情人节英文话语

情人节英文话语（共7篇）

1.情人节英文话语 篇一

1、情人节不偷懒，爱你是必然，吻吻你的脸，投掷感情弹，悄悄把手牵，释放浪漫烟，爱意来侵犯，霸占你心田，情人节来临日，倾听我誓词，爱你到永远!

2、情人节让我对你无限思念。将心泊在彩云升起的港湾，偷偷把幸福刻在你的心间，用一缕爱的丝线，将你我紧紧绑在岁月变迁的终点。

3、我愿，我愿是你的手机，时时享受你的爱抚;我愿，我愿是手机上的字，从你的眼睛跳进你的心窝，时时感受你的心跳。

4、我想你的时候，你也想我吗?无论我们相距多远，无论前面的路有多长，只想说：爱上你是我今生最大的幸福。

5、爱，是无止境的幸福，也可能是无边界的苦痛，愿幸福拥抱全世界的爱，愿你我能够一起走过人生的风风雨雨。

6、我相信所有对你的思念早已化作窗前的花香流落你心，我相信所有对你的爱早已化作手心里的曲线伴随我一生，情人节快乐!

7、365每天天想着你，8760常常梦见你，525600分分拥抱你，31536000秒秒吻着你!亲爱的，嫁给我吧!亲爱的，情人节快乐!

8、亲爱的，我已办好缘份签证，领到护照，将于浪漫情人节从鹊桥航空港出发，搭乘幸福航班，飞越茫茫银河，前往爱的国度。机票有两张哦，等你不见不散!

9、我特意搜集了情人节的第一缕阳光，并把它装进手机，然后编成了短信发送给你。希望收到这条新鲜短信的你能感受到我暖暖的祝愿：肯定肯定要幸福哦!

2.情人节英文话语 篇二

关键词：《红楼梦》,话语建构,文本,话语实践,社会实践

1 Introduction

It has been more than 200 years since A Dream of Red Mansions was born.Now, people both at home and abroad hail it as one of the greatest literary works in the history of Chinese literature and its important role in literature and even in other disciplines is widely acknowledged.People are so enthusiastic about the studies of A Dream of Red Mansions that a new subject emerged at the early days of Guang Xv’s period of Qing dynasty, which is called nowadays“Red-ology”.However, when the work was firstly born, it received serious criticism and even was forbidden from publication and reading by the government then.The criticism was mainly from the feudal ruling class and some scholars maintaining the traditional feudal orders stubbornly, who attacked A Dream of Red Mansions as curiosa and attached immoral values to it.In spite of the banishment of the government, the book found its popularity among ordinary mass people and they read and handed it down under the table, running the risk of being punished by the ruling class.It is said that a young lady of that time was so addicted to the book that she lost her life because of it.The tale goes like this:the young lady got the book from her elder brother and was deeply moved, losing her appetite for food and desire of sleeping.Realizing this, her parents took the book away and threw it into fire.The young lady was so heart-broken and depressed that she got sick and finally lost her life[1].This is a tragedy, which is hard to confirm, and yet it shows, in a sense, how popular A Dream of Red Mansions was among common people at that time, though they may not understand the true meanings and significance of it and may just be attracted by the love tragedy between Pao-yu and Tai-yu.Despite all this, the dominant upper classes at that time didn’t give their favor to the book.Things are different now.The book gains its reputation as one of the greatest literary works in Chinese literature and even in the world literature, and many scholars devote all their life to the studies of it.What is it that makes the dominant power changed their attitudes towards the book?How the classical position of A Dream of Red Mansions is constructed in the course of history?This is what the essay aims at exploring.

