商务英语省译法（精选5篇）
1.商务英语省译法 篇一
商务英语函电的换序译法
翻译技巧中的换序译法,对于商务英语函电的汉英互译起着举足轻重的作用.由于汉语与英语在语法结构上虽然有一定的对应关系,但在语序上却存在着很多差别,尤其是定语与状语的语序.只有尊重两种语言的.习惯,在进行句法分析后重新排序,才能翻译出正确的句子.
作 者：马峥 作者单位：天津对外经济贸易职业学院刊 名：中国校外教育(理论)英文刊名：CHINA AFTER SCHOOL EDUCATION年，卷(期)：“”(10)分类号：H3关键词：商务英语 函电 换序译法
2.商务英语省译法 篇二
一、译成汉语被动句
汉语也有用被动形式来表达的情况, 这一类句子, 都是着重被动的动作, 有些说出了动作的主动者, 有些则不说出动作的主动者。英语被动句译为汉语被动句的时候往往用以下几种方式:
1.‘被……’或‘给……’。
(1) The supreme happiness in life is the conviction that we are loved.
人生至高无上的幸福, 莫过于确信自己被人所爱。
( 2 ) All resistance will be conquered solution:man, once his goal is set, should not shift himself from his resolution of struggling for it.
一切阻力都会被坚决的心所折服。人, 一旦树立了自己的目标, 就不应再动摇为之奋斗的心。
(3) He was dismissed by the manager of the company.
他被 (或:给) 公司经理开除了。
(4) as long as we can keep in mind firmly the continent of hope, the winds and waves will certainly be conquered by us.
只要我们能把希望牢牢地装在心里, 风浪就一定会被我们战胜。
(5) The first survivor was rescued early Wednesday morning, 67 hours after being buried by a landslide on Sunday at an industrial park in Shenzhen.
周三凌晨, 深圳工业园山体滑坡事故首名幸存者被救, 此时距离事故发生已过去了67小时。
(6) Our clothes were soaked with sweat.
我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。
2. (遭) 受。
(1) Last year the city was visited by the worst flood in 30years.
去年这个城市遭受到三十年来最严重的洪水灾害。
(2) seven people were shot yesterday in two apparently unrelated incidents.
昨天七人在两起貌似不相关的事件中遭到枪击。
(3) Chairman Mao was greatly respected by everyone.
毛主席深受大家的尊敬.
(4) I was seized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.
我想到了这座古城在第二次世界大战时得到幸免而现在却要遭到即将来临的暴乱的破坏, 内心感到悲伤.
(5) His foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
他的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持.
3.“为……所”。
(1) The Martian has now been loved by audience.
火星救援为观众们所喜爱。
(2) we were so moved by this song that we couldn't stop listening to it again.
我们为这首歌所深深感动, 以致于我们忍不住又听了一遍。
(3) These views have now been adopted by all students in class six.
这种观点现在已为六班的全体同学所采纳。
(4) The house was destroyed by the bigfire.
房子为大火所毁。
(5) They are intoxicated with sweet words.
他们为花言巧语所陶醉。
(6) The ship was destroyed by the autumn storm.
船为秋风所破。
(7) Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.
社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。
二、译成“把”, “使”和“由”字句
(1) Only if beauty is integrated with modesty can it deserve the name. beauty without modesty is not beautiful but, at most, good-looking.
只有把美丽和谦虚结合, 才配称为美丽。没有谦虚的美丽, 不是美丽, 只是好看。
(2) Thinking is strength. The door of wisdom is to be opened by the key of thinking.
思想就是力量。智慧之门, 要由思索的钥匙打开。
(3) How much trouble in this life is caused by idle talk.
生活中有多少麻烦都是由闲谈引起的。
(4) The industrial park had been practically destroyed by the landslide.
山体滑坡使工业园几乎全部毁灭.
(5) He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even though he had always thought of himself as an ‘independent’.
所有人都把他看作共和党人, 尽管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”。
(6) Rivers are controlled by dams.
拦河坝把河流控制住了。
汉语有一种“是……的”结构, 是一种形式主动, 实际上是不用“被”字的被动句, 着重说明一件事情是如何产生或在何时何地产生的。在翻译英语被动结构的时候, 可以利用这种形式为主动的“是……的”构, 表示被动的实际意义。
This five star hotel was built in 1999 for Macao’s return to the motherland.
