个小制作。

5、能唱8首歌曲。

6、能听、说、唱7首歌谣。

四、提高教学质量措施：

1、融会话教学与情景表演之中

2、巧用实物、头饰、卡片、chant 等来帮助进行单词教学。

3、利用读写课等时间对学生进行单词书写的指导

4、教师不断提高自身的素质（加强理论学习），有新的教学理念。

5、教师教学方法灵活多变，手段多样，要充分发挥教学机智。

6、面向全体，注重个性的发展，培养学生学习英语的兴趣，对学生 进行阶段性、综合性的合理评价。

五、教具、媒体

实物、课文挂图和图片，录音机和录音带，投影机和投影片，头饰，玩具模型等。

六、教学进度：

6.新概念英语第四册笔记 篇六

Unit 1

5.1.forbade 2.mourning 3.charge 4.accumulate 5.begged 6.declared 7.narrow

8.penniless 9.unloading 10.stolen 11.absence 12.faithfully

6.1.a good deal of 2.speak of 3.leaning on 4.stood on his feet 5.at(the)most

6.both…and 7.counted out 8.with the help of 9.heard of 10.be blessed with

10.1.Driven by a strong will, he eventually fulfilled the task he had undertaken.2.He promised to write to me as soon as he got there, but nothing has been heard of him so far.3.The boss has never been so pleased with any employee before.The young man is a real find.4.With the help of the doctors and nurses, the patient was able to stand on his feet once more and soon resumed working.5.The old man’s wrinkled face spoke of the hardships he had endured in his life.6.When she recovered somewhat, she leaned on the window watching the children play on the lawn.Unit 2

5.1.statistics 2.versions 3.legal 4.adventurous 5.fate 6.indeed 7.chatting

8.online 9.owed 10.Internet 11.Hopefully 12.expenses

6.1.insisted on 2.gave…notice 3.base…on 4.from the beginning 5.in the middle of

6.take…off from work 7.every so often 8.fell asleep 9.conform to 10.leave for

11.1.He failed the test but it was his own fault;he never did any work.She told me she had been deceived by a young man who claimed to be the son of a banker.3.Mary left her husband because she couldn’t stand his cruelty any longer.4.One thing that Mom insisted on was that John finish his homework before watching any TV programs.5.When Bill became overly obsessed with online chatting, things began to change.No longer was he the hard working student he was when he first came to college.6.I told you from the beginning that there was a world of difference between online dating and actually living together.Unit 3

5.1.concert 2.virtually 3.genuine 4.applaud 5.performance 6.conclude

7.distinguished 8.instrument9.instructed 10.absorb 11.Evidently 12.favorite

6.1.At last 2.be capable of 3.was fond of 4.came to its feet 5.be turned off 6.in panic

7.go on to 8.work out 9.was…engaged in 10.reach for

10.1.After the performance, the audience all came excitedly to their feet with genuine applause that lasted for quite a few minutes.2.Seeing me in panic, the hostess reassured me that what I was instructed to do next was something I was definitely capable of.3.He was completely absorbed by a fraction problem the whole afternoon.No wonder he was overjoyed when he finally worked the problem out.4.“Once Henry is submerged in his own thoughts, he’s virtually deaf.” Thus remarked Mrs.Smith.5.Don’t you think it’s unsafe to conclude hastily when we are not sure about the accuracy of the statistics?

6.She sat uneasily in front of the piano and ventured a note.It was her first time to touch a musical instrument.Unit 4

5.1.article 2.savings 3.generous 4.adopted 5.conceited 6.functions 7.tape

8.headlines 9.donate 10.Entrance 11.press 12.monthly

6.1.turned around 2.talk into 3.got around to 4.his heart set on 5.in turn 6.give back

7.comes up 8.by hand 9.adds to 10.pack into

10.1.I have decided not to go to the interview because the job advertisement has made it clear that only a college graduate is eligible for the post.2.She makes her son practice the piano every day.It seems that she has set her heart on making a pianist of her son.3.When I was a child, I enjoyed doing errands for my mother.I could keep the small change.4.His excellent performance spoke to every member of the audience.No one made any sound throughout it.5.When I finally got around to visiting him in hospital, it was too late.6.Since he is so stubborn, I don’t intend to talk him into considering our suggestion, either.Unit 5