With the popularity of the research into western literary theories, discourse analysis is attracting more and more academic attention of scholars both at home and abroad.And what is discourse?Discourse is a way for humans to express their ideas and thinking.Usually it is of a general and ambiguous quality.The famous French philosopher Michel Foucault, a pioneering figure of western post-modernism, focuses his attention on the fragments of history and culture, that is, the quality of discontinuity of history and culture.He tries to see more between the lines of those fragmentary records and build his own concept of“Archaeology of Knowledge”.He says in his book titled The Archaeology of Knowledge that“the use of concepts of discontinuity, rupture, threshold, limit, series, and transformation present all historical analysis not only with questions of procedure, but with theoretical problems”[2].In this way, Foucault gifts discourse a more general meaning, ranging from groups of statements as a whole to individual utterance.A Dream of Red Mansions is by any standard a kind of discourse, so do those critical essays and works about A Dream of Red Mansions in the course of recent history.In academic field both at home and abroad, the study of discourse is often associated with society, culture, cognition and so forth.Wolfgang Teubert, a professor of corpus linguistics at the University of Birmingham, in his book Meaning, Discourse and Society, investigates the construction of reality within discourse, putting discourse in social settings.Also, he mentions the cognitive turn in academic field and connects discourse with mind.Similarly, in Sociolinguistics and Social Theory, edited by Nikolas Coupland, Srikant Sarangi and Christopher N.Candlin, language and discourse are regarded as social practice and ideology is also a concept related to discourse analysis.Chinese scholar Chang Zonglin states in his work Comparative Studies in Language&Culture that language and culture interplay with each other, that is to say, “language study cannot be separated from culture studies and vice versa”[3].Especially, English linguist Norman Fairclough expresses in his famous book Discourse and Social Change that he aims at“bringing together linguistically-oriented discourse analysis and social and political thought relevant to discourse and language, in the form of a framework which will be suitable for use in social scientific research, and specifically in the study of social change”[4].He puts forward a three-dimensional framework of discourse analysis, that is, text, discursive practice and social practice, relating discursive change with that in the fields of society and culture.Besides academic books, there are many papers dealing with the relationship between discourse and sociology or discourse and culture.

A Dream of Red Mansions, since born in the later period of China’s Qing dynasty, has been thrown into the big melting pot of society and culture, exposed to the public’s criticism and whose position in literature is thus built in this process.Regarded as a kind of discourse, it, of course, can be interpreted from the perspectives of ideology, sociology, culture and so on.The process of its discursive change explains how it shifts from a so-called curiosa criticized by authorities to the top rank of the pyramid of literature.This essay will employ the three-dimensional framework of discourse analysis put forward by Norman Fairclough to interpret the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions.Actually, apart from ideology, society and culture, influence may also happen among discourses themselves, that is to say, a dominant discourse can exert an impact on a disadvantaged discourse which becomes weaker and weaker and finally may be wiped out.These factors combine to make a discursive change possible.

2 The Discursive Change of A Dream of Red Mansions

As has been mentioned above, the journey of A Dream of Red Mansions’s gaining its world-famous reputation is full of ups and downs.Shortly after its birth, the dominant voice towards it is overwhelmed with sharp criticism and malicious curses.Nevertheless, in today’s world, it is safe to say that the book has won every reader’s heart and no one will cast cursing words to it.An increasing number of readers join in the group of studying Red-ology, which in turn expanding the scope of its influence.The following will focus on three factors related to the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions, resorting to the framework of Fairclough’s three dimensions.

2.1 Text:Encyclopedia+Mysteries

In terms of content, in the beginning, A Dream of Red Mansions was conceived as a kind of curiosa and accused of immorality.As is known, the main background setting of the book is Chia Mansion, further divided into Jung Mansion and Ning Mansion.The Chia Mansion belongs to the upper class of that time and can even be called a small kingdom.The story focuses mainly on the love between Pao-yu and Tai-yu as well as Pao-chai and some other beautiful girls, which is where the criticism towards it lies.Also, Pao-yu, as a central character in this book, is different from other people of his time both in mind and behaviors.He says that“Girls are made of water, men of mud and I feel clean and refreshed when I’m with girls but find men dirty and stinking”[5], which is seen as a subversion of the dominant attitude towards women at that time.What’s more, Pao-yu holds a natural hatred for imperial examination system of that time and loathes those people who urge him to walk into official career, which is also seen as a crime threatening their dominant position in society by the ruling class of that time.But, actually, A Dream of Red Mansions tells more than that.