这家五星级酒店是为迎接澳门回归祖国而于1999年建成的。
The growth of wisdom may be gauged accurately by the decline of ill temper.
性情由暴而顺, 表示是智慧的增长。
War is invented by the human mind. The human mind can also invent peace with justice.
战争是人的智慧发明的, 人的智慧亦可发明有正义的和平。
The school is named after a donator who made a contribution of 70 million RMB yuan.
这所学校是以一名出资七千万元人民币的捐赠人的名字命名的。
Those machines have been introduced from France for the newly established company.
那些机器是为新建公司而从法国引进的。
三、译成汉语主动句
英语中被动结构的句子译成汉语主动句可以有几种不同情况:
1.原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语。
(1) It should have been obvious that the project would have to be completed.
本来就很明显, 这项工程得完成。
(2) Art was created to uplift the mind and the spirit.
艺术创作旨在陶冶情操。
(3) With the outbreak of the war, flights were stepped up.
随着战争的爆发, 飞行任务日益增加。
(4) If the technology and techniques are really advanced, cooperation can be prolonged.
如果技术确实先进, 合作期限可以延长。
(5) New high-tech achievements have been applied to agricultural production.
高新科技的成果已应用于农业生产。
2.原文中的主语在译文中作宾语。
(1) The students were seen reciting the new words and phrases.
有人看见学生们在背新单词和短语。
(2) A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose.
已经为那桩事拨了一大笔款项。
(3) A plan was needed to strike the enemy right where he lived.
必须有一个袭击敌人所在地的计划。
(4) We are loved not because we are good. We are good because we are loved.
别人爱我们, 并不是因为我们善良。而因为别人惠爱, 我们就善良了。
(5) Life can only be understood backward, but it must be lived forward.
回顾过去方能了解人生, 展望未来方不虚度人生。
(6) To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise.
要发展经济应当组织使用各种各样的人才。对那些真正有本事的人, 在工资级别上可以破格提高。
3.译成带表语的主动句。
(1) The bus was destined for railway station.
这辆公交车是去火车站的。
(2) Herfirst twenty years were spent in western china.
她的前二十年是在中国西部度过的。
(3) Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.
彩虹是阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成的。
(4) Eventually, of course, the plan was abandoned.
当然, 这项计划最终是放弃了的。
(5) But the march could not be stopped with bullets now.
但现在游行已经不是子弹所能阻止得住的了。
(6) The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
4.主语谓语合译。英语的一些动词短语含有名词, 如pay attention to, take care of, make use of, make reference to, take account of等等, 变成被动语态时成了名词作主语的特殊被动语态.译为汉语的时候, 可以把主语和谓语合起来翻译, 译成汉语无主句的谓语。
Use can be made of these materials to write a report on the delegation’s visit to Hongkong.
可以利用这些资料写一份该代表团访问香港的报告。
Care should be taken at all times to protect the computers and other instruments in the lab from dust and damp.
要始终注意保护实验室中的电脑和其他仪器, 勿使其沾上灰尘, 勿使其受潮。
Attention should be paid to sanitation and hygiene by everybody.
要注意清洁卫生。
四、常用被动句型的翻译
以it作为形式主语的英语句子, 在翻译成中文时常要改成主动形式, 有时不加主语, 有时需要加上不确定的主语, 如“有人”, “大家”等。
1.不加主语时。
It is said that... 据说……
It is said that the lummox has loused up their company’s whole business.
据说那个傻大个儿把他们公司的买卖搞得一团糟。
It is estimated that...据估计……
It is estimated that the project will last four years.
据估计, 这项工程将持续四年。
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
It must be admitted that computers were often perceived as a threat.
必须承认计算机常被认为是一种威胁。
It will be seen from this that... 由此可见……
It will be seen from this that knowledge can be acquired from books, skills must be learnt through practice.
由此可见, 知识可以从书本中获得, 技能必需通过练习中学到。
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be pointed out that I don’t know why people are so excited about the Double 11.
必须指出我不知道为什么人们对双11如此热切。
It is hoped that...希望……
It is hoped that I really want to be focused on what I’m doing.
