动名词的用法

2024-11-12

动名词的用法(共8篇)

1.动名词的用法 篇一

动词-ing动名词用法

非谓语动词ing用法

一、结构:

动词+ing构成。

二、动词-ing包括现在分词和动名词

1. 现在分词通常用作V. 或adj.

She is watching TV. 她正在看电视。(用作V.)

He was playing basketball. 他正在打篮球。(用作V.)

The news is very exciting. 这消息很振奋人心。(用作adj.)

The story is interesting. 这故事有趣。 (用作adj)

2.动名词常作n.

Fishing is a sport. 钓鱼是一种运动。

Her hobby is playing chess. 她的爱好是玩象棋。

She enjoys swimming. 她喜欢游泳。

现在重点讲动名词用法

动名词

句法功能

若不清楚什么是主语宾语谓语表语等,请查看本公众号下方菜单“语法视频”中有详细解析。

1.作主语

表示一件事,谓语动词用单数。

Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。

Listening to music is one way to relax. 听音乐是放松的一种方式。

Cooking is one of my hobbies. 烹饪是我的爱好之一。

常用it作形式主语,把真正的主语动名词放在后面。

It was a waste of time reading that book.看那本书就是浪费时间。

2.做宾语

1)动词+v-ing:

She doesn’t like singing. 她不喜欢唱歌。

I suggest going for a walk. 我建议去走走。

She loved playing guitar. 她喜欢弹吉他。

.常接动名词作宾语的动词有:advise, avoid, consider, enjoy, feel like, finish, inagine, keep, mind, practice, sugger等。

2)介词+ v-ing

She went out without telling me. 她没告诉我就出去了。

He dreamed of becoming a pop star. 他梦想成为一个流行歌手。

3.作表语

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

Knowledge is learning something every day. 知识是每天所得。

练习

( )1. ________students English in a middle school_______my uncle’s job.

A.Teachers;is

B.Teaching;is

C.To teach;are

D.Teaching;are

( )2.--Bob speaks Chinese quite well.--Yes,so he does.He practises _______Chinese every day.

A.speaking

B.speak

C.speaks

D.spoke

( )3.--What are you busy ________these days?--Nothing much.

A.do

B.doing

C.to do

D.done

( )4.--Would you mind _______me with my English this afternoon?--Not at all.

A.help

B.helped

C.helping

D.to help

( )5.My grandfather enjoys _______the radio in the morning.

A.listening

B.listening to

C.listen to

D.to listen

BABCB

英语语法|动词加ing的六种用法

1、动词以y结尾时直接加ing

play-playing 玩

stay-staying 逗留

study-studying 学习

carry-carrying 运送

2、一般在词尾加ing

help-helping 帮助

look-looking 看

plant-planting 种植

work-working 工作

3、以ie结尾的动词,先将ie变为y,再加ing

die-dying 死

lie-lying 躺;撒谎

tie-tying 绑

4、以不发音的e结尾的词,先去e,再加ing

live-living 居住

hope-hoping 希望

change-changing 变化

5、少数双音节动词,尽管重音不在后面,可以双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加ing

travel-traveling (美语)旅行

travel-travelling(英语)旅行

6、以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,要双写这个辅音字母,然后再加ing

drop-dropping 掉落

begin-beginning 开始

run-running 跑

prefer-preferring 更喜欢

【每日单词】关于Go …… -ing的用法

Go …… -ing

We often use the structure go … -ing, especially to talk aboutsports and free-time activities. (go+ing用法,特别是关于运动和休闲活动这些, 所以别忘记了+ing哦!)

ex:

Let’s go climbingnext weekend.

Did you go dancinglast Saturday?

Common expressions:

Go climbing

Go dancing

Go fishing

Go hunting

Go riding

Go shooting

Go shopping

Go skiing

Go swimming

Go walking

语法 | -ed形容词与-ing形容词的用法区别

-ed形容词与-ing形容词的用法区别

1. 以后缀-ed结尾的形容词(如 ashamed,delighted,excited,frightened,interested,moved,pleased,surprised,worried 等)通常用于说明人,不用于说明事物,即使它们所修饰的名词是事物,那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人。如:

He had a pleased smile on his face.

他脸上露出了满意的微笑。

He told me the news in a very excited voice.