2.1.1 An Encyclopedia of the Society of that Time

As a product of that time, the book is inevitably tinted with the color of that time.In fact, the book is so inclusive that it is called an encyclopedia of that society.It covers the people from all social strata, ranging from feudal aristocracy to the lower class people, though more ink is poured on the life of upper class.More importantly, A Dream of Red Mansions is a good window for us to peep into the folk culture of that time.For example, in the 13th chapter, Ko-ching’s mortuary cult is described in very detail, observing the ritual custom then.The book boasts a distinct Chinese feature because of the use of Beijing dialect and a large amount of Chinese ancient poetry, which provide a good source for scholars to research.Besides, almost all kinds of cultures and arts are mentioned in this book, such as the culture of food, of finery, of architecture, of medicine, of drama, of tea ceremony, of landscape garden and so on, making the life of those characters vividly presented before readers’eyes, gifting the book a strong color of realism, though it resorts to fantastic means sometimes.

2.1.2 Mysteries that are Open to Interpret

Another attractive point of this book is that it is permeated with mysteries, which mainly come from the blank space between the lines.It is generally known that the book was left unfinished by Cao Xueqin and the later 40 chapters were continued by Gao Er, whose writing skills are considered less exquisite than Cao Xueqin and who is condemned by some scholars for twisting Cao’s original meanings that are basically hidden behind the judging poems in the beginning.Therefore, many scholars devote themselves to the study of the fates of many main characters and making speculations as to the ending of the book, with some scholars even rewriting it, for example, Liu Xingwu.This is one mystery, which I call“the mystery of ending”.Another one is“the mystery of identity”, saying that many characters’identity is uncertain, with a wide room of making inferences.These mysteries exist, sometimes because of the use of a writing technique which purposely uses very precise words to express rich meanings and readers are asked to read between lines in order to take the hints, and sometimes because of the author’s modification to the plot in the process of writing.Anyway, it is because of these mysteries and uncertainty that A Dream of Red Mansions attracts the attention and interest of generations after generations.

2.1.3 How to Do Text Analysis

Western literary theories are disputable about how to do text analysis.New criticism stresses the importance of close reading and tries to integrate meaning and form together;Russian formalism pays more attention than new criticism to form and sees text as a special use of language;Marxism does not separate text from the society where it is generated and strives to find the interrelationship between text and society.It is in Marxism that Fairclough finds a common voice.Fairclough says in his Discourse and Social Change that“discourse analysis is in fact a multidisciplinary activity, and one can no more assume a detailed linguistic background from its practitioners than one can assume detailed backgrounds in sociology, psychology or politics”[4].That is to say, text analysis should be done from many perspectives, assuming a multidisciplinary eye.The all-embracing quality of A Dream of Red Mansions as a text makes it possible for scholars to interpret it in many ways, which, in a sense, accounts for why the book can keep refreshing all the time and does not fall into the obscurity of history.To sum up, the encyclopedic and mysterious features of A Dream of Red Mansions lead to the possibility of multi-interpretation and finally promote the book to the top rank of the pyramid of literature.

2.2 Discursive Practice:Author+Readers+Ideology

Another dimension of discourse analysis is, according to Fairclough, discursive practice, which means in his words“involves processes of text production, distribution and consumption, and the nature of these processes varies between different types of discourse according to social factors”[4].Text is not isolated.Before it is born, it is conceived in the mind of its author;after its birth, it will inevitably exercise an influence on the mind of its readers and in turn, the changes in readers’mind and ideology will certainly affect their evaluation and interpretation of the text.In Fairclough’s words, “Texts are consumed differently in different social contexts”[4].Different social contexts lead to the changes in people’s ideology.Therefore, the two subjective factors—author and readers—will influence the processes of production and consumption of a text with their ideology.If their ideology changes, the texts they produce will surely change accordingly.