希望我只专注于手头之事。
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is stressed that two out of 17 injured people have been discharged from hospital.
据报道17名伤员已出院2人。
It is found that...据发现……
It is found that china’s smog has made masks and air purifiers the hottest of commodities.
据发现中国的雾霾天气使得口罩和空气净化器成了最热销产品。
It has been proved that... 已经证明……
It has been proved that a pessimist sees only the dark side of the clouds, and mopes; a philosopher sees both sides, and shrugs; an optimist doesn’t see the clouds at all-he’s walking on them.
已经证明悲观主义者只看到云黑暗的一面, 抑郁不乐;哲学家看到了两面, 耸耸肩;乐观主义者根本没看见云——他是在腾云驾雾。
It is considered that... 据估计……
It is considered that happiness is the best facelift.
据估计快乐是最好的美容术。
It is well known that... 众所周知……
It is well known that the difference between a smart man and a wise man is that a smart man knows what to say, and a wise man knows whether or not to say it.
众所周知聪明人和智者的区别在于聪明人知道说什么话, 智者知道该不该说那句话。
It may be without fear of exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张地说……
It may be without fear of exaggeration that there are no secrets to success; it is the result of preparation, hard work, learning from failure.
可以毫不夸张地说成功没有秘密, 它是准备, 下苦功, 从失败中汲取教训的结果。
2.加主语时。
It is asserted that... 有人主张……
It is asserted that the best way to finish an unpleasant task is to get started.
有人主张要搞定一件不想干的活儿, 最好的办法是现在就开始做。
It is believed that... 有人相信 (认为) ……
It is believed that he was attracted by her beautiful looks.
有人相信他被她的美貌所吸引。
It will be said that... 有人会说……
It will be said that She should not be judged because of where she’s from. Hip hop is universal, no color lines.
有人会说英雄不问出处, 说唱是全世界的, 并没有种族界限。
It is thought that... 有人认为……
It is thought that a college education should equip one to entertain three things: a friend, an idea and oneself.
有人认为大学教育应让人从三件事上受益:处事, 思考和修身。
It is proposed that... 有人提议……
It is proposed that one must study to know, know to understand, understand to judge.
有人提议学而后知, 知而后明, 明而后断。
It is expected that...人们希望……
It is expected that we can buy inexpensive but useful goods.
人们希望可以买到经济而又实惠的物品。
It is regarded that... 人们认为……
It is regarded that laziness misses opportunities and diligence makes opportunities.
人们认为懒惰坐失良机, 勤劳制造良机。
It is stressed that...人们强调说……
It is stressed that self-control is an instinct of the strong.
人们强调说自我控制是强者的本能。
五、英语名言中含被动语态的句子
Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today.
今日事, 今日毕。
He is not laughed at that laughs at himselffirst.
自嘲者不会让人见笑。
No man is born wise or learned.
没有生而知之者。
Lost time is never found again.
岁月既往, 一去不回。
What may be done at any time will be done at no time.
明日待明日, 明日不再来。
Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen.
读书如择友, 宜少且宜精。
All things are easy that are done willingly.
做事乐意, 诸事容易。
A friend without faults will never be found.
没有十全十美的朋友。
A good beginning is half done.
良好的开端是成功的一半。
Time past can not be called back again.
时间不能倒流。
There is kindness to be found everywhere.
人间处处有温情。
Rome is not built in a day.
冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒。
A tree is known by its fruit. A bird is known by its note and a man by his talk.
闻其歌知其鸟, 听其言知其人。
Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.
世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。
参考文献
[1]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2008.
[2]刘莹莹.用英语介绍中国[M].化学工业出版社.
[3]文秋芳.新标准大学英语[M].外语教学与研究出版社.
[4]高瑞武.Treasury of wit and wisdom[M].译林出版社, 2014.
[5]陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.
[6]陆乃圣.英汉差异与翻译[M].上海:华东化工学院出版社
3.科技英语长句译法探讨 篇三
关键词：科技英语；长句；翻译方法
［中图分类号］ H059
［文献标识码］A
［文章编号］1006-2831(2006)10-0052-3
Abstract: "A Long sentence? a common linguistic phenomenon in the English language,is often used in scientific English in particular. It usually causes people difficulty in understanding and translating. In order to overcome this difficulty, an analysis must, first of all, be made of the structure of a long sentence whose components have to be picked out and fully understood and which can then be translated into Chinese in accordance with the Chinese characteristics and ways of expression.