他告诉了我这个消息,声音很激动。

第一句中的a pleased smile 意为“满意的微笑”,它指的是某人因感到满意发出的微笑;第二句中的 excited voice 指的是“激动的声音”,即指的是带有这种声音的某人感到激动。

原则上,-ed 形容词通常直接用于说明人,若修饰事物,则多为 air(神态),appearance(外貌),cry(哭声),face(表情),voice(声音),mood(情绪)等与显示某人的情感状况的名词。

2. 以后缀-ing结尾的形容词(如 delighting,exciting,frightening,interesting,moving,surprising,worrying 等)主要用于说明事物,表示事物的性质或特征,若用它们说明人,则表示此人具有此性质或特征。如:

The story is very interesting.

这个故事很有趣。

He man is very interesting.

这个人很有趣。

“动词ing” 的四大用法,3分钟搞定

首先,请牢记,将现在分词当作形容词来用。

1作表语

现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征。

比如:

Body language is fascinating for anyone to study.

任何人学起肢体语言都会入迷。

2作补足语

现在分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, have, get等动词后作补足语。

比如:

She could feel her heart beating with fear.

她能感觉到她的心脏因害怕而跳动。

3作定语

单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前面,分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后面。

比如:

I travel to an unusual place and meet interesting people from all over the world.

我到不寻常的地方去旅游,见到世界各地有趣的人。

After years of hard work, the writer finally had his book finished dealing with farming methods.

经过多年努力,这位作者写的那本关于耕种方法的书终于完成了。

4作状语

现在分词作状语多表示时间、原因、结果、伴随。

比如:

Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I don’t take much notice.

我在夏威夷已经经历过好几次地震,因此对此就没太在意。

- 今日练习-

The sunlight is white and blinding, ______ hard-edged shadows on the ground.

A.throwing B.being thrown C.to throw D.to be thrown

2.动名词的用法 篇二

1. 主语:The bag is in the desk.

书包在桌子里边。

2. 宾语:I washed my clothes yesterday.

昨天我洗了我的衣服。

3. 表语:This is a good book.

这是一本好书。

4. 宾语补足语:We selected him our monitor.

我们选他为我们的班长。

5. 介词宾语:Mary lives with her parents.

玛丽和她的父母住在一起。

6. 定语:She is a Party member.

她是一位党员。

一、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)

1. 不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词

2. 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式:

1)一般情况下,在词尾加 -s。

如:desk→desks

2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,在词尾加 -es。

如:bus→buses

3)以辅音字母加 -y结尾的词,变y为i再加 -es。

如:family→families factory→factories

4)以元音字母加 -y结尾的词,在词尾加–s。

如:day→days

5)以f或fe结尾的词,变f或fe为v再加 -es。

如:knife→knives

6)以辅音字母加 -o结尾的词,在词尾加es。

如:potato→potatoes

7)以元音字母加 -o结尾的词,在词尾加–s。

如:radio→radios

二、名词复数顺口溜

1. 表示国籍的名词顺口溜

(1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。(Chinese,Japanese,Swiss单复同形 )

(2)“英、法”联盟a变e。(English,French,Swedish,Spanish,an Englishman—two Englishmen)

(3) 其他一律 加–s, 即:Chinese,Japanese单复数同 形;Englishman,Frenchman的复数为Englishmen,Frenchmen; 其他像German,American,Australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。

2.o 结尾的名词顺口溜

1)以o结尾的有生命的名词变复数时,词尾加 -es,凡以o结尾的无生命的名词变复数时,词尾加 -s。有生命:potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes,Negro—Negroes如无生命:zoo—zoos,radio—radios,photo-photos,piano-pianos,zero—zeros。

2)两人两菜一火山。(-es)像volcano(火山)、tobacco(烟草)这些词,复数形式加 -s或 -es均可,这一点就不难理解了。中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时,加es的只有Negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆),tomato(西红杮),volcano(火山),这就是“两人两菜一火山”。或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿(Negroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes)

3)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。

zoo—zoos,bamboo—bamboos,photo—photos,piano-pianos,radio-radios.

3.f、fe 结尾的顺口溜

1)以f(e) 结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e) 改为v(e) 再加s,其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命),leaf(树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。

2) 以f结尾的名词,一般把把f改为 -ves,但也有特殊情况是直接加 -s的,如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想:海湾边、屋顶上,首领农仆相望:谁说他们无信仰,语气定在手帕上。

4. 不同国家的人的单复数中日瑞士不用变,英法国人 A 变 E,其余 S 加后面

三、名词复数的不规则变化:

1.child→children(儿童) man→men(男人)

woman→women(女人) goose→geese(鹅)

foot→feet(脚) tooth→teeth(牙)

mouse→mice(老鼠) ox→oxen(公牛)

an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)

