护士职称等级

2024-09-30

护士职称等级（共10篇）

1.护士职称等级篇一

阅读备注：各职称三位代码中，末位为1的代表正高级，2对应副高级，3对应中级，4对应助理级，5对应员级中华人民共和国国家标准

GB8561-1988 专业技术职务代码

代

码

职务系列名称系列等级名称

01 高等学校教师

011

教授

012

副教授

013 讲师

014 助教

02 中等专业学校教师

022 高级讲师

023 讲师

024 助理讲师

025 教员

03 技工学校教师（讲师）

032 高级讲师

033 讲师

034 助理讲师

035 教员

04 技工学校教师(实习指导)042 高级实习指导教师

043 一级实习指导教师

044 二级实习指导教师

045 三级实习指导教师

05 中学教师

051 中学特级教师

052 中学高级教师

053 中学一级教师

054 中学二级教师

055 中学三级教师

06 科学研究人员

061 研究员

062 副研究员

063

助理研究员

064 研究实习员

07 实验人员

072 高级实验师

073

实验师

074 助理实验师

075 实验员

08 工程技术人员

081 教授级高级工程师

082 高级工程师

083 工程师

084 助理工程师

085 技术员

续表

代

码职务系列名称系列等级名称

09 农业技术人员（农艺）

092 高级农艺师

093 农艺师

094 助理农艺师

095 农业技术员农业技术人员（兽医）

高级兽医师

兽医师

助理兽医师

兽医技术员农业技术人员（畜牧）

高级畜牧师

畜牧师

助理畜牧师

畜牧技术员经济专业人员

高级经济师

经济师

助理经济师

经济员会计人员

高级会计师

会计师

助理会计师

会计员统计人员

高级统计师

统计师

助理统计师

统计员

出版专业人员（编审）

151 编审

152 副编审

153 编辑

154 助理编辑

出版专业人员（编辑）

163 技术编辑

164 助理技术编辑

165 技术设计员

出版专业人员（校对）

173 一级校对

174 二级校对

175 三级校对

续表

代

码职务系列名称系列等级名称

翻译人员

181 译审

182

副译审

183 翻译

184 助理翻译

新闻专业人员（记者）

191 高级记者

192 主任记者

193 记者

194 助理记者

新闻专业人员（编辑）

201 高级编辑

202 主任编辑

203 编辑

204 助理编辑

图书、文博、档案、资料人员

211 研究馆员

212 副研究馆员

213

馆员

214 助理馆员

215 管理员播音员

221 播音指导

222 主任播音员

223 一级播音员

224 二级播音员

225 三级播音员

卫生技术人员（医疗）

231 主任医师

232 副主任医师

233 主治医师

234 医师

235 医士

卫生技术人员（药剂）

241 主任药师

242 副主任药师 243 主管药师

244 药师

245 药士

卫生技术（护理）

251 主任护师

252 副主任护师

253 主管护师

254 护师

255 护士

续表

代

码职务系列名称系列等级名称

卫生技术人员（其他）

261 主任技师

262 副主任技师

263 主管技师

264 技师

265 技士

工艺美术人员

272 高级工艺美术师

273 工艺美术师

274 助理工艺美术师

275 工艺美术员

艺术人员（演员）

281 一级演员

282 二级演员

283 三级演员

284 四级演员艺术人员（演奏员）

291 一级演奏员

292 二级演奏员

293 三级演奏员

294 四级演奏员

艺术人员（编剧）

301 一级编剧

302 二级编剧

303 三级编剧

304 四级编剧

艺术人员（导演）

311 一级导演

312 二级导演

313 三级导演

314 四级导演

艺术人员（指挥）

321 一级指挥

322 二级指挥

323 三级指挥

324 四级指挥

艺术人员（作曲）

331 一级作曲

332 二级作曲

333 三级作曲

334 四级作曲

续表

代

码职务系列名称系列等级名称

艺术人员（美术）

341 一级美术师

342 二级美术师

343 三级美术师

344 美术员

艺术人员（舞美设计）

351 一级舞美设计师

