如何减少英语考试中的失分(人教版高考复习)(精选4篇)
1.如何减少英语考试中的失分(人教版高考复习) 篇一
[摘要] 阅读,作为语言学习的主要输入方式,在听、说、读、写四项技能中占有很重要的地位。在国内外各种语言测试中,阅读所占的比例很大,阅读能力的高低是检验学习者语言水平的主要标准之一。英语阅读能力的培养是英语语言技能教学目标中的一个很重要的组成部分,英语阅读课教学在英语教学中占有重要地位,具有培养学生阅读技巧及提升阅读能力的作用,本文主要依据任务型教学法的理论、原则、《课程标准》及教学实践,探讨如何进行阅读课教学中的有效任务设计,从而提高课堂教学的实效性和完整性。
[关键词] 高中英语阅读教学、任务型教学法、任务设计 有效
中学英语教学存在的诸多问题如:“费时较多,收效较低”(李岚清,), “满堂灌”,“题海战术”,“教师台上谆谆,学生台下昏昏”,一个很直接的原因是教法太单一呆板。教师照本宣科,学生被动应付,机械训练,死记硬背。众所周知,英语教学的目的是培养学生的交际能力,教学活动应该围绕这一宗旨展开。然而受应试教育和传统教育的影响,目前在我国高中英语教学中存在的主要问题是重知识讲解,轻能力培养。这在很大程度上影响了学生语言综合素质的提高。老师讲,学生听,然后完成作业。在这种环境下,学生被动地学习英语,效果不是很理想,也导致了学生在学习过程中发展的片面性。
一、高中英语阅读教学中运用任务型教学模式的依据
(一)教学实践中存在的问题
传统的阅读教学方法,一般来说,过去大多数教师在上阅读课时都采用逐字逐句解释,指出重要的短语,语法知识点,再完成练习册中的题目就算完事。或者先通过预习,再讲解,口笔训练,背诵等,这种教法固然能使学生学到语言知识及语法,也能基本应付考试。但从发展的观点看,对学生的理解能力、自学能力的培养有很大的局限。由于方法上过于呆板、枯燥,难以激发学生的兴趣,不能引导学生探讨全文的主题,思想含义等深层次问题。
目前,绝大多数教师一般采用提问的形式来进行阅读教学,通过设问,解答和指导等教学环节,把传统的课堂教学从教师向学生传递信息的单向交流变成师生之间的双向互动交流。但是,如果问答式教学贯穿整个阅读教学过程就会导致以下一些问题:1.控制性教学活动过多,导致学生忙于应付回答问题,不利于培养思维能力。2.教师提出的问题大多数只能停留在对阅读文章的表层理解上;而且经常是让学生在回答问题时捧着课本念,其实这样做的后果是使学生养成一种不良习惯,久而久之造成学生无法真正开口说英语,捧着课本回答问题,看似在回答问题,答案也基本正确,但只能说是朗读。因为在实际生活中,回答问题时不会看着文本念。还有,尽管花了一定的时间去寻找答案,但并没有经过自己的大脑加工,而常常是把包含答案的整个答案念出来而已。这种回答并不完全符合问题的要求。在公开课上,授课教师为了赶时间,不耽误上课进度,常常就做出了越俎代庖的事情。3.参与问答活动的人数少,只能在几个学生的范围内进行,大部分学生则处于被动接受的状态。4.从平常相互听课及教研交流中发现,阅读课教学中教师仍然把大部分时间与精力集中在语言知识的讲解上,忽略学生的综合语言运用能力的培养。在教学方法上,绝大部分教师是把语法和词汇同课文分离。
(二)《英语课程标准》对高中英语教学的要求
教育部7月制定的《英语课程标准》对英语教学的目的强调如下:“从学生的学习兴趣,生活经验和认识水平出发,倡导体验、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径,发展学生的综合运用能力。”“在英语教学策略方面应该避免单纯传授语言知识的教学方法,尽量采用任务型的教学途径”(教育部,)。在这种教学模式中,要求教师根据课程的总体目标和教学内容,创造性的设计任务,以吸引和组织学生积极参与,调动学生通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作等多种形式,达到学习、掌握和运用语言的目的。
二、任务型教学法的含义及理论依据
任务型教学法是交际教学法的一种发展形态,它以语言学习和建构主义为理论基础,强调学习者在真实和模拟真实的情景中运用目标语做事情,从而获得语言的实际运用能力。美国的杜威以实用主义的认识能力作为教育理论基础,提出了“学生中心、从做中学”的教育模式。他主张教育的中心应从教师和教科书转到学生,教学应引导学生在各种活动中学习。语言家Herbert H. Clark说:“Language is used for doing things.”学习语言既不是背诵孤立的单词,也不是熟记脱离语境的句子,更不是记忆枯燥乏味的语法规则,而应当教会学生使用适当的语言把要求的事情做好。
任务型语言教学的倡导者认为,掌握语言的最佳途径是让学生做事情,即完成各种任务。在任务型语言教学活动中,学生注意力集中在表达自己的意思,交换信息,这时他们的主要目的是完成一个任务,并想方设法把这个任务完成好,因此,任务型教学法很适合英语阅读课的教学。
三、实施任务型教学法的主要原则
在高中英语阅读教学中,采用任务型教学法,还必须懂得任务型教学的原则。纵观所有的原则,言语、情景真实性原则(The authenticity principle)应该是实施任务型阅读教学法的关键。言语、情景真实性原则涉及两个方面的内容:一是所教语言的材料要尽可能真实;另一个方面是任务的设计要提供给学习者明确,真实的语言信息,使学习在一种自然、真实或模拟真实中体会语言,掌握语言的运用。任务的设计要与学生的实际生活及社会生活结合
起来。由于地域、师资和学习英语的起始时间等因素的影响,城市学校和农村学校、重点中学和普通中学的学生在英语水平方面差异很大。因此在备课过程中,教师如果无视学生的实际英语能力,照搬教师参考书,就可能导致所设计的教学无法开展,任务无法完成。 如:NSEFCSB5 Unit1 pre--reading部分,教材编写者设计了以下任务:Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? Discuss in small groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea. What order would you put them in? 该任务旨在激发学生学习的积极性,为下一步的阅读作铺垫,同时要求学生联系科学实验步骤的知识理解课文。在本校的一次同课异构公开课上,有一教师用图片引出世界上多位伟大的科学家,然后就让学生完成教材编写者设计的这一任务,结果出现了冷场,无法顺利完成该任务,其原因是学生缺乏相关知识,未能掌握有关词汇。
四、阅读课教学中的任务设计
在设计阅读任务时,教师要坚持把课文作为一个整体来教的原则。阅读前,教师可根据课文标题、图片、多媒体设计任务,引导学生对课文内容进行预测。阅读中的任务设计应紧扣中心思想,关注主要信息,不苛求对字句的理解;阅读后的任务要有利于培养学生的语言输出能力。依据这一思路,课文教学可以分以下三个主要部分:Pre-reading, While-reading, Post-reading.