2. 单复同形

deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,species,means,Swiss

除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。

如:a dollar,two dollars, a meter,two meters

3. 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。

people police cattle是复数(正确:a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss)(错误:a people,a police,a cattle )

表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4. 以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词

1 maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。

2 news是不可数名词。

5. 表示由两部分构成的东西,

glasses(眼镜)trousers(长裤)clothes(衣服),若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双)a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers

6. 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思

3.英语中动名词的主要用法 篇三

一、动名词作主语

动名词的一个明显标志就是动词后有-ing后缀。 动名词作主语表示抽象概念或泛指动作,如某种行为,爱好,活动,职业等,此时谓语动词使用单数形式。

动名词可以直接作主语置于句首,也可以用it作形式主语,而把真正作主语的动名词后置,二者没有太大区别。如:Walking around in a city is rather tiring;It is no good helping him或者说,He does not help himself. 但形容词important和necessary不宜采用形式主语的结构,如It's important learning foreign languages的说法是不恰当的。另外,作主语的动名词与不定式是有区别的,作主语的动名词通常指一个抽象的动作,而作主语的不定式通常指某一次具体的动作。例如:It is no use regretting中的regretting指抽象动作。

二、动名词作表语

动名词作表语时,可以和主语互换位置。作表语的动名词可表示职业, 爱好, 活动, 行为。例如:1.My favourite sport is going hiking;2.His job is teaching English in the senior middle school. 这两个句子be动词后面的部分是表语,系动词是is 、am 、are,行为动词是除了be动词之外的动词。动名词就是动词加了ing之后作名词用。这里要注意的是,不能把动名词看作进行时态的标志,因为动名词已经转化为名词了,它前面的be 是系动词。如第1例中,不是说“我正在远足”,而是说“远足这项运动是我最喜欢或者爱好的内容”。第2例中teaching说的是一种职业,只有动词才有时态的变化。

三、动名词作定语

动名词作定语时,用来说明被修饰名词的性质,身份,用途等,常有以下几种用法:(1)单独做定语,通常放在所修饰的词前。例如:running car;(2)动名词短语作定语放在所修饰的词的后面,意思和定语从句差不多。例如 :Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.(3)动名词可作为非限制性定语,常用逗号与前后部分隔开。例如:Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.(4)动名词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如:This is an English-speaking country。

四、动名词作宾语

动名词作宾语时,可作及物动词和介词的宾语。

以下动词后只能接动名词作宾语:

(1)“考虑、建议、盼原谅”:consider;suggest/advise;look forward to;excuse/parden。

(2)“承认、推迟、没的想”:admit;delay/put off;fancy。

(3)“避免、错过、继续练”:avoid;miss;keep/keep on;practise。

(4)“否认、完成、停欣赏”:deny;finish;stop;enjoy/appreciate。

(5)“不禁、介意、准逃亡”:cannot help;mind;allow/permit;escape。

(6)“想象、禁止、去冒险”:imagine;forbid;risk。

以下介词后要接动名词:be used to, lead to , devote to , stick to , object to, get down to, pay attention to , cannot stand, give up , feel like , insist on, thank sb for, apologize to sb for, be busy in , have difficulty in , have a good time in , depend on , be proud of , think of , hear of , dream of, set about, stop/prevent/keep from。

以下动词后可接动名词和不定式作宾语,两者意义区别不大 attempt, begin/start, continue, like, love , hate , prefer 等。

有些动词后接动名词和接不定式的意义完全不同,如:forget to do/forget doing忘记去做/忘了做过;remember to do /remember doing记住去做/记得做过;regret to do/regret doing 遗憾地做/后悔做过某事;mean to do/mean doing打算做/意味着;stop to do /stop doing停下某一动作去做另一动作/停止做某事;try to do /try doing努力去做/试着做;cannot help to do/cannot help doing不能帮忙做/禁不住做。

五、动名词的否定形式

动名词的否定形式,在其前面加not,句中带有逻辑主语时not加在逻辑主语与v-ing 之间。

Not passing the exam made him upset. 没有通过考试使他难过。

His not coming home on time made his parents worried.他没按时回家使他父母感到担心。

六、动名词的复合结构

4.非谓语动词用法讲座---动名词 篇四

一、主语

Reading is learning, but using is also learning.

Seeing is believing.

It’s interesting planning a holiday.

但是表语形容词是important, necessary等时,只能用不定式,如:

It’s important to learn English by using it.

动名词复合结构作主语时,逻辑主语不论是名词还是代词,常用属格,如:

Her going there won’t do any harm.

It is no use Mary’s pretending that she didn’t know the rules.