2.2.1 A Theoretical Explanation of the Relation between Text and Ideology

Ideology is closely related to people’s psychology, mind or cognition.Text, as a product of ideology, can be regarded as a bridge between people’s inner mind and outside world, or a transition from inner activities to outside products, so the study of people’s inner mind is of great significance to text analysis.

A cognitive turn characterized the second half of the 20thcentury and scholars began to turn their attention to the research of people’s cognition in order to make sense of how meanings are produced.They wanted to set up models of language that can reflect what is known about the human mind, and further explain people’s behaviors under the influence of their mind and cognition.They held that language is the externalization of thought.Mc Ginn insists that“It is far more plausible to suppose that our language is caused by our thoughts—that we can only introduce words for which we already have concepts”, “Words express concepts;they don’t create them”[9].Meanwhile, in the field of psycholinguistics, scholars also hold that“thought provides the basis for speech comprehension, which in turn provides the basis for speech production”[10].That is to say, oral speech or written text is closely connected with its author’s mind or ideology and reflect his/her intention at that time.For example, when creating A Dream of Red Mansions, Cao Xueqin must have in his mind a purpose or be overwhelmed with a kind of feeling he wanted to impart to his readers.Similarly, readers of different social classes or different times may have different ideologies in their mind and therefore give various responses and interpretations to the book.What plays an important role in determining people’s ideologies is social status and social change.

2.2.2 An Illustration of the Cognitive Change to A Dream of Red Mansions

A Dream of Red Mansions, in its early stage, evoked different reactions among different social classes.Many people of lower strata liked it very much, even though they may not really grasp the underlying meaning behind the words and may only be moved by the pure love story between Pao-yu and Tai-yu.Another group of people who give their favor to the book are those men of letters, praising highly the refined poems in it and, to some extent, realizing the significance of its revolutionary and rebellious spirit.Nonetheless, these agreeable voices could not gain an upper hand in the struggle against the dominant authority of that time.The feudal ruling class was so sensitive to the climate of the society that they were quick to catch up what kind of influence this book would exert on the mass people.Also, they were quick in their action.Shortly after the book’s circulation among mass people, the government gave an order to ban the book from publication and circulation and people were not allowed to read and discuss it.The ruling class of that time had good reasons to do this, claiming that the book, which was called The Story of the Stone at first, was detrimental to public morality and should be burn as curiosa.The mass people, though like the book very much, dare not read it in broad daylight, on the one hand, because of the pressure and prohibition of the authority, and on the other hand, because of their inner acknowledgement of the heterodox position of the book, for most of them were deeply influenced by Chinese traditional Confucianism.

With the development of society and the transition of era, people’s ideology changed, so did the ideology of society as a whole.In the transition from feudalism to socialism, people sometimes jumped out of the fetters of ideology and observed it in an objective way.In this way, they found a new world in A Dream of Red Mansions.Formerly, the study of the book could be classified into two schools, the one was the group of criticizing (评点派) , and the other was the school of searching for hidden meanings (索隐派) , which either put emphasis on the comments of the plot or characters, or strive to find the hidden social realities the book was based on.The one who makes great contributions to the solid position of A Dream of Red Mansions in literature is Lu Xun (1881-1936) .Although he did not write some monograph discussing A Dream of Red Mansions exclusively, he did write it into his work A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, and put forward many brilliant ideas.He sees more than love stories in it and regards it as a realistic tragedy, meanwhile digging the social meaning and advanced ideas within it.According to Lu Xun, this novel breaks the traditional schema that good people are pure good while bad people are completely bad[8], and instead, all the characters in it are somewhat imperfect.Besides, he holds that the tragedy of these characters actually reveals the essence of feudal society and can be seen as an exposure of the cruelty of feudalism[8].Nowadays, it is generally admitted that Pao-yu is a new-age person conceived in the embryo of feudal society and A Dream of Red Mansions is an encyclopedic book that provides scholars with a window to peep into Chinese traditional culture and that can be related to many other disciplines which makes multi-interpretations become possible.In a word, the questions as to how this novel was produced and how it was consumed by readers are all connected with ideology, and the change of ideology leads to different understanding and interpretations towards the book, which contributes to the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions.