Key words: scientific English, long sentences,translation skills
1.引言
科技英语作为一种重要的英语文体，与非科技英语文体相比，具有词义多、词性转换多、长句多、被动句多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等特点，这些特点都是由科技文献的内容所决定的。因此，科技英语的翻译也有别于其它英语文体的翻译。在这里，笔者仅对科技英语中所使用的长句的翻译方法作一些探讨。
2.科技英语长句的分析
长句在科技性的英语文体中出现得极为频繁。因此，在翻译长句时，首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。我们要分析句子的基本成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、状语等，抓住主干部分，然后逐次分析各词意思以及相互间的逻辑、语法关系，再进行翻译。其次，要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思，然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系，再按照汉语的特点和表达方式，正确地译出原文的意思，不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一般说来，科技英语长句有如下几个特点：
1）修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长 ；2）并列成分多；3）语言结构层次多；4）常需根据上下文作词义的引申；5）常需根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断；6）习惯搭配和成语经常出现。
在分析科技英语长句时一般可以采用下面的方法：
1）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构；
2）找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词；
3）分析从句和短语的功能，如：是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等。若是状语从句，它是表示时间、原因、结果，还是表示条件，等等；
4）分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，如：定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，等；
5）注意插入语等其它成分；
6）注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析：
（1）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
参考译文 ：行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
分析 ：(1)本句的主语为“behaviorists”，谓语是动词“suggest”，宾语是一个宾语从句，由连词“that”引导。(2)该宾语从句中，主语部分是“the child... responses”，其中“the child”是主语，其后面跟有三个限制性定语从句 ：第一个是由关系代词“who”引导，修饰其前面的先行词“child” ；第二个是由关系副词“where”引导，修饰先行词“environment”；第三个是由关系代词“which”引导，修饰先行词“stimuli”。(3)本句翻译的难点在该句中的宾语从句的主语部分，翻译时我们可根据本句英语原文的意思和汉语表达的习惯先从这三个限制性定语从句入手。句中的“develop”，原意是“发展”，在此根据原文意思可译为“有利于”。此外，句中的整个动词短语“experience greater intellectual development”，根据本句英语原意和汉语表达习惯在此可译为“智力发展到较高的水平”。
（2）Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
参考译文 ：即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我们工作 ：为电冰箱提供动力，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。
分析：这是一个时间状语从句，由关系副词“when”引导。主句中的三个现在分词短语“driving our refrigerators，heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned”在句中均作伴随状语，修饰谓语动词“is working”。分词“driving”，原意为“驾驶”，在此意为“开动或启动”。
3.科技英语长句的译法
科技英语习惯于用长的句子来表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。在科技英语长句的翻译过程中，我们常常可采用下列的方法。
3.1 顺翻法
如果英语长句的叙述层次和逻辑关系与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如：
（1）In this chapter, we shall take a closer look at the structure of a few particularly interesting atoms and molecules in order to see how they are fitted to the use man makes of them.
参考译文：在本章中，我们将更仔细地研究一下几个特别有趣的原子和分子的结构，看一看怎样使它们便于人类利用。
分析 ：句中的介词短语“in order to see...them”在本句中作目的状语，其中“how they are fitted to the use man makes of them”是动词“see”的宾语，由关系副词“how”引导。而该宾语从句中的“man makes of them”是限制性定语从句，其前面省略了关系代词“that或which”，修饰先行词“use”。
（2）Moving around the nucleus are extremely tiny particles, called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus in much the same way as the nine planets do around the sun.
参考译文：围绕着原子核运动的是一些极其微小的粒子，称为电子，这些电子围绕着原子核旋转，正像九大行星围绕着太阳旋转一样。
分析：（1）本句中的“Moving around the nucleus”为动名词短语，在句中作主语 ；（2）本句的表语部分当中，“which revolve...around the sun”为非限制性定语从句，由关系代词“which”引导，修饰先行词“electrons”。
3.2 倒译法
英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同， 甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译，如 ：位于主句之后的状语从句、主语从句等，翻译时往往要按照汉语表达的习惯放在主句之前。例如：
（1）A material which has the property of elasticity will return to its original size and shape when the forces producing strain are removed.