5.1.endless 2.revise 3.anticipate 4.voluntary 5.beforehand 6.income 7.inner

8.oral 9.eagerly 10.secure 11.financial 12.disposing

6.1.ended up 2.care for 3.make room for 4.was responsible for 5.by nature

6.find their voices 7.make the most of 8.step out of

10.1.As a result of a downsizing initiative and a major bank merger, my usually well-ordered life became fraught with changes.2.Although I am a rather reticent individual by nature, I made the most of the oral presentations in class.And soon my confidence level soared.3.Much to the amazement of his friends and relatives, the young man gave up his secure future, stepped out his comfort zone and rejoined the “rat race.”

4.No matter what life throws our way, having a positive attitude makes room for the future.5.Of course, having a fulfilling career is a personal goal I long to achieve.However, working towards materialistic things and personal glorification has never been my first priority.6.Having lost his job, he returned to college and ended up acquiring a diploma.Unit 6

5.1.custom 2.had intended 3.emphasized 4.method 5.appointment 6.election

7.paused 8.preparation 10.dislike 11.hobby 12.unite

6.1.am inclined to 2.disagreed on 3.on the other hand 4.have nothing to do with

5.made an effort 6.common ground 7.leave…with 8.no better than

10.1.The new agreement is based on the original United Nations proposal.2.I’ll take this English test even if it takes weeks or months of preparation.3.In order to sell anybody anything in five minutes or less, you have to find common ground on which you and your client can stand together.4.Yes, you must work harder in your studies.But it does not mean that you have to sacrifice your health for better grades.5.We’re not here to talk about what divides us.We’re here to find the things that bind us together.6.In some cases you have to stoop to conquer.But does it mean that you have to sacrifice your integrity? Certainly not.Unit 7

5.1.urgent 2.submit 3.noble 4.have deteriorated 5.immediate 6.discern 7.mix

8.former 9.summarized 10.unbearable 11.were voted 12.overturn

6.1.open to 2.participate in 3.on hand 4.From then on 5.up until then 6.en route

7.in…need of 8.as long as

10.1.While attending Columbia, Li Ming became good friends with Wang Ying, a twenty-year-old girl from Hong Kong.2.Encouraged by his instructor, John decided to make medicine his life’s career.3.Less than a month after he came to McGill University, Dr.Johnson submitted to the president a detailed plan for setting up a new laboratory in the biology department.4.After receiving the urgent cablegram from his former instructor, Dr.Drew immediately set to work and organized the “Blood for Britain” campaign.5.At the beginning of the following year, thousands of American soldiers were killed or injured on the battlefield.6.In a series of experiments, Dr.Drew discovered that plasma could be given to any patient regardless of blood type.Unit 8

5.1.international 2.atmosphere 3.afford 4.voyage 5.exhibition 6.Monument

7.sightseeing 8.destination 9.nowadays 10.remote 11.principal 12.employed

13.attracts

6.1.Apart from 2.Of course 3.set aside 4.caters to 5.made arrangements for

6.to name just a few 7.choose from 8.in addition to

7.大学英语第三版第四册课文翻译 篇七

In recent years, the social development and changes in employment situation have put higher requirements on college students. Instead of confining themselves to the knowledge in books,more and more college students are stepping-out of the “Ivory Tower” and taking an active part in social practice in their spare time. Through social practice, college students can have a deeper understanding of society, increase their sense of social responsibility, and improve their analytical and problem-solving abilities. Meanwhile, taking part in social practice can also help students recognize their own shortcomings and have a clear idea about where they are to go in the future. All these benefits will help them build up social and work experience, which will lay a solid foundation for them in finding jobs or starting their own businesses in the future.