2.3 Social Practice:Society+Culture+Power

Discourse does not come into being from nowhere.In a sense, it is deeply rooted in the climate of society.In this connection, Fairclough thinks highly of Marxism, saying that Marxism“provides a rich framework for investigating discourse as a form of social practice”[4].“People are social beings”[9], and there is surely interpersonal bound between them, for“What makes up society is not the people themselves but their interactions”[9].Interactions include those within a community and those happening between a community and other communities, with the latter maybe exerting a more significant influence by changing people’s ideas, the culture of a society and the shifting of power relationship.

2.3.1 The Influence of Western Literary Theories on the Study of Red-ology

In the later period of Qing dynasty, China woke from the policy of seclusion and began to learn from western countries in order to strengthen itself.In this way, some western literary theories found their way to China and did feel an echo among Chinese scholars.Since after, some Chinese scholars employed western theories to interpret Chinese literary works and made great contributions to academic studies.

Wang Guowei (1877-1927) , born in the later period of Qing dynasty, is a very great scholar in literature, aesthetics, historiography, philosophy, Sinology and so on.After coming into contact with Schopenhauer’s philosophy, he spent more than two years studying it and finally applied it into the interpretations of A Dream of Red Mansions.According to him, A Dream of Red Mansions is a book recording the pains and tragedies in life, and is the first work so far in China which is permeated with a real sense of pessimism[1].Though Wang’s ideas are still remain to be discussed as to its correctness, he does play a pioneering role in introducing western literary theories into the interpretations of literary works in China.

After Wang Guowei, there were several other scholars turning their attention to western theories in their study of Red-ology, such as Wu Mi’s A New Comment on A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦新谈》) and Pei Zhi’s A New Discussion of A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦新评》) .These essays or monographs are the results of an exchange between Chinese and western ideas.

2.3.2 Red-ology as Political Weapons in the New Culture Movement

The interaction between China and western countries leads to the dialogue between Chinese and western cultures.In the period of the 19thcentury, a group of young men of letters and patriots in China launched the New Culture Movement, paying great effort to advocate the spirit of democracy and science, with the purpose of transforming China’s cultural and political system.This trend also extended its influence to the study of Red-ology.A Dream of Red Mansions was reinterpreted to work for the political purpose of patriotic intellectuals.

As has been mentioned above, in early days, the study of A Dream of Red Mansions mainly included two schools—the group of criticizing and the school of searching for hidden meanings, which are now collectively called“old Red-ology” (旧红学) .In 1921, Hu Shi (1891-1962) published a famous essay titled A Research on A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦考证》) , marking the birth of new Red-ology (新红学) .Hu Shi’s study of Red-ology was of clear political intentions.At that time, he realized that the talking of“-ism”had a quite wide market among people while the need of actual action was largely ignored, so he put forward that“we should focus our attentions more on the actual problems instead of the empty talking of‘-ism’”, and he further suggested that we should“make suppositions boldly and draw confirmations carefully” (大胆地假设, 小心地求证) .His study of A Dream of Red Mansions was to impart the kind of scientific attitude and pragmatic spirit to the public.When it came to the age of Mao Zedong, Hu Shi’s philosophy of idealism and advocating of pragmatism were severely criticized and the new generation of proletarian revolutionists held that the research of Red-ology, like other academic fields, should also adopt the ideas and methods of Marxism to work for the career of proletariats[8].It is easy to draw from above that at the transitional period of ages, literary research is tinted with a strong color of politics and has already become a political weapon for revolutionists to fight for their power in society.