参考译文 ：如果把产生应变的力去掉，具有弹性的材料就会恢复到它原来的体积和形状。
分析：（1）该句是一个时间状语从句，由关系副词“when”引导 ；（2）主句当中，“A material”是主语，“which has the property of elasticity”为限制性定语从句，由关系代词“which”引导，修饰先行词“A material”，因此可译为“具有弹性的材料”。而从句中的现在分词短语“producing strain”在这里作定语，修饰“the forces”。
（2）Matter that transmits sound possesses the property of elasticity — this is, when its molecules are moved apart by a force, the molecules return to their original position after the force is removed.
参考译文 ：传播声音的物质具有弹性，也就是说，当物质的分子受力时分开，力消失后，分子又回到原来的位置。
分析：（1）破折号后面是解释，“this is”是插入语，意思是“也就是说”，其后面跟了一个时间状语从句，由关系副词“when”引导。句中的动词“removed”在这里根据汉语表达习惯可译为“消失”。
3.3 分译法
有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句中的从句或短语分别译成独立句子，分开来叙述，并且为了使语意连贯，层次清楚，有时需要适当增加词语。例如：
（1）The loads a structure is subjected are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc.
参考译文：一个结构物受到的荷载可以分为静载和动载两种。静载包括该结构物各部分的重量 ；动载是由人、可移动的设备等等的重量所引起的。
分析 ：（1）本句有两个并列的宾语：一个是“dead loads, which include...structure”，其中“which include...the structure”为非限制性定语从句，先行词“dead loads”在此可译为“静载”。另一个宾语是“live loads, ... equipment, etc.”，其中“which are due...equipment, etc.” 是非限制性定语从句，先行词“live loads”在这里可译为“动载”。
（2）What emerged from this realization was a new method of planning and development in which designers learned that they first had to identify the purpose and performance expectations before they could develop all the parts that made up the system as a whole.
参考译文 ：在这一认识的基础上产生了一种计划与开发的新方法。该方法使设计人员明白必须确定该系统的目的和预期功效，然后才可以发展组成整个系统的各个部门。
分析 ：（1）本句的主语是“What emerged from this realization”，是一个主语从句；（2）表语部分当中，“in which designers...as a whole”为限制性定语从句。在这个限制性定语从句中还含有一个宾语从句“that they first...as a whole”，由连词“that”引导，作动词“learned”的宾语。而在这个宾语从句当中又有一个时间状语从句，由连词“before”引导，其中从句中的“that made up the system as a whole”意思是“组成整个系统的”。
3.4 综合法
上面我们讲述了英语长句的顺翻法、倒译法和分译法。事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下，一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们仔细分析，或按照时间的先后、或按照逻辑顺序、顺逆结合、主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如：
（1）People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
参考译文 ：人们不敢出门，因为尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但他们也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
分析：这是一个由连词“for”引导的并列句，后半句当中含有一个让步状语从句，由连词“although”引导。句中的介词短语“in case of emergency”，可译为“遇到紧急情况时”。
（2）Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
参考译文：对于现代科技书籍，特别是教科书来说，要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话，那么就需要每隔较短的时间，将书中的内容重新修改。
分析：这是一个条件状语从句，由连词“if”引导。从句中的动词不定式短语“to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries”，在此作动词“wish”的宾语。
4.结束语
以上介绍的是一些对科技英语文献中出现的长句进行翻译时所采用的翻译方法。然而，随着科学技术的飞速发展，各种新学科、新领域应运而生，科技新词汇大量涌现，这就使得科技英语文献翻译的难度变得越来越大。因此，一方面我们必须不断地学习并掌握科技英语文献的翻译技巧，另一方面也要不断地提高自己的英语水平和汉语水平，并且还要努力拓宽自己的知识面，提高自身素质，做到英文好、中文好、专业知识丰富，这样才能使我们的科技英语文献的翻译水平得到不断的提高。
参考文献
范武邱. 实用科技英语翻译讲评. 外文出版社，2001（1）.
秦荻辉. 实用科技英语语法精华. 西安电子科技大学出版社，2001（4）.
王运. 实用科技英语翻译技巧. 科学技术文献出版社，1992（5）.