(一) 阅读前的任务(Pre-reading Task):导入话题,激活背景知识,导入新课,根据课文标题、图片、多媒体预测课文的主要内容和框架结构。设计导入活动时,教师要从阅读材料的内容着手,特别关注学生兴趣。
以NSEFCSB5 Unit1中的Reading部分John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”为例
Activity1: Lead-in
教师向学生展示有关Madame Curie、Doctor Yuan Longping、Stephen Hawking、Doctor Zhong Nanshan和 Doctor John Snow的图片资料,请学生谈论图片内容,并向学生提出以下问题,引出单元话题:Great Scientists。
T: All the people I have mentioned have make great contributions to the world .What are they famous for ? / What are their achievements ?
Activity2: Discussion让学生讨论以下问题。
1. Madame Curie is the woman scientist who has been given the Nobel Prize twice. What has she devoted herself to ?
2. Can you use some adjectives to describe Madame Curie?
3. Why do you draw such a conclusion?
这些问题层层递进,学生在结合图片思考问题的过程中,其思维能力和语言表达能力也会得到相应的提高。
利用课文中两幅插图对课文内容进行预测。第一幅John Snow 的照片;第二幅是John Snow 在实地调查霍乱病因的过程中所绘制的一副地图。在学生看了图片之后,教师提出问题:
T: What is the text about by looking at the two pictures?
S: I can guess that the reading is about how a doctor called John Snow defeats the illness of King Cholera.
T: Ok. Now work together and write down what you think each part of the text will be about.
第一个问题对课文内容进行预测,第二个问题对课文的篇章结构进行了预测。
(二) 阅读中的任务设计(While-reading tasks)
阅读中的任务设计应紧扣中心思想,关注主要信息,不苛求对字句的理解。在这一教学过程中,教师应善于利用信息转换手段,设计有效的任务和活动,以完整的视觉表象形式将课文的主要内容,人物和事件,故事的发展过程和场景等生动、清晰地呈现给学生。在这一学习阶段中,学生需要回答的问题是:What does the author say in the text?教师可以设计一些预测课文内容的任务,鼓励学生灵活运用Skinning和Scanning等阅读策略,迅速捕获文章中的主要信息或事实,并验证阅读之前做出的预测。
以NSEFCSB4 Unit2 A Pioneer For All People为例:
Activity1:以播放录音的形式呈现课文,整体呈现后,让学生讨论以下问题,并引导学
生利用略读(Scanning)技巧快速找到答案,验证读前活动的预测。
1. Who is the pioneer for all people ?
2. What is his great contribution to the world ?
Activity2: Detailed–reading and answer the following questions:
1. When was he born?
2. What does Dr Yuan look like?
3. What has been his life goal?
4. Why did he have such a life goal?
5. What is he doing now?
6. What is the result of his research?
Activity3:让学生有感情地朗读课文的部分段落(paragraph14)。读第一段时,应读出欣赏和感激的语气,以表示对袁博士为战胜世界饥饿所作出的巨大贡献的赞美和由衷的敬佩之情。读第四段时,应语言高亢,富有一定的感染力,从而让听众为之振奋,更为袁博士孜孜不倦,为人类的粮食事业鞠躬尽瘁的精神所深深震撼。
(三) 阅读后的任务设计(Post-reading tasks)
阅读后的任务要求对文章主要内容做出鉴定和判断。这种任务有助于培养学生的创造性思维和加深学生对文章的理解和分析能力。
Activity1:识别文章功能及作者的写作风格
识别文章功能是引导学生进行评价性阅读(critical reading)的第一步。如果不了解阅读材料的功能,学生很容易对文章的内容产生歧义或误解。如完成“A Pioneer For All People”后,让学生明白“What is the function of the reading passage?”