二、表语(表示主语的内容)

Seeing is believing.

Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.

What she hated most was resting at home and doing nothing.

My job is teaching English.

注意:有时不定式作表语可以表示将来时,如:

We are to go to the new museum for a visit tomorrow.

区别的诀窍是表语不定式可以和主语对调,如:

Teaching English is my job.

三、宾语

1. 只接动名词作宾语的动词有:be used to, consider, delay,. dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, keep (on), look forward to, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, pardon, risk, suggest, permit, allow, forbid, advise, set about等。

I can’t risk missing the train.

I don’t mind Jane/ Jane’s buying another one.

2.接动名词和不定式作宾语都可以的动词有:

1) 动名词和不定式意义基本一致的动词:like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer, need, want, deserve等;

Jack loves listening / to listen to pop music.

My hair needs cutting.= My hair needs to be cut.

2) 动名词和不定式意义有些差别的动词:remember, forget, try, help,mean, stop, go on等。

I remember posting the letter.

I will remember to post the letter.

I’ve quite forgotten putting it there.

I forgot to put it there.

He tried to write better.

He tried writing better with a brush.

I couldn’t help finishing reading the book.

I’m sorry I can’t help finish doing the job.

Do you mean to tell me you didn’t post it?

If you didn’t do it, it will mean waiting for a long time.

They stopped talking.

They stopped to talk.

He went on pointing out mistakes in the paper.

He went on to point out mistakes in the paper.

注意:regret的用法。

He regretted missing(= having missed = to have missed) the last train.

四、定语(表示被修饰的名词的性能或用途)

freezing point, living room, sleeping car, waiting room, dining room, writing dest, walking stick, washing machine, smoking room等。

5."星期"英语名词的用法说明 篇五

1. 表示在星期几,我们通常是在星期名词前使用介词on。如:

I will give you an answer on Friday at the latest. 我最迟星期五给你回答。

That train only runs on Sunday. 那趟火车只在星期天开。

但在非正式文体(尤其是美国英语)中常可省去。如:

I’ll see you Saturday. 星期六再见。

不过,若其前用了this, last, next, every等词,则不能再用介词on。如:

The Smiths go to church every Sunday. 史密斯全家每星期日都去教堂做礼拜。

The concert takes place next Friday. 音乐会下星期五举行。

注意,虽然当星期名词与this, next, last搭配时,其前不用介词on,但若语义需要,其前可用by, for, until, till, since等介词。如:

The job ought to be finished by next Monday. 这项工作应于下星期一以前完成。

I have several engagements for next Monday. 我下周星期一有几个约会。

Could you hold off your decision until next Saturday? 你可以推迟到下周星期六再做决定吗?

2. 当星期名词与月份名词连用时,星期名词通常应置于月份名词之前。如:

We’ll be there on Sunday, June 19th. 我们将于6月19日,星期日,到达那里。

Friday 31 July 1925 henceforth became known as “Red Friday”. 1925年7月31日这个星期五从此就被称为“红色星期五”。

3. 关于星期名词的复数形式

(1) 星期名词有时可以有复数形式,表泛指性或经常性(其前可用介词on,也可省略介词而将其用作副词)。如:

On Sundays I like to sleep late. 星期天我爱睡懒觉。

The Blue Cafe closes on Mondays. 蓝色咖啡馆每星期一歇业休息。

We’re nearly always at church on Sundays. 我们星期日几乎都在教堂做礼拜。

星期名词的复数形式在肯定句中与“every+星期名词”相似,但在否定句中区别较大。比较:

I don’t go there on Mondays. 我星期一不去那儿。

I don’t go there every Monday. 我并非每周星期一都去那儿。

(2) 有时星期名词的复数形式还可受数词以及many, few等的修饰。如:

I have spent many happy Sundays there. 我在那儿度过了许多愉快的星期天。

4. 在通常情况下,星期名词不与冠词连用,但有时为了表示“特指”可以带定冠词。如:

We had a card from her on the Friday after she got back. 在她回去后的那个星期五我们收到了她的明信片。

“When can I have my birthday party?” “On the Saturday nearest to it.” “我的生日庆祝会在哪天举行?”“就在离你生日最近的那个星期六吧。”

若要表示“某一个”的意思,可在星期名词前使用不定冠词。如:

Christmas Day falls on a Monday. 今年的圣诞节是星期一。

You won’t catch me working on a Sunday! 你绝对见不到我在星期日工作!