4.考研英语翻译重点之反译法 篇四
中国大学网考研：一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。
1)否定译成肯定。
Eg：
I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次经过那家剧院，我都会想起他的最后一次演出。
Eg：
Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。(双重否定)
2)肯定译成否定。
Eg：
Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.人人有不挨饿的权利。
Eg：
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗、投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕种方式继续下去了。
Eg：
The target is wrong， for in attacking the tests， critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
定语从句翻译法
1)合译法：把定语从句放在被修饰的词语之前，从而将英语复合句翻译成汉语单句。
Eg：
Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.国会公布了关于接受美国援助的105个国家的****情况调查报告。
2)分译法：根据定语从句的不同情况，我们可以将其翻译成并列分句、其它从句或独立句等。
Eg：
Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.任何人如果停止吸取新知识，就肯定会落后。(译为条件状语从句)
The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.罢工会使远洋航船不能靠岸，因为他们需要拖船的帮助。(译成原因状语从句)
A geological prospecting engineer who had made a spectral analysis of ores discovered a new open-cut coalmine.一位地质勘探工程师对光谱进行了分析之后，发现了新的`露天煤矿。(译为时间状语结构)
The delivery of public services has tended to be an area where we decorate an obsolete process with technology.公共服务的提供方式已趋陈旧，这正是我们必须采用技术加以装备的领域。(译为并列分句)
We now live in a very new economy， a service economy， where relationships are becoming more important than physical products.现在我们正生活于一种全新的经济，即服务性经济中，各种关系越来越比物质产品更为重要。(译为并列分句)
主语从句翻译法
1)以that， what， who， where， whatever等代词引导的主语从句，可以将从句翻译成“的”字结构。
Eg：It is important that science and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible.重要的是要把科学技术搞上去。
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。(主语从句与主句合译成简单句，按顺序译出)
2)也可以译成“主-谓-宾”结构，从句本身做句子的主语，其余部分按原文顺序译出。
Eg：
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
3)分译法：把原来的状语从句从整体结构中分离出来，译成另一个相对独立得单句。
Eg：
It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。(It是形式主语，that this situation is a threat to international security是真正的宾语)
宾语从句翻译法
由that, what, how, where等词引导的宾语从句一般按照原文顺序翻译，即顺译法。
Eg：
Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged.科学家们有理由认为人可以忍受远超过0.1雷姆的辐射而不受伤害。
Eg：
We wish to inform you that we specialize in the export of Chinese textiles and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.我公司专门办理中国纺织品出口业务，并愿在平等互利的基础上同贵公司建立业务关系。
5.医学英语中常见的被动语态译法 篇五
关键词：医学英语;被动语态;翻译方法;被动句
随着国际学术交流的日益广泛，医学英语已经受到越来越多的重视。了解医学英语在词汇、语法结构上的特点，掌握一些医学英语的翻译技巧非常必要。医学本身科目繁多，且分科极细，各分科的词汇专业性极强，对医学英语的翻译相应要求很高。翻译好一篇医学文章，首先应了解医学英语语言的特点。医学英语既有公共英语的词汇及语法现象，也有其独特的表达及用法，这就要求译者具备扎实的语言基础和医学专业基础知识。译者在熟练掌握公共英语的词汇及语法现象的基础上，应尽可能多地了解并掌握医学术语。医学英语中，我们经常可以见到被动语态的句子。被动语态的运用可以增强论文的客观性，避免作者的主观性。例如：
Marijuana （Cannabis Sativa） is one of mans oldest and most widely used drugs. It has been consumed in various ways as long as medical history has been recorded and is currently used throughout the world by hundreds of millions of people. A fairly consistent picture of short-term effects on users is presented in many publications.
译文：大麻是使用最广泛、时间最长的一种毒品。自有医学史以来，就有使用大麻的记载，并经全世界数以万计的人使用。许多出版物均报道大麻对毒品使用者常出现短期效应。
许多学生和医院的朋友反映这类句子翻译成汉语时存在困难。经过笔者多年的细心研究，发现医学英语被动语态的翻译可归纳为以下几点：
一、译成汉语的主动句
医学英语被动结构的句子，译成汉语的主动句，可以有下列几种情况。
1.原文中的主语仍做主语
If it is duodenal ulcer， the pain will be relieved by eating.