近年来，社会的发展和就业形势的变化对大学生提出了更高的要求。越来越多的大学生不再局限于书本知识的学习，他们开始走出“象牙塔”，利用业余时间积极投身于社会实践活动。通过社会实践活动，大学生可以更多的了解社会，增强社会责任感，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。同时，参加社会实践活动还可以帮助学生认识到自身的不足，明确未来努力的方向。所有这些都将为他们积累社会阅历和工作经验，为未来的就业或创业打下良好的基础。

8.新概念英语第四册笔记 篇八

Unit 1 1 The campers at Kitty Hawk IV.Key to multiple-choice questions 1.D V.2.C 3.D

4.B Suggested versions of translation exercise 桑街的木头房子里收到了他儿子威尔伯和奥维尔发来的电报。他们突发奇想，去了北卡来罗那州海岸沙丘上的一个小宿营地度假，给自己匆忙赶制的滑翔机做一些修补。

2.他们来到了吉蒂霍克，在向南往阿尔伯马勒海峡近海的哈特拉斯角延伸的大沙丘和沙岸上，有一片辽阔的海滩，海滩空荡荡的。只有一个海岸警卫队的哨卡，几座渔民的小屋，还有沙丘后面马唐草丛里成群的蚊子、扁虱和恙螨，头顶上掠过海鸥和向下俯冲捕食的燕鸥，傍晚，鱼鹰和鹤拍打着翅膀飞过盐沼，有时，莱特兄弟的目光追随着在天空翱翔的鹰，一如几个世纪前列奥纳多睁大锐利的双眸，以领悟飞行的原理。

3.开车往返于城市之间的人民驶过田头，听到老式的莱特发动机发出连续不断的怦怦声，看到白色的双翼飞机像一对摞在一起的的熨衣板在空中足足飞了50英尺，这时他们总是惊奇地把脖子伸出窗外张望。

4.随着飞行时间的延长，莱特兄弟找到了赞助人，官司缠身，他们每晚躺在床上不能入睡，仿佛听见数百万美元在哀嗥，这比吉蒂霍克的蚊子还要烦人。Treading lightly IV.Key to multiple-choice questions 1.D V.1.2.3.4.5.Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B 2.B

3.C

4.D

V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.我们终于渐渐领悟到了----秋天拖着寒冷的夜晚, 阴惨的节日, 还有绚丽夺目, 美的动人心魄的叶子蹒跚着如期而至了.2.它丢下叶子以便存活下去, 这样, 到了晚秋时节, 输送液体的木质部上就只有为数不多的细小纤维还能把叶子固定在茎上.3.动物及花朵变色是有原因的----适应环境----可是秋天的叶子变得如此绚丽多彩, 就像天空和大海一片蔚蓝一样, 却不是为了适应环境.4.它们就像我们临终前所期望的身后的归宿;不是消亡, 而是从一种美的境界升华到另一种美的境界.5.它们是一双双翅膀, 会随着微弱的旋风或上升气流振翅飞翔, 旋转着从一座庭院飘到另一座庭院.2.A 3.C

4.B Suggested versions of translation exercise 不是，德拉克鲁兹先生和他的队员们在维护丛林，他们就像在竖一块巨大的“禁止入内”的标牌。酷爱环保的旅游公司和游览区小旅馆在地球上仅存的几块保存完好、货真价实的原始林区开辟旅游点，给游客提供一个走马观花的去处。他们正在以这种方式保护仅存的几片原始森林。

在许多发展中国家的议会和总统府中更有说服力的是旅游者所带来的利润，而不是宣传拯救雨林对环保的重要性的讲座。

但是，“如果不把野生动物变成商人赚钱的资本，你就没法保护他们。”

“20年前，这里风行的信条是发展经济的惟一出路就是走西方发达国家走过的路。” 1.1903年12月7日，曾任《宗教瞭望》报编辑的兄弟联合会主教莱特先生在他位于俄亥俄州代顿市霍 1

Unit 2 4 Which Way to Energy Utopia? IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A

2.B

3.D

4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

1.想象一下这样的世界：人们可以无限制地使用能源，不再依赖石油，燃油所带来的烟雾和导致温室效应的尾气排放都已成为历史。

2.它是石油依赖症的主要根源。鉴于石油供应极易受到石油输出国国内争端

和政治骚乱的影响，发达国家都想减少对石油的依赖。

3． “如果你打算改用一种真正无污染的技术，那为什么在转换的过程中又把污染捡回来了呢？”总部设在旧金山的环保组织———西艾拉俱乐部———的全球变暖及能源项目负责人丹∙贝克说.。“这就像那一点儿致癌的尼克丁。”

4． 但是，批评者们认为，设立甲醇配给网点并不能使我们渐渐接近多数人认定的最终目标：氢能源系统。5． 但是由于目前人们对两种储存装置都持有浓厚的兴趣，许多业内人士深信定能攻克氢电池的难题。How Animals Know Which Way to Go IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B 1.2.3.4.5.6.2.C 3.D