5. 星期名词有时可使用所有格形式,表示星期几所举行的比赛、活动等,或所发生的情况、事件等。如:

He is our opponents in Saturday’s game. 他就是我们星期六的比赛对手。

He was placed fifth in last Saturday’s race. 在上周六的径赛中,他名列第五。

She is confident of victory in Saturday’s final. 她对在星期六的比赛中取得胜利充满信心。

Put me down for three tickets for Saturday’s performance. 给我登记购买三张星期六的演出票。

Who’s going to organize the sandwiches for Monday’s meeting? 谁来准备星期一会议上的三明治?

Police are holding two men in connection with last Thursday’s bank robbery. 警方拘留了两名与上星期四的银行劫案有关的人。

Wall Street made Friday’s running on the international stock exchange. 在国际股票交易中 华尔街星期五率先确定了走势行情。

6.不可数名词用法的复习资料 篇六

b) 不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

c) 不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形式。如:fishes(各种各样的鱼), newspapers(各种报纸), waters(河湖、海水), snows(积雪)……

d) 有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times 时代,works 著作,difficulties 困难

7.动名词的用法 篇七

关键词:名词性从句,定语从句,as的用法,比较分析

名词性从句和定语从句是英语语法学习的重点和难点, 很多学者对它们分别做过研究, 例如“WH-从句作为小句——兼论小句的语段性质” (满在江2011, 5:24) 是从Chomsky的转换生成理论研究名词性从句;“翻译教学的事件分析途径——定语从句的翻译” (邓跃平, 2011, 8:35) 从认知—功能视角研究限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;“英语定语从句译法补遗之补遗” (曹明伦, 2011, 3:83) 从语篇翻译角度把定语从句归纳成五类, 提出了相应的翻译原则。

一些美国学者也认为定语从句 (亦称关系从句) 对于英语学习者来说较难学习, 因此在亚利桑那州立大学面向英语初学者开设的“美国英语和文化课程”中, 教材Basic English Grammar (Azar, 1995) 里不包括关系从句。

大学英语四级考试和大学英语六级考试的“汉译英”这项试题始终是考生失分较多的地方。几乎在每次考试, 该项考题都有需要被翻译成定语从句或名词性从句的汉语原文, 而这正是考试的难点之一, 考生容易出错。“As”一词也是难点, 在一次测验中, 笔者要求学生用“as”翻译句子里的五个短语, 结果三个班的学生 (共计约180人) 平均得分不到60分, 由此可见, 我们有必要探讨一下, 是否可以用较简洁易懂的方式给学生讲解清楚这些语言点。

1 名词性从句

首先, 我们要弄清楚两个语法词汇, 即“句子”和“从句”。完整的句子 (指包含主谓宾的句子) 包括陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。从句源于句子, 地位比句子低了一个层次, 只能作主句的一个成分。名词性从句是指具有名词性质的从句, 换句话说, 名词能作何种成分, 名词性从句就能作何种成分, 比如名词可以作主语、宾语、表语或同位语, 那么把名词性从句放在这些成分的位置, 就构成了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。句子变成从句, 原来的形式需要一些改动:陈述句需要在它的前面加个“that”;一般疑问句需要变回陈述句, 再在其前面加个“whether”;特殊疑问句疑问词不变, 后面的句子变成陈述语序。

主语从句顾名思义是把名词性从句放在主语的位置作主语, 但由于“英语在组织句子信息时强烈偏好句尾重 (endweight) ” (Yule, 2002:257) , 所以我们需要变动一下语序。例如:

A:It is hard to understand.

B:What?

A:He can’t support himself.

B:Oh, I see.That he can’t support himself is hard to understand for you.*

恰当的英语表达应该是把主语从句放在句子后面, 用形式主语it占主语的位置, 原句变成:It is hard for you to understand that he can’t support himself.

2 定语从句

定语从句 (亦称关系从句) , 是指从句作定语, 用来修饰名词 (先行词) 、部分句子或整个句子 (先行项) 。该从句由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词where, when, why和how加上缺一个成分的句子构成。关系代词在定语从句中作代词能作的成分, 例如主语、宾语、定语或表语, 关系副词在定语从句中作副词能作的成分, 例如时间状语、地点状语、原因状语或方式状语。关系代词和关系副词中“关系”一词的含义是指它们与被修饰成分 (先行词) 有关系, 通过它们的关系或联系, 先行词可以在该定语从句中取代该关系代词或关系副词所作的成分。这样就容易理解含有定语从句的长句子了, 这也是英译汉的方法之一。

3 对比分析名词性从句与定语从句

从上文我们可以看出名词性从句本身是完整的句子, 不缺任何成分, 是陈述语序, 在主句中作名词能作的成分;定语从句是关系代词或关系副词加上一个缺一个成分的句子, 在主句中作定语, 前面有一个先行词或先行句。

举例说明:

Can you answer my question who your friend is?