352 二级舞美设计师

353 三级舞美设计师

354 舞美设计员

艺术人员（舞台设计）

362 主任舞台技师

363 舞台技师

364 舞台技术员

体育教练

372 主教练

373 教练

374 助理教练

海关专业人员

382 高级关务监督

383 关务监督

384 助理关务监督

385

监督员

律师

391 一级律师

392 二级律师

393 三级律师

394 四级律师

395 律师助理

公证员

401 一级公证员

402 二级公证员

403 三级公证员

404 四级公证员

405 公证员助理

小学教师

413 小学高级教师

414 小学一级教师

415 小学二级教师

416 小学三级教师

续表

代

码职务系列名称系列等级名称

船舶技术人员（驾驶）

422 高级船长

423 船长（大副）

424 二副

425 三副

船舶技术人员（轮机）

432 高级轮机长

433 轮机长（大管轮）

434 二管轮

435 三管轮

船舶技术人员（电机）

442 高级电机员

443 通用电机员（一等电机员）

444 二等电机员

船舶技术人员（报务）

452 高级报务员

453 通用报务员（一等报务员）

454 二等报务员

455 限用报务员

民用航空飞行技术人员（驾驶）

462 一级飞行员

463 二级飞行员

464 三级飞行员

465 四级飞行员

民用航空飞行技术人员（领航）

472 一级领航员

473 二级领航员

474 三级领航员

475 四级领航员

民用航空飞行技术人员（通信）

482 一级飞行通信员

483 二级飞行通信员

484 三级飞行通信员

485 四级飞行通信员

民用航空飞行技术人员（机械）

492 一级飞行机械员

493 二级飞行机械员

494 三级飞行机械员

495 四级飞行机械员

2.护士职称等级篇二

职业倦怠是指由职业压力引起的心身极度疲惫为标志的综合反应,主要特征是对服务对象的冷漠和不负责任,情绪和身体的衰竭感以及各种各样的身心症状[1]。护士作为与身心失衡的患者最频繁接触的群体,既要承担临床处置的高风险职责,又要遵循弱势患者的需求规律,无疑是职业倦怠的高发人群。

目的:探讨护士职业倦态与心理健康的关系。方法:对本院82名中初级职称护士的工作压力评分,职业倦态、护士心理健康水平、社会支持等方面进行问卷调查。结论:工作压力评分:护师高于护士,主管护师高于护师;情感耗竭和个人成就感得分与国外护士常模比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);不同职称护士的职业倦怠水平在3个维度上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);中初级护士工作压力情况比较SCL290评定的各项因子分及总分与中国常模比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);个人成就感与客观支持、主观支持及社会支持总分呈正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

我院的内外科、急诊及儿科的在职护士,包括人事局编制内及长期合同(3年以上)的护士。对所有符合标准的护士按职称进行分层抽样,得到的样本为82名护士,其中主管护师22名、护师42名、护士18名。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 调查方法

问卷调查采用不记名的方式,以科室为单位,由副主任护师实施调查,采用统一的指导语,问卷当场填写并收回。

1.2.2 调查工具

(1)一般情况调查表:包括年龄、学历、工作年限、所在科室以及4个自编问题,内容包括工作紧张感、工作满意感、工作负荷以及领导支持的态度,条目采用Likert5级计分法,从“很同意”到“很不同意”共分5个等级,依次为5~1分。(2)中初级护士工作压力及压力源情况调查表。(3)护士职业倦怠调查表:该量表由Maslach等[3]于1986年编制,包括3个分量表,即情感耗竭分量表、去人格化分量表和个人成就感分量表。情感耗竭和去人格化得分越高,表明倦怠程度越强;个人成就感得分越高,表明倦怠程度越弱。(4)社会支持评定量表[4],包括主观支持、客观支持和社会支持3个维度,3个维度得分之和为社会支持总分。

2 结果

2.1 中初级护士工作压力情况

2.2 不同职称间护士的职业倦怠水平(表2)