4.C V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

他做的雀科小鸣鸟幼鸟的实验表明：鸟必须在幼龄时开始观察夜空才能记住星座图，而且个别的鸟可以学会利用地极上方的一小群星座中的不同星星作为参照来定位。

定向迁移只需要在适当的时候对准适当的方向，而且可以通过遗传基因编码为这样一条简单的规则“当白昼开始缩短的时候就向南飞”。

他论证道，通过迁徙飞行和局部探测活动，动物对于远远超出它的通常活动范围的区域的地貌特征都有一个大致的了解。

这样的地方很多都处在从候鸟的起飞点吹过来的盛行风的风道上，而且正如贝克、杰罗德和其他人指出的那样，经过长途探索，这样的终点最初可能很简单地就碰巧被找到了。

沿着梯度变化曲线移动将会使个体从未知的起点找回它们的家园。我们知道鸟类、或许还有一些陆地哺乳动物都能探听到次声，尽管其中是否有利用这种能力来导航还有待认识。的确，至少有两名进行动物辨向航行研究的权威—洛克菲勒大学的唐纳德格里芬和罗宾贝克—都主张我们需要摆脱传统的个体生态学观点，即所有动物多多少少都会对外部刺激做出自动的反应的观点；应该认识到动物能够仔细地评估由环境提供的一系列信息并根据这些分析做出敏感的决定。6 “ Is Everybody Happy?” IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B

2.D

3.C.D V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

1.然而，我们真的好像笃信幸福是用钱可以买到的。当我们拥有足够金钱的时候，我们就都进了天堂了。2.他们在呼吁美国人，权当是爱国之举，马上掏出自己尚未挣到的钱购买自己并不是真正需要的汽车，而且他们还必须在第二年新款上市的时候厌倦旧车。

3.“幸福”这个概念是难以琢磨的，根本无法轻易给它下个定义；你顶多可以试着为这一概念找几个极端的例子，然后在其中找到一个折中的说法。

4.梭罗当然不赞成绝食，但是他在维持生计方面所投入的精力仅限于使自己活着，以便做更重要的事情。5.如果他们能够预见到当今的幸福市场的话，他们就会强调这样一个基本的事实：幸福在于追求本身，在于对能启迪人生的终生事业的有意义的追求；也就是说，在于成就。

Unit 3 7 The Real Sherlock Holmes IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A 1.2.D 3.D

4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 只要看一眼，你就能从一个人的脸上看出他的国籍，从他的手中看出他的职业，从他的步态、怪癖、纹身图案、表链饰物、鞋带以及粘在衣服上的棉绒中

发现他的其他情况。

2． 尽管道尔觉得这件奇闻轶事在情节上还需要添加一条副线，在人物上还要加几个嫌疑人不让读者一下子就看出逃兵乐手就是凶手；他还是觉得可以以这件事作为核心内容编造一个引人入胜的故事。3． 他说明这一点的通常做法包括，在每一班医科新生面前举起一个装满了琥珀色液体的大玻璃杯，一本正经地说笑话。

4． 当然，我们可以轻而易举地给它作个化学分析，可是我想让你们根据气味和滋味来检验它。我不会让我的学生做我自己不愿意做的事，所以在把杯子传下去之前我先来尝尝。

5． 就这样，柯南 道尔苦熬五年的医科学生生涯以及跟随他不可思议的苏格兰导师几个月的工作经历给了他这个人物的创意并为他提供了大量的创作素材，使他成为世界闻名的作家。The Deadliest of the Sins IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.C

2.C

3.B

4.A V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

1.它不是突然发生的，毫无戏剧性可言，因此它就有了一个极大的优势；它悄悄地一点一点地吞噬我们的 心灵，一旦被它完全控制，我们甚至很难看出是什么在折磨我们。

2.当然，与这些人相反的并不是那种做事凭一时的热情、感情用事、或是盲目痴迷一切新鲜事物的人。3.我们都很清楚，感情太多思考太少的人会陷入怎样的困境，然而我却更同情那成千上万的另一种人，他们以一种令人窒息的、营养不良的方式苦思冥想却什么也感觉不到，致使人生变成了一出小小的悲剧。4.它们当然不会永远这样。它们会改变，如果你心怀感激地珍惜它们，而不是把它们当作上天因感激你宽宏大量地屈尊来到地球上居住而赠予你的大量礼物，它们就更有可能朝好的方向转变。