Activity2:组织讨论
语言教学在传授知识的同时,也肩负着思想教育的功能。因此,教师要善于挖掘教材中丰富的文化信息和思想内容,组织学生开展小组讨论“What can we do to help rid the world of hunger?”讨论结束后,各组选派代表向全班同学陈述本组观点。
Activity3:课后延伸
写一篇演讲稿,号召人们树立“爱护粮食,珍惜粮食,从我做起”的意识,内容包括以下要点:
1.民以食为天。粮食对人类的生存具有无可替代的重要性。
2.指出其中存在的世界粮食问题及原因。
3.号召大家在日常生活中爱护粮食,珍惜粮食。
4.文章要有感染力。
5.词数100左右。
五、反思
(一) 在高中英语阅读教学中,采用任务型阅读教学模式时,教师要依据教学目标和课文内容,利用信息转换手段,创造性地设计贴近学生生活实际的教学任务,吸引和组织他们积极参与阅读活动,让学生通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作方式理解阅读材料,获取课文的主要信息,提高其语篇分析能力,使阅读教学更加突出学生的主体性和语言学习的交互性,在整个阅读教学中,给予学生充分的语言表达机会。
(二) 了解中西外语学习文化差异。我国外语教学,尤其是中学阶段的外语教学,一直是以教师为主导,以语言知识为教学重点,以阅读为主要学习途径,以扩大词汇量为主要教学目标,形成了以语言输入为主的外语学习文化。这种外语学习文化的主要特征是以知识为中心,以教师为主导,重教轻学。而西方外语教学理论与实践发展趋势是重视语言交际能力的培养,其表现形式是以学生为中心,以任务为途径,以培养学习者的语言能力为目标。这种学习文化的特征是重视语言的运用和输出的过程,以达到知识转化为技能的目的。因此,在高中英语阅读教学中,采用任务型教学模式时,教师要根据自身的教学理念、知识、能力、性格、气质、风格和思维方式来运用这一教学方法,以达到阅读教学的有效性。
(三) 教师必须以一种理性的态度来对待任务型教学模式,并学会反思和创新。任何一节好的英语课都不是某一种教学方法的结果,而是多种教学法相互协调,相互作用的结果。教师在尝试一种新的教学理念与方法时,必须把它与传统的外语教学的积极经验相结合。如在阅读课教学中,采用任务型阅读教学模式完成了设计的任务后,阅读课中的语言点教学必须采用巩固性练习这一传统教学方式,因为我国学生离开英语课本后,没有很好的语言环境来使用英语,希望通过练习来巩固所学英语。
六、结束语
任务型阅读教学模式也有其自身的局限性。教师应结合自己的实际情况,根据教情、学情及当地的具体情况进行阅读教学,学会反思自己的教学,观察自己的课堂行为,吸收别人的优秀教育理念,教师要继承和发扬原有的有效教学经验,努力使它与任务型阅读教学模式
形成优势互补,通过整合形成自己的个性化的教学模式,从而推动任务型教学校本化的进程。
[参考文献]:
[1]《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准》(实验稿)
[2]葛文山 课文教学中的任务设计[J]中小学外语教学(6)
[3]龚亚夫.罗少茜任务型语言教学[M]北京人民教育出版社
[4]皮连生.教学设计----心理学的原理与技术[M]北京高等教育出版社
[5]胡春洞、王才仁主编.王才仁著《1996英语教学交际论》[M]南宁广西教育出版社
[6]阎婕《高中英语任务型教学的课堂实践》《中小学外语教学》2002--8
[7]鲁子问《任务型教学的课堂教学程序探讨》《中小学外语教学》2002--2
2.如何减少英语考试中的失分(人教版高考复习) 篇二
compare v. 比较,对比
【用法精析】
(1) compared to/with... 和……相比
I’ve had some difficulties, but they were nothing compared to yours.
我遇到了一些困难,但与你的困难比起来就算不上什么了。
My own problems seem insignificant compared with other people’s.
与别人的问题相比,我自己的问题算不得什么。
(2) compare...to... 把……比作
The poet compared the stream to the source of life.
诗人把溪水比作生命之泉。
(3) compare...with... 把……和……比较
I compared the copy with the original, and there wasn’t much difference.
我比较了复印本与原件,不过差别不是很大。
(4) without/beyond compare 无与伦比(compare用作名词)
The loveliness of the scene was beyond compare.