Fairclough says that“discursive practices are ideologically invested in so far as they incorporate significations which contribute to sustaining or restructuring power relations”“Relations of power may in principle be affected”[4].In a sense, this is to say, the encounter of different ideologies changes people’s way of thinking and may lead the mass people to take actions and finally lead to the shift of power relations.“What we feel, what we do and find we cannot do, will determine what we make of the utterances we hear from other members”[9].People’s understanding and interpretations for a text are somewhat related to their inner mind and purpose which are certainly, to some extent, molded by the climate of outside society.Therefore, in a way, the discursive change of a text happens along with the change of society and the shifting of power relationships.

3 The Influence Exerted by Strong Discourse on Weak Discourse

When doing discourse analysis, apart from diachronic factors, we should also take into account the interaction existing between different kinds of discourse.There is a world within discourse, where things interplay with each other and vicissitudes take place.From the perspective of influence, discourse can be categorized into the powerful one and the weak one.To some extent, whether a kind of discourse is powerful or weak, it mainly depends on the group of people who speak it.If a community is very powerful and influential, the voice they utter would somehow be paid more attention to and accordingly, would be more influential among different communities.This is the so-called powerful discourse.On the contrary, if some people are of marginalized position in society, the words they say may be also marginalized and even ignored by the mainstream society.This is the so-called weak or disadvantaged discourse.“Powerful communities in society can exert an influence on comparatively weaker communities by discourse.”[10]In other words, the powerful discourse would threaten and even erode the weak discourse.However, whether a kind of discourse is strong or weak, this is not a fixed thing.During a period, this kind of discourse is dominant;later, another kind of discourse may gain an upper hand, with the result of breaking the original balance within discourse and set up a new balance.This can be called the inner change of discourse.

In the early days after A Dream of Red Mansions’s publication, the opponent voice from feudal ruling class was the powerful discourse while the favor from mass people was somewhat marginalized.The government, guarding for the interests of upper ruling class, rejected the novel stubbornly in the name of morality and social civility.Under the pressure of so-called“orthodox”, those people who gave their vote to this novel did not dare to put it on the table, and had to copy and discuss it secretly.Yet, with the development of society and culture, people changed their ways of thinking and began to appreciate it in a quite new way.The laudatory words gradually prevail and become powerful discourse which silences the opponent voice.During the process of balance-breaking and balance-rebuilding between strong discourse and weak discourse, A Dream of Red Mansions walks from the periphery of literature to the very center of it, and embraces its classical position indisputably.

4 Conclusion

Discourse has its own journey of development, which is the so-called discursive change.In a general sense, two factors contribute to the change-external cause and internal cause.The former includes society, culture, ideology and so on, whose change leads to the transformation in people’s-or more specifically, readers’way of thinking, and makes readers adopt a new way to elucidate the discourse which thus is able to keep rejuvenated and diversified and acquires new meaning.As to the inner cause, it refers to the interplaying impact within discourse.Strong discourse gradually expands its domain and eats up that of weak discourse, finally gaining the very dominant position.In this way, the thing that the powerful discourse refers to would accordingly achieves a solid position in society.Of course, it is certainly impossible to separate external factors and internal factors from each other.Actually, they are complementary to each other, with the former being a stimulus to the latter and coming into effect through the latter.Fairclough put forward three dimensions of discourse analysis, which are text, discursive practice and social practice.The three dimensions reflect three points of view in discourse analysis-text, readers and society, through which external causes and internal causes interweave with each other.

The process of A Dream of Red Mansions’s achieving its classical position in literature is actually the process of its discursive change.As a kind of discourse, this novel itself is all-embracing and can be called an encyclopedia of that time, which makes it possible to do multi-interpretations.More importantly, it is caught in the wide net of society and culture as well as ideology, swaying along with the tide of society.When the affirmative voice towards A Dream of Red Mansions becomes strong and presides over readers and critics, the discursive construction of the novel is finally accomplished.