I like the girl who is her sister.

1) 句划线部分是陈述语序的特殊疑问句, 作“question”的同位语, 因此是名词性从句中的同位语从句。

2) 句划线部分不是陈述语序的特殊疑问句, 前面有个名词“the girl”, 因此它是修饰该先行词的定语从句。

对比图如表1所示。

需补充一点, what一词较特殊, 它作关系代词时, 是“先行词和关系代词的结合体” (张道真, 2008:283) , 因此可以看作“先行词加that”的集合体, 后面加上缺少一个代词能作的成分的句子, 引出定语从句时, what前面就没有先行词了。例如:

I don’t know what your trouble is.

What worries me is that you can’t speak English well.

从以上例句我们可以看出, what作为关系代词引出的句子不像定语从句, 因为它身兼二职, 前面没有名词作先行词, 没起到作定语修饰名词的作用, 倒起到了名词的作用, 如在例句3) 里作宾语;在例句4) 里作主语, 因此有一些语法学家认为what引出的从句是名词性从句。但是张道真认为, 关系代词what引出的是定语从句或称关系从句。笔者认为, 这是给一种特殊词汇用法起了两个名称, 没有必要深究, 该文依然按照张道真的观点论述。

4“As”的用法

As作连词的一个意思是“由于”, 该文不在此赘述。根据2005年出版的《牛津现代英汉双解词典》里的解释, as可以作关系代词, “相当于that, who, which”, 例如:

5) He lost, as you know.

6) He is a writer, as is his wife.

张道真对as做了较全面地研究:“As作为关系代词, 只能用在限制性关系从句中, 只能用在such, same, as或so后面, 不能用作所有格” (张道真, 2008:282) .

7) Such a student as works hard will succeed. (张道真, 2008:282)

8) The same accident as happened to you, had happened to me. (张道真, 2008:282)

9) As many children as come will be admitted. (张道真, 2008:282)

As也可引出非限制性定语从句, 修饰前面部分句子或整个句子, 例如:

10) I advised my brother, as was my duty. (张道真, 2008:288)

11) He became crazy, as many could see. (张道真, 2008:288)

12) As has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river. (张道真, 2008:288)

13) The result, as may be expected, is poor. (张道真, 2008:288)

As引出的关系从句的谓语动词是be动词时, be动词可以省略, 例如:

14) The results as proclaimed in today’s newspapers are encouraging. (张道真, 2008:551)

15) His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate. (张道真, 2008:551)

16) I will tell you a story as told by my mother. (张道真, 2008:551)

As引出的关系从句的谓语动词与主句的谓语动词相同时, 关系从句可以省略谓语动词, 例如:

17) I had the same trouble as you.

从以上例句我们可以看出, as学起来确实不容易, 这个难度不单纯源于as复杂多样的用法, 更是由于词典对as的理解有些偏差。《牛津现代英汉双解词典》解释as是关系代词, 相当于“that, who, which”。然而, 笔者认为, as一词不能换成“that, who, which”, 因为as含有“像……”的意思, 而“that, who, which”不能表示“像……”的意思。此外, 如果as是关系代词, 引出定语从句, 那么定语从句应该修饰先行词, 先行词, 顾名思义, 是走在前面的词, 而定语从句则跟在它的后面, 但as引出的从句不都是跟在主句后面的。

因此笔者想出了一个较大胆的理解方法:as作关系代词时, 我们不妨把它理解成“like what”或“like+某人+who”, “like”在这里作介词, 表示“像”, 而as引出的从句可以理解成介词like加what引出的关系从句或like加某人加who引出的关系从句, 因此as及其引出的从句整体上可以看成介宾短语, 作主句的状语。

举例说明:

6) He is a writer, as is his wife.理解为:He is a writer, like the person who is his wife.

译文:他是一位作家, 正如他的妻子。

如果将“as”理解为“who”或“which”, 整句话就成了, “He is a writer, who is his wife.”或“He is a writer, which is his wife.”这些句子显然不合常理。

12) As has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river.理解为:Like what has happened many times, children may get drowned in this river.

译文:像这样的事已发生多次, 在这条河里, 儿童易溺水身亡。

13) The result, as may be expected, is poor.理解为:The result, like what may be expected, is poor.

译文:正如人们预料的那样, 结果很差。

15) His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate.理解为:His ability, like what was displayed during the last three months, was inadequate.