景色之美无与伦比。
【拓展】
(1) comparison n. 比较;对比
(2) by comparison 比较起来;相比之下
(3) by/ in comparison (with sb/sth)(与……)相比较
历届高考试题分析:
________ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. (湖北卷)
A. Compare B. When comparing
C. Comparing D. When compared
【分析】 该题考查状语从句的省略及动词compare的用法。compare可构成compare ... with ... 短语,意为 “把……与……相比较”,该句前面补全为When (it is) compared with the size of the whole earth, 由于主句的主语和从句的主语一致,所以省略了it is,该题的正确答案为D。
现将compare的用法归纳如下:
1. vt. 比较;对照。着重人与人或事物与事物之间的异同,常和介词with连用。
If you compare both of our cars, you will find them very much alike. 如果你对比我们的两辆汽车,你就会发现它们非常相似。
He began comparing himself with the other teammates and found he didn’t practice as hard as them. 他开始将自己和其他的队员们比较,发现不如他们训练得认真。
2. vt. 比喻为;比作。指出两个事物之间的关系或相似之处,常与介词to连用。
Young people are compared to the sun at eight or nine in the morning. 年青人常常被比作早晨 八、九点钟的太阳。
In many poems, we can see that poets compare sleep to death. 在许多诗里面,我们会看到诗人把睡眠比作死亡。
3. vi. 与……相比 / 匹敌。后接介词with。
No one can compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies. 作为悲剧作家,没有人能同莎士比亚相比。
My little house can’t compare with his villa. 我的小房子是无法和他的别墅相比的。
4. n. 比较。不可数,常用于惯用语中。
The view of the little hill is beyond compare. 这小山的景色无与伦比。
The height of the new building is without compare in the world. 这座新大楼的高度在世界上是无与伦比的。
3.如何减少英语考试中的失分(人教版高考复习) 篇三
离高考时间越来越近了,尽管自己不用参加高考,但深感时间的紧迫。回想这学期的工作,自己有许多新的感受与新的发现,同时也让自己清楚地知道教学相长,学无止境。下面我想结合本学期我任教的两个班对自己的教学进行总结与反思,同时也为新学期的工作确立新的目标。
我所任教的两个班一个是文科班,一个是理科班,在这两个班上课的感受是不同的,有时会觉得在文科班轻松上得完的任务而在理科班却上不完。我们知道教学是一个长期摸索的过程,有教就有学,两者相互联系,不可分割,有教者就必然有学者,学生是被教的主体,因此,了解和分析学生情况,是否有针对性地教是教学成功与否的关键。高三的学生大多都有自己的想法,我们只是引导他们去学,帮他们解决疑难问题,最主要的还在于他们自己。对于学生,我们要尊重他们,尤其是对学习成绩差的学生我们要多从其优点去看待他们,并多鼓励他们,让他们看到自己的长处。如果只专心研究书本、教材,脱离了学生,脱离了自己班上的实际情况,一厢情愿地认为学生可以接受,我想作为一个老师,自己觉得上课也会索然无味。在我这两个班中,文科班的学生要活跃些,因此,在课堂上,他们比较积极,愿意与我争论与讨论一些问题,我也尽量让他们开口,不懂的可以课后继续讨论。同时,课后我会主动走近学生,尤其是成绩差些的学生,与他们聊天谈心,增进彼此的了解,促进学习交流,从而更进一步了解了学生学习的状况与心理状况。
一方面,现在两个班的学生英语听、说的能力相对较弱,如果授课采用全英教学,同学们还不能适应。另一方面,2班的同学虽然比较活跃,上课气氛积极,但中等偏差生占较大多数,尖子生相对较少,讲得太深,则没有照顾到整体。由此可以看出,了解及分析学生实际情况,实事求是,具体问题具体分析,做到因材施教,对授课效果有直接影响。这就要求在备教法的同时要备学生。现在我在努力这样做也会继续坚持。
分析了学生后,我想作为老师,都知道备课的重要性。在教学中,备课是一个必不可少,十分重要的环节,备学生,又要备教法。备课不充分或者备得不好,会严重影响课堂气氛和积极性,记得一位优秀的老师曾说过:“备课备不好,倒不如不上课,否则就是白费心机。”我明白到备课的重要性,因此,每天我都花费大量的时间在备课之上,尽管我曾经上过这些课文,但我还是认认真真钻研教材和教法,不满意就不收工。虽然辛苦,但事实证明是值得的。我自己也觉得学到了不少。
一堂准备充分的课,会令学生和老师都获益不浅。如果照本宣科地讲授,学生会感到困难和沉闷。为了上好课,我们要认真研究课文,找出重点,难点,有针对性地讲,让学生听懂。可见,认真备课对教学十分重要。特别是对英语这门学生不甚熟悉并感到困难的外语来说至关重要。备课可以提高自己,同样听课也是提高自身教学能力的一个好方法,对于任何一个老师,多听课一定能够逐渐积累经验,所以对每一次听课的机会我都十分珍惜。听课的主要对象是我们组的优秀老师的课,同时也听其他老师的课。本学期,我尽我所能的去听课,收获很大,逐步掌握了一些驾驭课堂的技巧。听完课之后,把教师们上课时讲到的记在听课记录上,然后对我自己的备课教案进行修改,将他们很多优点和长处应用到我的课堂教学当中去,取得了较好的效果。
因为英语的特殊情况,学生在不断学习中,会出现优中差分化现象,差生面扩大,会严重影响班内的学习风气。在21班和2班,很多学生脑子灵活但比较懒惰,他们不愿意学习,为此,我尽量有耐心地讲解与辅导,与他们多交流与谈心,提高他们的兴趣。
英语是语言。因此,除了课堂效果之外,还需要让学生多读,多讲,多练。为此,在早读时,口语操练时,我充分利用有效时间,发现问题及时纠正。课后发现学生作业问题也及时解决,及时讲清楚,让学生即时消化。另外,对部分不自觉的同学还采取强硬背诵等方式,提高他们的能力。
4.如何减少英语考试中的失分(人教版高考复习) 篇四
英语中动词有谓语和非谓语之分。谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致,而非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词主要包括:动词不定式,动词的-ing形式和过去分词三种。
学非谓语动词必须要了解它们的形式和在句子中的功能,请看下面两个表格:
1.非谓语动词的时态和语态形式(以动词do为例):
动词不定式 动词的_ing形式 过去分词
一般式 主动 to do doing 动词的过去分词只有一种形式即done。及物动词的过去分词常表示被动和完成,而个别动词(多数是不及物动词)只表示完成
被动 to be done being done
完成式 主动 to have done having done
被动 to have been done having been done
进行式 to be doing ×
完成进行式 to have been doing ×
2. 非谓语动词在句子中的功能:
主语 宾语 表语 定语 补语 状语 同位语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ ×
_ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
过去分词 × × √ √ √ √ ×
第二节 非谓语动词的时态和语态
一. 动词不定式的时态:
不定式的一般式通常表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后或与谓语动词同时发生;不定式的进行式(通常用于动态延续性动词)表示不定式动作与谓语动作同步发生;不定式的完成式通常表示不定式动作先于谓语动词而发生或表示一个实际未发生的动作;不定式的完成进行式往往强调不定式动作在谓语动词之前一直在进行。例如:
1. When I spoke to him, he pretended ___________(look) for something here and there.
2. He looked tired. He seemed ______________(work) all night.
3. Charles Babbage is generally considered ___________(invent) the first computer.
4. I would love _________ (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
5. He ordered the man __________ (go) there at once.
二. 动词不定式的语态:
一般情况下,在一个含有不定式的句子中,如果有不定式的逻辑主语(即不定式动作的执行者)该不定式常用主动形式;如果出现的是不定式的逻辑宾语(即不定式动作的承受者),该不定式常用被动形式。但是,下面几种结构却常用主动表示被动:
(1).在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, nice, comfortable等表示性质特征的形容词之后的不定式或用这些词修饰一个名词后跟的不定式常用主动表示被动;
(2).少数动词如blame(责备), let(出租)等的不定式作表语时常用主动表示被动。
6. This sentence is easy ___________ (understand).
7. I can’t go out with you today, as I have a lot of clothes_________ (wash).
8. “Have you any clothes __________ (wash) today?” asked the maid (女佣).
9.Our school is a nice place _________ (visit).
10. I found the chair comfortable _________ (sit) in.
11. I think the question difficult ________ (answer).
12. It’s I who am ________ (blame).
13. The officer ordered the soldiers ________ (fire) the guns.
14. The officer ordered the guns _________ (fire).
三._ing形式的时态:
_ing形式的一般式通常表示该动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语之后;完成式则表示
动作先于谓语动词而发生。如:
15. ________ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.
16. He was praised for __________ (teach) for 60 years.
17. I heard him __________ (sing) when I passed his room.
18. _________ (Finish) the work, he went home.
19. He insisted on _________ (join) the army.
四._ing形式的语态:
一般情况下,需要找准-ing动词的逻辑主语,若它们之间是主谓关系,-ing动词常用
主动;若它们之间是动宾关系,-ing动词就要用被动。但在动词need, want, require,及形容
词worth之后的-ing必须用主动表示被动。如:
20. He won’t come without __________ (invite).
21. The flowers in the garden need _______ (water).
22. Thank you for _________ (give) us so much help.
23. The building ________ (build) now will be a hospital.
24. ________ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip?
25. The book is well worth ________ (read).
第三节 非谓语动词的用法比较
一、作主语
动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作主语。
(1)、一般来说,不定式作主语时,通常表示一次性的、特指的、具体的或将来的动作;而_ing形式作主语时,通常表示一个经常性的、泛指的、或不具体的动作。如:
26. ________ (refuse) him is not easy this time.
27. _________ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both the young and old.
28. ________ (teach) English is my job.
29. ________ (be) a teacher is her greatest wish in the future.
(2)、当句子的主语和表语都是非谓语动词时,两者在形式上一般保持一致;比较状语从句中的主语形式通常也取决于主句里的主语形式。如:
30. ______ (see) is to believe.==________ (see) is believing.
31. ________ (say) is easier than to do.
32. ________ (speak) a foreign language is more difficult than reading it.
(3)、在日常英语中,为了句子结构的平衡,常用it作形式主语而将不定式或-ing放在句末
这时候要注意下面的习惯句型:
It + be + 形容词或名词+ (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
It + take + sb. +some time / sth. + to do sth.
It + be + no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth. / worth + doing sth.
There + be + no + doing sth. (做某事是不行或不可能的)
33. It was foolish of you _________ (give) up what you rightly owned.
34. There is no ________ (hold) back the wheel of history.
35. I think it’s no good _______ (argue) with your parents.
二、作宾语
动词不定式和动词的_ing形式都可以在句子中作宾语。
(1)、有些及物动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语,不能接-ing形式,常见的有:hope, wish, expect, decide, promise, offer, agree, manage, pretend, plan, refuse, fail 等等。
(2)、有些及物动词后只能接动词的_ing形式作宾语,不能接不定式,常见的有:enjoy, imagine, risk, appreciate, suggest, advise, admit, miss, practise, forbid, avoid, resist, escape, delay, finish, permit, allow, mind, keep, consider, excuse 等等。
(3)、有些动词后既可以接不定式,也可以接-ing形式作宾语,意义相同,常见的有:begin, start, continue, intend, bear, attempt等等。但要注意,begin, start 如遇下面三种情况时接不定式为最佳:
A. 句子的主语是物而不是人时,如:The ice began to melt.
B. 当begin, start 用了进行时态时, 如:He’s beginning to understand it.
C. 当begin, start 后作宾语的动词属于心理活动、精神状态类动词(如realize, understand, love, like, know 等等)时,如:It began to rain and I began to realize I should go home.
(4)、有些动词后既可以接不定式,也可以接-ing形式作宾语,意义有细微差别,常见的动词有:like / love / prefer / hate to do sth.(表示一个特定的、一次性的、将来的动作)
like /love / prefer /hate doing sth. (表示一般的、习惯性的、或正在进行的动作)
36. I like _________ (swim) but I don’t like _______ (swim) today.
37. Would you love ________ (go) to the zoo with us?
38. I felt like _______ (cry) at the news.
(5)、有些动词后既可以接不定式,也可以接-ing形式作宾语,意义完全不同,常见动词有:
39. We must try ________ (finish) the work on time.
Let’s try _______ (work) out the maths problem in another way,
40. I remember ______ (see) her somewhere before.
You must remember _______ (post) the letter for me.
41. He forgot ______ (pay) and asked to be paid again.
Don’t forget _______ (turn) off the light when you leave.