2.3 护士职业倦怠与社会支持的相关性

护士情感耗竭与社会支持利用度呈负相关,去人格化与社会支持总分呈负相关,个人成就感与客观支持、主观支持及社会支持总分呈正相关。

a:P<0.05;b:P<0.01

3 讨论

3.1 护士的职业倦怠现状

由于护士的日常工作压力较大,她们成为职业倦怠的高发人群[4],她们在日常的生活中常伴有不规律的生活,周围工作环境的压力感较大,工作强度高,有很多的护士感觉不到工作的成就感,在这一点上,她们远远不如国外的护士,我们针对这一情况,做出了具体的分析:第一,国外的护理制度体系较为完善,她们的工作福利、社会地位及薪酬待遇都要比国内的护士要好,也就不容易产生情感耗竭感,同时由于国外的护理教育做的比较到位,她们在入职之前都接受了较为系统的培训,因此,工作难度相对降低,这一点,是国内的护士无法比拟的;第二,护理工作是一种高强度的工作,容易导致情感耗竭,它需要一个人全身心的投入工作,这就必须需要家人的配合和支持,但不是每一个人都具有这样有利的条件,再加上我们社会对护理工作及贡献度认可较低,这就导致家人和朋友很难全面的关心护士的工作和生活,导致了护士的现状很难得到改善。

3.2 对策

3.2.1 强化以人为本的管理,提高工作满意度

加强人文关怀,重视提高护理人员待遇,定期调查了解护理人员工作情况,根据工作量及时调整各级各专业工作时间和内容,并保证护理人员数量、结构及素质能够与工作量需要相适应[5]。

3.2.2 加强对初级职称护理人员的培训

加强业务能力的培训,鼓励年轻护士参加不同形式的继续护理学教育,提高自身素质,以应对不断发展的护理事业。

摘要：职业倦怠是指由职业压力引起的心身极度疲惫为标志的综合反应,护士作为与身心失衡的患者最频繁接触的群体,本文主要是探讨护士职业倦态与心理健康的关系。

关键词：职业倦怠,心理健康,工作压力

参考文献

[1]朱忠琴,王君俏.ICU护士工作压力及其影响因素和应对措施的研究进展[J].解放军护理杂志,2008,25,(8A):43-44.

[2]李小妹,刘彦君.护士工作压力源及工作疲溃感的调查研究[J].中华护理杂志,2000,35,(11):645-649.

[3]Payn E,Nicola BM.Occupational ressors and coping as determinants ofburnout in female nurses[J].Journal of Advanced Nursing,2001,33,(3):39-62.

[4]陆扬.护士工作压力源与职业倦怠研究进展[J].上海护理,2008,8,(3):52-53.

3.各阶段学校教师职称等级详情篇三

教师职称等级

小学：小教

二、小教

一、小教高（中级）中学：中

三、中

二、中一（中级）、中教高（高级）大学：助教、讲师（中级）、副教授（副高）、教授（正高）在大学有助教、讲师、副教授、教授等职称；

中学里有：正教授级高级教师、高级教师（相当于副教授）、中学一级、中学二级；小学里有：小教超高、小学高级（相当于中学一级）、小学一级（相当于中学二级）、小教二级。

根据［2007］9号文件规定，对已取得专业技术资格，后因工作变动转换了专业技术职务系列的人员，须在现专业技术岗位工作满一年，才能按现岗位资格条件规定评审同档次的专业技术资格（俗称“同级转换”）；按现岗位申报比转换系列前高一档次的专业技术资格的，在现岗位专业技术工作时间至少须满两年，资历可按变动专业技术工作前后实际从事相应档次专业技术工作的年限累加计算。目前，大学本科毕业要多久才能评？