译文:像他在过去三个月所表现出的那种能力是不够的。

20) Canadian law requires that the Nexen deal must be submitted for review by Industry Canada under the terms of the Canada Investment Act, as is the case for all large foreign investments in the country. (Global Times, 2012, 9, 13:14)

译文:加拿大法律规定, 根据加拿大投资法案的条约, 尼克森交易必须提交加拿大工业协会审议, 正如对待所有在加拿大做大笔投资的公司一样。”

As一词有“像……”的含义, 表示“如同……一样的 (另一个) ……”;that, who, which则表示与先行词是“同一个……”, 例如:

17) I had the same trouble as you.理解为:I had the same trouble like what you had.

译文:我曾经遇到和你一样的麻烦。

18) This is the same watch as I lost. (It is not mine.) (张道真, 2008:282)

理解为:This is the same watch like what I lost.

译文:这块表像我曾经丢的那块表。

19) This is the same watch that I lost. (It is mine.) (张道真, 2008:282)

译文:这块表是我曾经丢的那块表。

每个词语的创造和存在都有它的独特的原因和意义, 如果as可以与“which, that, who”互换, 那么as还有何存在价值?通过以上诸多例句, 我们可以看到, as一词被词典解释为关系代词的这条用法可以表示“像什么那样”或“像某某那样”, 与“like what”或“like加某人加who”的意思和用法相同, 因此在理解句子意思时, 当as指某事或某物时, 可以用“like what”代替as;当as指某人时, 可以用“like加某人加who”代替as。这样理解, 就避免了将as等同于which, who或that所造成的语义理解偏差, 从而有助于英语学习者去准确理解进而正确运用。

参考文献

[1]Azar B S.Basic English Grammar[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall Regents, 1993:3.

[2]Brown, Douglas.Investment Troubles[N].Global Times, 2012, 9 (13) :14.

[3]Yule, George.Explaining English Grammar[M].Shanghai:Shang hai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002:257.

[4]曹明伦.英语定语从句译法补译之补译[J].西安外国语大学学报, 2011 (3) :83.

[5]邓跃平.翻译教学的事件分析途径——定语从句的翻译[J].中国科技翻译, 2011 (8) :35.

[6]满在江.WH-从句作为小句——兼论小句的语段性质[J].山东外语教学, 2011 (5) :24-29.

8.名词性从句的用法 篇八

________(令球迷欣喜的) was that the young player performed extremely well in the table tennis tournament.(delight)

解析 这是2011年英语湖北卷中的一道高考题。解题的关键是分析句子结构,经过分析可知本句缺主语,但直接写出delighted the fans/made the fans delighted是不行的,必须有引导词,既可引导主语从句,又在句中充当主语,只有连接代词what符合这个用法。

答案 What delighted the fans/made the fans delighted

在高考英语 “完成句子”题型中,经常会遇到一个从句在主从复合句中作主语、表语、宾语或者同位语的现象,它们分别叫做主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句及同位语从句,这些从句在整个句子中所起的作用相当于一个名词,因此,这四种从句统称为名词性从句。再看下面的几题:

1.________ (他是否出过国) doesn’t make much difference. (abroad)

2. With the rapid development of science and technology, I can’t imagine________ (我的家乡会是什么样)in ten years. (what)

3. During his last lecture, the scientist________

________(觉得) easier to expiain the theory to those with some background knowledge. (find)

4.________ (任何计划了的事) is sure to change as one puts it into practice. (whatever)

5. The news________ (房价将要下跌) has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices. (fall)

解析 从以上例题中我们可以看出,名词性从句是高考中的一个重要语法考点,每年都涉及一到两题,因此,同学们应重视该语法点的学习与掌握。

答案 1. Whether he has been abroad or not

2. what my hometown will be/look like

3. found it/found (that) it was

4. Whatever has been planned/one has planned

5. that house prices will fall

下面我们重点讲解名词性从句的类别。

1.主语从句

可由从属连词、连接代词、连接副词引导,主语从句后的谓语一般用单数。

That the earth travels around the sun is known to us all. = What is known to us all is that the earth travels around the sun. 众所周知,地球绕着太阳旋转。

Where the English party will be held has not yet been announced. 英语派对将在哪里举行尚未公布。

注意 (1)有时为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型如下:

“It be +名词/形容词/动词的过去分词/不及物动词+ that” 从句。例如:

It happened that I didn’t take any money with me. 我发现我没有带钱。

It is possible that our football team will win the match. 我们的足球队可能会赢得比赛。

上面例句可改写为:It is known to us all that the earth travels around the sun.