42. I regret _______ (miss) such a good chance.
I regret _______ (say) that I can’t lend you so much money.
43. Doing like that means _________ (cheat).
I didn’t mean ________ (hurt) your feeling that day.
44. I can’t help ________ (do) housework today. I’m busy preparing a report.
I couldn’t help _________ (think) of my childhood while seeing the film.
45. When the teacher came in, the students stopped _______ (talk).
As he was very busy that day, he didn’t stop _______ (talk) with me.
46. Though it was raining, the peasants went on ________ (work) in the fields.
After listening to the text, we went on _______(read).
47. The baby needs ______ (look) after. =The baby needs ________ after.
You don’t need _______ (look) after the baby today.
48. Our school is well worth ________ (visit).
Our school is well worthy ________ (visit).= Our school is well worthy of _________.
(6)、介词后的宾语一般用动词的-ing形式,但要注意:but和except之后通常接不定式;介词之后若有连接词时也要接不定式。如:
49. I have no choice but _______ (wait).
50. He gave me some advice on how _______ (study) it well.
51. He has no idea of what _______ (do) next.
52. I was about ______ (go) out when it began to rain.
注意:A. 下面短语中的to是介词,后面要接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式。
devote---to---, look forward to, pay attention to, prefer---to---, lead to, be close to, refer to, belong to, as to, get down to, owing to, be / get /become used to(习惯于------),等等。
B.有些短语中介词经常省略,这时要注意接动词的-ing形式,如:be busy (in) doing sth., spend money /time (in) doing sth., have difficulty /trouble / problems (in) doing sth., prevent / stop ---(from) doing sth.,等等。
(7)、当不定式和_ing形式作“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”句型中的宾语时,要用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语置于补语之后,常见句型有:
主语+ make / feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
主语+ make /feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + no good /no use /useless + doing sth.
三、作表语
所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中作表语,其区别在:
(1)、不定式作表语通常表示一次性、特指的、将来的或具体的动作,有时还可以表示计划安排将要发生的事或一种命令要求。
(2)、-ing形式作表语通常表示习惯性、泛指的、不具体的动作或表示主语的性质特征(主要是一些表示感情情绪的词,译为“令人感到……的”)
(3)、过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态,常具有被动含义(主要是一些表示感情情绪的词,译为“感到……的”),这样的动词常见的有:surprise, move, excite, interest, shock, tire, bore, touch, encourage, disappoint, invite, inspire, amuse等等。如:
53. No one is ______ (leave) this building without the permission of the police.
54. My job is ______ (teach) English and my wish is ______ (be) a lawyer.
55. The president is ______ (visit) our country next month.
56. The speech was very _________ (move) and we were all _______ (move) to tears.
四、作定语
所有的非谓语动词都可以作定语,其区别在:
(1)、不定式作定语常放在被修饰的名词之后,通常可以表示:
A. 一个发生在谓语动词之后的动作。如:
The building to be built next month will be a hospital.
B. 被修饰的名词与用作定语的不定式之间可能是逻辑上的“主+谓”关系,也可能是逻辑上的“动+宾”关系。如:
Do you have anyone to help you? (“主+谓”关系)
I have nothing to write. (“动+宾”关系) 我没有什么东西可写。
C. 如果是“动+宾”关系,动词不定式之后有时需要添上适当的介词,而在名词time, place, moment, way等之后的不定式所带的介词可以省略,如:
I have nothing to write on. 我没有什么东西可以上面写字。
I have nothing to write with. 我没有什么东西可以用来写字。
I have no time to rest.
注意:这种带介词的不定式短语常可以转换为“介词+which / whom+不定式”的结构。例:They had only a cold room to live in.==
They had only a cold room in which to live.
D. 下列情况常用不定式作定语:
当句子中的谓语是一些特定的动词,如:be, find, get, give, have, need, want等,它们后面的名词(宾语或表语)常用不定式修饰。
当名词前有特定的定语,如:first, last, next, only, second以及形容词最高级时,其后常用不定式作定语。
在There be句型中,主语之后常用不定式作定语。
有一些特定的名词之后常用不定式作定语,常见的有:time, chance, right, promise, wish, plan, means, ability等。
例:You have no right to speak here.
He is the only person to know the truth.
There is nothing to worry about.
My parents had no chance to go to college.
(2)、动词的_ing形式作定语时,如果是单个词,常放在被修饰名词之前;如果是-ing短语,要放在名词之后。_ing作定语通常可以表示:
A. 被修饰名词的用途,如:a sleeping car, a waiting room, a walking stick, etc.
B. 被修饰名词的性质特征,如:exciting news, a moving story, etc.
C.被修饰名词正在进行的动作,如:a falling leaf, a burning stick, boiling water, etc.
(3)、过去分词作定语通常表示:
A. 被动,如:He is a man loved by all the people.
B. 完成,如:The building built last year is our classroom building.
a fallen leaf, a developed country, boiled water
C. 被修饰名词所处的状态,如:an excited boy, the disappointed parents, surprised eyes, etc.
五、作状语
所有的非谓语动词都可以在句子中充当状语,其区别在:
(1)、不定式(短语)常在句子中作目的、结果和原因状语,常见句式有:
目的:to do sth.; in order to do sth.; so as to do sth.
结果:so + adj. /adv. + as to do sth.; such + n. + as to do sth.; enough to do sth.; too…to do sth.; only to do sth.
原因:be happy / glad / sorry / sad ,etc. + to do sth.