教师评职称请联系论文斧正老师扣号 1550116010 等你咨询详情事宜。认真办事情，诚挚在此，加好友咨询吧。四类：

中学二级教师中学一级教师中学高级教师中学特级教师

中教三级——大学刚毕业一年见习期内。中教二级——工作一年后自动转。

中教一级（中级职称）——工作5年后有资格参评，未满5年可走破格。

中教高级（高级职称，相当于副教授）——评一级后4年有资格参评，未满4年可走破格。特级教师——荣誉职称。具体时间不好说，得具体情况具体分析。

4.护士职称等级篇四

各部门：

根据人力资源和社会保障部办公厅《关于2012专业技术人员资格考试计划及有关问题的通知》（人社厅函〔2011〕502号）安排，2012全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试将于2012年3月31日举行，我市职称古汉语（四部经典）考试同日举行。现将考试工作安排及有关问题通知如下：

一、报名方式和时间

（一）职称外语和古汉语考试

报名时间：2011年12月1日—7日

报名方式：采取网络报名的方式进行。

网址：http://zcwy.tjpnet.gov.cn

具体办法及有关事宜可通过上述网址查询。

(二)四部经典考试

报名时间：2011年12月20日— 21日

报名方式：采取现场报名的方式进行。

报名地点：天津市医学考试中心（河西区佟楼佟卫里19号二楼办事大厅）有关事宜及报名表格可登陆天津卫生人才网.cn查询下载。

二、收费标准

全国职称外语等级统一考试和我市职称古汉语（四部经典）考试收费按照市物价局、市财政局核准的标准执行。

请接此通知后及时将有关要求通知报考人员。

5.全国职称英语等级考试试卷及答案篇五

Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they

had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there

are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease

in death rates, not an increase in birth rates, that has led to the

population explosion.

Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency (依赖) load.

In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to

work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In

hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up

might be left behind to die. In times of famine (饥荒), infants might

be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents

starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another

child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation

to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great

many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or

are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire

at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for

their retirement, somebody else must support them. I the United

States many retired people love on social security checks which are

so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more

illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or

private or government insurance, they must often #39;#39;go on welfare#39;#39; if

they have a serious illness.

When older people become senile (年老的) or too weak and ill to care

for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the

past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at

home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working

or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick

or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and

convalescent hospitals (康复医院) have been built. These are often

profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious

and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions are

good, most of them are simply #39;#39;dumping grounds#39;#39; for the dying in

which #39;#39;care#39;#39; is given by poorly paid, overworked and underskilled

personnel.

26. The author believes that the population explosion has resulted

from

A) an increase in birth rates.

B) the industrial development.

C) a decrease in death rates.

D) human beings#39;#39; cultural advances.

27. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering

cultures

A) it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.

B) the survival of infants was less important than that of their

parents in times of starvation.

C)old people lived on social security checks.

D) the survival of infants was more important than that of their

parents in times of starvation.

28. According to the passage, which of the following statements about

the old people in the

United States is TRUE?

A) Many of them have a hard life.

B) They can live a decent life even without enough bank savings.

C) They rely mainly on their children for financial support.

D) Most of them live with their children and therefore are well

looked after.

29. In paragraph three, the phrase #39;#39;this need#39;#39; refers to the need

A) to prolong the dying old people#39;#39;s lives.

B) to enrich the life of the retired people.

C) to build profit-making nursing homes.

D) to take care of sick or weak people.

30. Which of the following best describes the author#39;#39;s attitude

toward most of the nursing

homes and convalescent hospitals?

A) Sympathetic. B) Unfriendly. C)Optimistic. D)Critical.

第三篇 Television: First Digital Broadcasts Are Transmitted

The age of digital television kicked off on November 1, , ac

about 40 TV stations around the United States aired the first digital

broadcasts. Few people were able to experience the new technology,

however, as high equipment costs and other drawbacks (缺点) have

deterred (阻止) most consumers from purchasing the type of TV sets

needed to receive the broadcasts.