(2)主语从句中表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“should+do”, 常用的句型有:

“It is necessary/important/natural/strange ... +that”从句

“It is a pity/shame/no wonder ... + that”从句

“It is suggested/requested/proposed/desired/recommended ... + that”从句

It is necessary that we(should)take measures to prevent the pollution in the city. 我们有必要采取措施来防止城市污染。

2.宾语从句

宾语从句引导词同引导主语从句的形式大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

注意 (1)that引导宾语从句时,通常省去that,但是从句是并列句时,第2个分句前的that不可以省略。

He has told me (that) he will visit the Shanghai World Expo this summer vocation. 他告诉我这个暑假他将去参观上海世博会。

He told me (that) he had finished his homework and that he would watch TV. 他告诉我他已经完成了家庭作业,可以看电视了。

(2)在由who, whom, whose, what, when, why, how, whoever, whatever 等关联词引导的宾语从句中,句子要用陈述语序。

Do you know when he will leave for Hong Kong? 你知道他什么时候出发去香港吗?

(3)宾语从句可作介词的宾语

The expert was unwilling to offer advice to whoever he thought was not worthwhile. 那位专家不愿意向他认为不值得的人提供建议。

(4)whether与if引导宾语从句时也用陈述语序,它们作“是否”讲时,下列情况只用whether:

①引导主语从句并位于句首时;②引导表语从句和同位语从句时;③引导从句作介词宾语时;④连接词紧跟or not 时;⑤接不定式to do时。

Whether he will come or not is unknown. 他是否会来目前还不清楚。

She hasn’t decided whether to go or not. 她尚未决定是否要去。

(5)注意宾语从句中的时态,当主句是现在时,从句根据句子情况使用不同时态。

He knows (that) Mary studies English every day. 他知道玛丽每天都学习英语。

He knows (that) Mary studied English well last term. 他知道玛丽上学期英语学得很好。

3.表语从句

表语从句的引导词同引导主语从句的大致一样,表语从句位于系动词之后,有时用as if 引导。其结构为:“主语+系动词+从句”。

China is not what it used to be. 中国不再是以前那个中国了。

The trouble is that he has never done the work before. 问题是他过去从未做过这个工作。

It looks as if it is going to rain. 看起来像是要下雨了。

4.同位语从句

同位语从句用来解释说明前面抽象名词的具体内容,常见的名词为fact, news, idea, truth, information, problem, question, advice, suggestion, request, order, message, promise, word等。引导词通常为that,也可以用whether、when、where等。

I have no idea where we’ll hold the meeting. 我不知道我们要在哪里开会。

注意 同位语从句不同于定语从句,前者对名词加以补充说明,后者对名词加以限制。试比较:

The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 他们赢得比赛的新闻迅速传遍了真个学校。

The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing. 你昨天告诉我的新闻真令人失望。

练习

1. We Chinese people feel proud of________

________ (我们取得的成就) in the past three decades. (achieve)

2. The news spread quickly through the village________ (战争已结束),making villagers wild with joy. (end)

3. The local Tibetans laughed at the strange bottles containing________ (他们称之为)“English air”. (refer)

4. They expect us to do________

(他们所希望的) in the way of painting, decorating and repairs. (whatever)

5.________ (他所需要的) is enough time and what I need are enough books. (need)

6. He was late for work. That’s________

________(因为他的车出了故障)half way. (break)

7.________ (她不理解)what I meant really worried me a lot. (figure)

8. She is always doing everything for her son, which is________ (她错误所在). (go)

9. Being educated in a famous university is________ (每个学生都希望的). (wish)

10.________ (被称为) as the heaven in China is Hangzhou City. (refer)

11. When the survivor woke up, he wanted to know________ (是谁) that saved him from that burning house. (who)

12.________ (他拒绝承认) his mistakes make the head teacher very angry. (refuse)

13. At present, we are in doubt about________

________(他是否会被录取)a key university. (admit)

14. It’s quite beyond me________ (为什么他们浪费时间) to that park last week. (waste)

15.________ (国与国的时尚不同) may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. (fashion, differ)

参考答案

1. what we have achieved

2. that the war had ended

3. what they referred to as

4. whatever they want/wish for/hope for

5. What he needs

6. because his car broke down

7. That she didn’t figure out/Her not figuring out

8. where she goes wrong

9. what every student wishes for

10. What is referred to

11. who it was

12. That he refused to admit

13. whether he will/can be admitted/his being admitted to

14. why they wasted time (in) going

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