如果是十二指肠溃疡的话，进食后疼痛就会消失。
Urine is formed in the kidneys.
尿在肾中形成。
2.原文中的主语在译文中做宾语
The patient remained conscious while he was being operated on.
在给病人做手术时，其一切都是清醒的。
The patient was asked to have an X-ray taken.
（医生）要病人照X光。
3.译成带表语的主动句
There is bacitracin， which was discovered by two scientists at Columbia Universitys College of physicians and surgeons.
杆菌肽是哥伦比亚大学医学院的两位科学家发现的。
Mould， which was found accidentally by Dr. Alexander Fleming， could kill some germs.
霉菌能杀死某些细菌，它是亚历山大·弗莱明偶然发现的。
二、译成汉语的被动句
汉语也有用被动形式来表达的情况，这一类句子都是着重强调被动的动作，有时说出了动作的发出者，有时不说。
1.“被”“给”
Acidity of the mouth is looked upon as an important cause of tooth decay.
口腔中的酸度被看作是龋齿的一个重要原因。
When this kind of antibiotic is used， it should be given in large doses.
在使用这种抗菌素时，应给予大剂量。
The system of blood， blood vessels， and the heart is termed the circulatory system.
血液系统，血管以及心脏被称为循环系统。
2.“（遭）受……”
The kidneys are protected by the ribs and their cartilages.
肾脏受到肋骨及其它软骨的保护。
Organ transplants are limited by rejection problems.
器官移植受到排异问题的限制。
3.“为（被）……所……”
Helpful bacteria are made use of by man.
有益的细菌为人类所利用。
His theory on anatomy and surgery has been proved by the medical world.
他的解剖学、外科学的理论已被医学界所证实。
The new methods have been adopted by the other hospitals.
这些新疗法已被其它医院所采用。
三、有人称句，无人称句的翻译
有一类以“it”为形式主语的句子，在译文中需改成主动形式，有时不加主语，称为无人称句;有时则加上不确定的主语，如“人们”“大家”“我们”等，称为有人称句。
1.无人称句
It should be said that the situation is basically sound.
应该说，情况基本上是健康的。
It has been proved that the bodys response to a stimulus is controlled by the brain and the spinal cord.
已证明，人体对刺激的反应受大脑和脊髓的控制。
2.有人称句
It is known that a sponge or a bed bath is usually given to a patient confined to bed.
大家知道，海绵擦浴通常用于卧床病人。
It was declared that the new medicine was effective to cancer.
人们宣称这种药对治疗癌症有效。
四、被动语态译成含有“把”，“使”，“由”的汉语句子
The blood of poisons is cleaned by the artificial kidney.
人工肾把血液中的有毒物质清除掉。
His pain has been completely relieved by acupuncture.
针灸使他的疼痛完全消失。
The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones.
人的骨骼由206块骨头组成。
五、带有情态动词的被动结构，多译成汉语的主动句
A skin test must be made before injection.
注射前必须先做皮试。
The medical instruments must be handled with great care.
这些医疗器械的操作要非常小心。
六、主动句表示被动意义
1.在及物动词need，want，require等词之后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
The case requires consulting with the other doctors.
此病例需要与其他医生会诊。
The instruments want sterilizing.
这些器械要消毒了。
2.某些形容词之后，用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
Germs are too small to see without a microscope.
细菌太小，不用显微镜就看不见。
3.在形容词worth之后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
According to the age of the patient， the operation is worth performing.
从病人的年龄上看，手术值得一做。
4.有些介词短语表示被动意义
He has been kept under observation for a period of time.
他被留下观察一段时间。
Some patients are having an intravenous drip; some are under medical examination.
有些病人在做静脉滴注，有的在接受治疗检查。
5.get+过去分词，表示被动意义
He got wounded in the battle.
他在战斗中受伤。
众所周知，任何医学文献决不是简单的单词与短句的堆积，更不是生搬硬套，而是按一定的规律与习惯组织起来的文章。因此，掌握必要的专业词汇是前提。在掌握一定英文词汇的基础上，熟悉医学文献的表述方式和基本内容，尽可能采用专业术语表达意思，这样才能做好医学文章的英语翻译。
参考文献：
[1]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002.