5.别在乎看起来是否威严、高贵，别担心你会因快乐而行为失检，可悲的是我们总是用行为举止这个没用的东西来代替真正的尊严。The Monster IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.D

2.B

3.C

4.A

V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.他从来没有意识到，不是他碰见的每一个人都对他以及他所做的事情有着浓厚的、近乎痴迷的兴趣。2.他写了大量的信件恳求别人借钱给他，有时碑躬屈膝厚颜无耻，有时又傲慢地授予他未来的捐赠人掏钱养活他的特权；如果收信人谢绝了这种荣幸，就极大地冒犯了他。

3.一旦他预料到他的某部歌剧有可能上演，他就开始大把大把地花钱，花掉的钱数高达他预期得到的版税的十倍。

4.一旦他们让他失望 – 哪怕仅仅是拒绝应邀出席一次晚宴 – 或是对他不再像从前那么有用，他就毫不犹豫地抛弃他们。

5.令人惊叹的是，他居然在短短七十年的生命旅途中取得了这么大的成就，这一切就是伟大的天才也难做到。难怪他没有时间做个普通人。

Unit 4 10 More than Just a Shrine: Paying Homage to the Ghosts of Ellis Island IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B

2.C

3.B

4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.我告诉他，在我看来，能将背景、身世和观点截然不同的人联系在一起的惟一东西就是他们的家人都是在一个叫做埃利斯岛的地方登陆的。.我想我心里一直都很明白，我对此不感兴趣在很大程度上是因为我不愿意对此感兴趣：我是美国人，于是这些地方就成了我的历史。但它们不是我的。

3.有些人已无处可回，或者说回去只有死路一条；而另一些人是来冒险的，如果回去就会被当地人看作是笨蛋和失败者。

4.我不知道他们都想了些什么，我的祖父母，因为他们不是爱张扬的人，也不罗曼蒂克；他们不愿意去回想那段“艰难岁月”，而他们飘洋过海的旅行是一生中唯一的一次冒险行动，登陆以后他们把全部的精力都投入到追求稳定、体面的生活以及适应新环境的努力中去了。

5.但是我想，做一个美国人就得经历一个确定自己是美国人的过程———一个多少有点令人厌烦但又始终是自我接纳的过程。

11.Leading Men IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B

2.D 3.D 4.A IV..Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise: 1.撇开这些有明确记载的史实不谈，我们对以刘易斯和克拉克名字命名的探险的两位队长了解越多，他们就益发强烈地激发着我们的想象力。

2.当克拉克预期的任命由上尉变成少尉时—这是一着多年以后仍让人耿耿于怀的错棋—他们从未告诉过手下，并且始终平等相待，这使他们跻身于组织管理史上少数几位卓有成效的合作首席执行官之列。3.就算这次探险毫无成果，她至少使后来的商人和拓荒者受益匪浅，他们被探险队的经历吓坏了，知道了这条路不能走。他们找到了一条更好走的路，即沿着普拉特河穿越内布拉斯加州，再从怀俄明州的南通道翻过去。

4.但是担任路易斯安那准州州长这一新职务使他深受政务繁忙之苦，他的种种不切实际的抱负无法实现，加之酗酒、或许还有疾病造成的抑郁，刘易斯成了人类历史上写作障碍的典型案例。

5.克拉克地图上显著地标出了几十个居住在那儿的印第安部落的名称，以黑体字标明，它们在不断地打破西部曾经是无人居住的旷野这一观念。12 Farewell, My Unlovely

IV.Keys to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.今天中午我永远告别了纽约，越来越多的人因为这样那样的缘故认定这个城市已不再合他们的心意，我也加入了这个行列。

2.我从未遭到过抢劫，也从未遭到任何形式的袭击，可能是因为我的体魄高大,不是强盗理想的目标。3.所有这一切也可能发生在其他大城市，实际上也确实发生了，但它们所折射出的缺乏关爱，一种心灵的病态，却让我很难接受也无法忘怀。