The date was a target set by industry and government officials to

begin moving television from the current analog (模拟）standard to a

digital one. Digital television (also known as high-definition

television, or HDTV) allows stations to broadcast high-resolution

pictures and digital-quality sound, or alternatively to transmit as

many as six different programs in the same amount of broadcast

spectrum currently used by one analog broadcast. Sports events,

feature films, and hit prime-time shows were some of the digital

broadcasts planned by major networks in November.

But because few television stations have installed the expensive

technology, some observers estimate that as few as 100 of the newly

introduced digital television sets had been sold across the country

at the November 1 milestone. Prices for the first HDTV systems on the

market start at about $7000 each, and the sets are not compatible

with cable television systems. Cable-ready digital sets are not

expected to be available until November , according to an

agreement between television manufacturers and the cable industry

that was announced in early November.

A number of stations actually got a jump on the November 1 kickoff

when they aired a live digital broadcast of the launch of the space

shuttle Discovery, which carried 77-year-old astronaut John Glenn, on

October 29.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has mandated (要求) that

the broadcasting industry reach certain milestones as part of the

implementation of digital television. For example, all network

affiliates (分支机构) in the top 10 U.S. markets must introduce

digital broadcasting by May 1, 1999; all affiliates in the top 30

markets must do so by November 1, 1999; and all commercial stations,

by May 1, , at which time stations will the transition to digital

television be completed by the end of , at which time stations

will surrender their analog spectrum. But this date could be extended

if digital television has not penetrated at least 85 percent of the

market.

31. Few people were able to enjoy digital broadcasts on November 1,

1998 because

A) manufacturers of TV equipment had not yet produced enough HDTVs.

B) many TV viewers had gone out to play football.

C) equipment needed to receive the digital signals had been too

expensive.

D) TV stations hadn#39;#39;t installed the digital technology to make

programs.

32 . One of the advantages of digital television is that

A) it will surely attract more television viewers.

B) it can make full use of the current channels.

C) costs of making television programs will be reduced.

D) HDTV systems are completely compatible with cable TV systems.

33. From an agreement between TV manufacturers and the cable

industry, we can infer that

A) cable systems will be separated from HDTV systems.

B) digital television sets will be made compatible with cable

television systems.

C) HDTV stations will help cable TV companies technologically.

D) HDTV stations will support cable TV companies financially.

34. According to the passage, which of the following statements is

true?

A)Digital television technology was actually used in launching the

space shuttle

Columbia.

B) 77-year-old astronaut John Glenn got his first HDTV on October 29.

C) The number of digital TV stations increased dramatically on

November 1.

D) Several digital television stations aired a broadcast of the

launch of Discovery.

35. According to FCC#39;#39;s schedule.

A) all TV stations must introduce digital broadcasting by May 1, 2002.

B) digital systems must penetrate at least 85 percent of the market

by May 1, 1999.

C) the best 10 TV networks must begin digital broadcasting by

November 1, 1999.

D) all TV stations will stop broadcasting analog programs by the end

6.护士职称等级篇六

级）统一考试的说明

2012-05-10

根据《辽宁省授予成人本科毕业生学士学位工作实施办法》（辽学位[2004]2号）、《关于对大连理工大学网络教育学生学位申请等相关问题的批复》（辽学位办[2007]5号）及《大连理工大学学士学位授予工作实施办法》，结合学院具体情况，制定本补充说明，本说明自颁布之日起施行。

一、学院为学生能顺利拿到学位，增加全国专业技术人员职称英语等级（A级）统一考试合格证书作为申请学位的外语条件。此考试由国家人事部组织实施，考试报名时间一般在11、12月开始，考试时间一般在4月，成绩一般在6、7月发布，具体考试、报名、成绩发布及合格证书领取事宜请以当地人事考试中心通知为准。学习中心应配合并积极为学生做好此考试报考等相关工作。