(2)、_ing形式和过去分词位于句首时常作时间、原因、条件状语,位于句末时主要作方式、伴随或结果状语。究竟该用_ing还是过去分词,主要取决于句子的主语,若它们之间是主动关系就用_ing形式,若是被动关系,就用过去分词。
57. He raised his hand ________ the taxi stop. (have)
58. _______ from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. (see)
59. The parents died, _______ him an orphan. (leave)
60. ______ to college, he works very hard. (go)
61. I’m not such a boy as ______ him. (believe)
62. _______ ill, he was sent to a hospital. (be)
注意:A. 非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,如:
(×)Being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
(√)As it was a fine day, we went out for an outing.
(√)It being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
(×) Hearing the news, tears came to my eyes.
(√)Hearing the news, I burst into tears.
(√)When I heard the news, tears came to my eyes.
B.有些非谓语动词可以相当于独立成分、介词或连词使用,这时候它们常有自己固定的形式,与句子的主语不存在任何的逻辑关系,常见的有:
to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, (老实说)
to make things worse (更糟糕的是)
to begin with / start with (首先)
generally / strictly / exactly speaking (一般/严格/准确地说)
judging from / by (根据/从……判断)
talking of (谈到…… )
considering (考虑到……)
including (其中包括……) compared with / to… (与……相比)
六、作补语
所有的非谓语动词都可以作补语,在使用中要注意下面几种情况:
(1)、有许多动词,如:ask, tell, allow, force, cause, encourage, 等之后都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。
(2)、在感官动词notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at之后可以接三种非谓语动词作补语,其区别在:_ing作补语表示与谓语动词同时进行的动作,如果这个动作与宾语是被动关系,还要用其被动形式being done;过去分词作补语常表示一个完成被动的动作;不定式作补语可以表示一个全过程、一个具体的、将来的、或经常性的动作。如:
63. I saw the classroom ________ (clean) when I passed by it.
64. The missing children were last seen ______ (play) by the river.
65. I often hear him ________ (sing) in the next room.
66. I saw the room _________ (clean). Everything was put in order.
67. I saw him ________ (open) the door, _______ (walk) into the room, and ______ (sit) down at the desk.
(3)、注意使让动词之后的补语用法:
A.have sb. do sth.==get sb. to do sth. “请/叫/让某人做某事” 与宾语的关系是主动的。
B.have sb./ sth. doing sth.“使某人一直做某事/容许某人做某事”,强调主动和进行。
C.get sb. doing sth.“使某人开始做某事”。
D.have sb./sth. done ==get sb./sth. done“使某人/某物被……或使……遭受……”,表示被动
E.make /let sb. do sth.表主动。
F. make /let sb. /sth. /oneself done 表示被动。
(4)、有些动词后不能接非谓语动词特别是不定式作宾语补足语,常考的动词有:agree, refuse, hope, suggest, demand, etc.
(5)、有些动词后需要接_ing作宾语,而接不定式作宾语补足语,常见的动词有:advise, allow, permit, forbid, encourage等。
例:68.You’d better have someone else _______ (help) you. I’m too busy.
69.He already had his eyes ________ (examine) in the hospital yesterday.
70.The speaker explained it again to make himself _______ (understand).
71.We don’t allow _____ (smoke) in our classroom.
72.He didn’t allow his son _____ (play) computer games.
七、作同位语
动词的_ing形式常被用来解释一个名词的具体内容,在句子中充当同位语,如:
His habit, studying at night, remains unchanged.
The gesture for “OK”, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meaning in different countries.
第四节 非谓语动词的几种特殊结构
一、 否定结构:
所有非谓语动词的否定结构都是在非谓语动词前直接加否定词not或never等构成。
例:Excuse me for not coming back in time.
Not having received a reply, He decided to writer again.
He advised me never to go out alone at night.
二、 动词不定式的复合结构
不定式复合结构是指带有主语的动词不定式,其形式有以下两种:
(1)、for sb. to do sth.(侧重动作), 可以用于各种句子结构中。
(2)、of sb. to do sth.(侧重对逻辑主语品行的评价),这种结构主要用于下列形容词之后:bad, brave, careful careless, clever, foolish, cruel, kind, rude, polite, stupid等。
73.It’s very important ____ us to learn English well.
74.It’s very foolish ____ you to believe him. == You are very foolish to believe him
75.There are a lot of difficulties ____ them to overcome.
76.I stepped aside ____ her to pass.
三、 动名词的复合结构
由动名词的逻辑主语和动词_ing一起构成,在句子中主要作主语和宾语,其形式有:
(1)、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+动词的_ing
(2)、人称代词宾格或名词普通格+动词的_ing
注意、A、当句子的主语就是_ing动词的逻辑主语时不能用复合结构。如:
Would you mind opening the door? (You open the door.)
Would you mind my / me opening the door? (I open the door.)
B、_ing作主语放在句首时,只能用第(1)种形式的复合结构。如:
His being ill made us very sad.
C、当无生命的名词或两个以上的名词/代词并列作_ing的逻辑主语时,只能用第(2)种形式的复合结构。如:
Can you hear the noise of the machine running.
Is there any hope of him and his sister winning the prize?
四、 独立主格结构
(1)、由“名词或代词主格+动词的_ing形式或过去分词”构成,在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况或方式。主要用于句子的主语不是非谓语动词的逻辑主语时。如:
77.All the work_______ (do), he had a rest. (时间状语)
78.Weather ________ (permit), we will go outing tomorrow.(条件状语)
79.The boy stood there, his right hand _______ (raise). (伴随情况)
80.He _____ (be) ill, we sent him to a hospital. (原因状语)
81.There ______ (be) no buses, we had to walk home.(原因状语)
(2)、由“with/without +名词/代词宾格+动词_ing /过去分词/不定式/介词(短语)/形容词/副词”等构成,在句子中可以作状语或定语。如:
82.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ (tie) behind his back.