二、申请学位的英语条件

1.学生取得各省英语学位考试合格证书

辽宁省内学习中心学生应于在学期间参加学位英语课程考试，毕业后不能参加考试；其它省份学习中心学生能否毕业后参加学位英语考试，按各省学位办的要求执行。

2.学生取得全国公共英语等级三级合格证书

学生可以参加全国公共英语考试（Public English Test System，简称PETS），学生通过全国英语三级考试取得合格证书（笔试、口试均合格）。

3.学生通过大学英语四级考试

学生参加大学英语四级考试且取得400分以上，满足申请学位的外语条件。

4.学生通过全国专业技术人员职称英语等级（A级）统一考试

学生参加由国家人事部组织实施的全国专业技术人员职称英语A级统一考试并取得合格证书。此考试按当地人事考试中心的相关规定执行。

三、通过上述各种英语考试之日起至申请学士学位之日不得超过五年。

大连理工大学网络教育学院教学部

7.护士职称等级篇七

第一部分阅读理解 (75分)

Passage 1

The 16th century, known as the “Age of Genius”, was a complicated (复杂) and difficult time to live. Many countries fought for the power and riches of the newly discovered Americas. Men introduced new ideas which demanded great changes in older ideas. Despite these problems and possibly because of them, wonderful things were done by the greatest of men.

It is indeed difficult to know why in some periods you find many men of genius while in others you may find few. The “Age of Genius”, however, produced some of the greatest thinkers, painters, authors, and scientists.

In Italy during the High Renaissance (文艺复兴), a period of the “Age of Genius”, three famous painters started their work. They were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Leonardo da Vinci is famous not only for his beautiful paintings but also for his talent in the sciences. One of his best - known painting is the “Mona Lisa.” Michelangelo was also a man of many talents. He was an artist; he wrote poems; he drew plans for buildings; and he worked with other forms of art. His best- known work is the painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome (罗马西斯教堂).

Raphael was known for his painting. He made well-balanced pictures out of many different actions.

1. Another name for the 16th century is the ________.

A. Classical Age

B. Middle Ages

C. “Age of Genius”

D. Age of Renaissance

2. To know why in some periods you find many intelligent men and few in other is __________.

A. an easy thing to do

B. a very difficult thing to do

8.护士职称等级篇八

下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

1 We consume a lot more than we are able to produce.

A waste B buy C use D sell

2 It doesnt stand to reason that he would lie.

A seem logical B look pleasant Cappear obvious D sound important

3 The conference explored the possibility of closer trade links.

A denied B investigated C stressed D created

4 The chemical is deadly to rats but safe to cattle.

A fatal B hateful C good D useful

5 please let me know if any problems arise.

A become B occur C come D find

6 Just before taking off, the pilot once more asked about weather conditions.

A inquired B demanded C requested D required

7 The little girls were commended for their wonderful dance presentation.

A pleased B respected C praised D recommended

8 The current edition of that magazine discusses the ancient civilization of Latin America.

A first B latest C old D special

9 Large areas of Alaskan land remain desolate due to harsh climate.

A barren B immature C inaccessible D parched

10 Fats and sugar are very rich in energy but poor in vitamins and minerals.

A low B bad C little D weak

11 It takes a lot of work to raise children.

A bring up B lift C rise D teach

12 Despite being tired, he kept on studying.

A In spite of B on account of C By way of D By means of

13 Foreign money can be converted into the local currency at this bank.

A altered B changed C bought D sold

14 There straight lines meeting at three points constitute a triangle.

A center on B come down to C consist of D form

15 The immense change of the city astonished every member of the meeting.

9.护士职称等级篇九

PASSAGE 20

Architecture

?Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. The best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

The renaissance brought about an entirely new age, not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture, the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted. They remain dominant until the 20th century.

Many kinds of stone are used as building materials. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and can be expected to endure. Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more adaptable to industrial use.

The complexity of modern life calls for a variety of building. More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings; they spend their income in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and when they are sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics. All theses different types of buildings accumulated experiences needed by their designers.

By the middle of the 20th century, modern architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex social needs. Important characteristics of modern architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. Advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all had important effects.

EXERCISE:

1. Paragraph 2_____________.

2. Paragraph 3_____________.

3. Paragraph 4_____________.