83.With a lot of work ____ (do), I can’t go to the cinema with you.
84.He left without anybody ______ (know).
五、“连接词+ to do”,“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done /doing”结构的区别
(1)、“连接词+to do”相当于一个名词的作用,在句中作主语、宾语和表语,常可以转换成由该连词引出的从句。
(2)、“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done/doing” 在句子中只能作状语,主句的主语是此结构中doing和done的逻辑主语,如果它们之间的关系是主动的,就用doing,是被动的就用done。
85. Please tell me what _______ (do ) next. ==Please tell me what I should do next.
86. The problem is whether _______ (go) by bus or by plane.
87. When ______ (start) the project hasn’t been decided yet.
88. Be careful when / while ________(cross) the street.
89. When________ (heat), ice will melt.
90. He won’t go to the party unless _______ (invite).
第五节 动词不定式的两种省略情况
一、 省略不定式符号to的情况:
(1).不定式在感官动词notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, 和使让动词have, make, let 之后作宾语补足语时,符号to必须省略。但是当这些动词用于被动语态时,动词不定式变为主语补足语,符号to不能省略。
例:We often hear him sing the song at home.→ He is often heard to sing the song at home.
(2).在动词help之后作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式,符号to可有可无。
(3).两个或两个以上的不定式由连词and / or / than / but 等连接时,从第二个不定式起的符号to常常省略。
例:The students are taught to read, write and do many other things.
注意:如果要强调对比,不能省略to。
例:It’s more difficult to do than to say.
The teacher came not to punish you but to help you.
I wondered whether to stay or to leave.
(4).不定式作表语,用来解释主语部分中do的内容时可以不带to。如:
What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.
The first thing she did was go up to her trainer and thank her.
(5).在why或why not引起的表示建议或责问的省略问句中不能带to。
Why quarrel with your mother? Why not join us?
(6).在一些类似情态动词的词组如:had better, would rather … than … , can’t (help / choose) but 等之后的动词不带to。
(7).不定式作but或except的宾语时,若前面有实意动词do / does / did / to do等形式,不带to。如:
I did nothing but / except do my homework last night.
She had nothing to do but wait.
(8).当助动词do / does / did用来加强语气或构成倒装句时,其后的动词不能带to。如:
Seldom does he go home this term. I did tell him the news.
(9).当dare用作实意动词时,后面的不定式有时也不带to,特别是在否定句中。
She didn’t dare (to) ask the teacher.
(10).在美国口语中,用在祈使语气中表示目的,在动词come / try / go / run等之后的不定式可以不带to。如:
Come tell me if he arrives. Go tell your mother. Try open the door again.
二、 省略to之后的动词部分的情况:
一般说来,当不定式内容是重复前面的内容时,to后的成分可以承前省略,但要保留符
号to,此时省略的成分相当于do so,这种结构一定要有上文或一定的语境。如:
_ Will you go with me? _ Well, I’d like to.
_ Why didn’t you bring an umbrella with you? _ I meant to, but I forgot about it.
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to.
He can’t eat as much as he used to.
注意:当不定式内容是助动词be / have时,to后要保留原形的be / have。如:
He hasn’t succeeded in the exam, but in fact he ought to have.
She is no longer what she used to be.
第六节 非谓语动词综合练习
1. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _______ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
2. Helen had to shout _______ above the sound of the music. (2004 Ⅲ)
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
3. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live. ()
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
4. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______ .()
A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to
5. Victor apologized for ______ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004)
A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able
6. _ Mum, why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day?
_ ______ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (NMET)
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
7. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult. (NMET1999)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
8. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET). A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
9. Don’t leave the water _______ while you brush your teeth. (2004)
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
10. With two exams _______ , I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004)
A. worrying about B. worried about C. to worry about D. to worry
11. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _______ in your mind instead of before your eyes. (2004)
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
12. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party. (2004)
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
13. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen. (2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
14. Alice returned from the manager’s office, _______ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. (2004). A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
15. _______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004) A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have wait
参考答案:1~5 CDBCC 6~10 CBABC 11~15 CABDC
非谓语动词总结练习参考答案
第二节:1. to be looking 2. to have been working 3. to have invented 4. to have gone
5. to go 6. to understand 7. to wash 8. to be washed
9.to visit 10. to sit 11. to answer 12. to blame
13. to fire 14. to be fired 15. Walking 16. having taught
17.singing 18. having finished 19. joining 20. being invited
21. watering 22. giving 23. being built 24. Given
25. reading
第三节:26. To refuse 27. Walking 28. Teaching 29. To be
30. To see; Seeing 31. To say 32. Reading 33. to give
34. holding 35. arguing 36. swimming; to swim 37. to go
38. crying 39. to finish; working 40. seeing; to post 41. being paid; to turn 42. missing; to say 43. cheating; to hurt 44. to do; thinking 45. talking; to talk
46. working; to read 47. looking/to be looked; to look 48. visiting; to be visited/being visited 49. To wait 50. to study 51. to do 52. to go 53. to learn
54. teaching; to be 55. to visit 56. moving; moved 57. to have 58. Seen
59. leaving 60. to go 61. to believe 62. Being 63. being cleaned/cleaned
64. playing 65. sing 66. cleaned 67. open; walk; sit 68. help
69. examined 70. understood 71. smoking 72. to play
第四节:73. for 74. of 75. for 76. for 77. done 78. permitting
79. raised 80. being 81. being 82. tied 83. to do 84. knowing
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