参考文献

[1]郭豫适.红楼研究小史稿 (kolistan推荐书系, 红楼梦原著论著系列) [M].上海:上海文艺出版社, 1980:8, 165.

[2]Michel Foucault.The Archaeology of Knowledge[M].London:Routledge, 2002.

[3]常宗林.英汉语言文化学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社, 2004:25.

[4]Norman Fairclough.Discourse and Social Change[M].Cambridge:Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 1992:62, 74, 78, 79, 86, 91.

[5]Yang Xianyi&Yang Gladys, Trans.A Dream of Red Mansions[M].Beijing:Foreign Languages Press, 1978:26.

[6]C.Mc Ginn.“How you think”, New York Review of Books[J].2007.9.

[7]Danny D.Steinberg&Hiroshi Nagata&David P.Aline.Psycholinguistics:Language, Mind and World, second edition[M].England:Pearson Education Limited, 2001:36.

[8]郭豫适.红楼研究小史续稿 (kolistan推荐书系, 红楼梦原著论著系列) [M].上海:上海文艺出版社, 1981:92, 94-95, 316.

[9]Wolfgang Teubert, Meaning, Discourse and Society[M].New York:Cambridge University Press, 2010:114, 122, 115.

3.情人节英文话语 篇三

关键词元话语 分类 交际元话语 互动元话语

中图分类号:H03文献标识码:A

1 引言

语言是交际的一种手段,而交际不仅涉及信息、物品或服务的交换,而且涉及交际双方的个性、态度和观点。而元话语则可以帮助我们了解说话人或作者对语篇内容和读者/听话者(以下合称“受众”)的态度。什么是元话语?元话语一词最早由Zellig Harris 提出, 早先常常被称作“关于话语的话语”和“关于谈话的谈话”(Hyland, 2005),到现在它被定义为“用来协商语篇互动意义的自我反省表达形式,能帮助作者/说话人表达观点,与作为社会成员的读者进行交际。(Hyland, 2008)”。

语言包含两个层面:基本话语 (primary discourse) 和元话语(metadiscourse)。Hyland和T se(2004: 157)认为,对元话语的理解有狭义和广义之分,狭义的观点是,强调话语的组织篇章的功能;广义的观点是,元话语体现了作者在篇章中所表现出来的运用语言和修辞的方法以及把话语组织和话语含义结合起来的方法。元话语的分类存在许多不同意见,使人莫衷一是,但大多数分类都是基于由Vande Kopple(1985)的分类上。目前,中国社会科学院语言所的徐赳赳将元话语分为了三大类词语元话语、标点元话语、视觉元话语。

笔者基于前人的研究成果对中英文学校简介的元话语使用情况进行比较,需要强调的是笔者谈的元话语是书面语。笔者分别考察了五个国外著名学府的英文简介和五个国内著名学府的中文简介,以此来进行比较。

2 元话语分类及讨论

元话语可以分为三大类:词语元话语、标点元话语、视觉元元话语。

2.1词语元话语

对元话语分类的讨论主要集中在词汇类,从目前研究来看,主要有三种分法: (1)篇章元话语(textual metadiscourse)和人际元话语( interpersonal metadiscourse); (2)交际元话语( interactive resources)和互动式元话语( interactional resources); (3)内部篇章元话语( intra-textual)和外部篇章元话语( inter-textual)。我们现就第二种分类来进行分析。

根据Hyland(2008)交际元话语包含:过渡语(transitions),框架标记(frame markers)回指标记(endophoric markers),言据标记(evidentials)、语码注释(code glosses);而互动元话语包含:模糊语(hedges)、增强语(boosters)、态度标记(ttitude markers)、自称语(self mentions)、介入标记(engagement markers)

英文学校简介中出现的框架标记回指标记言据标记语码注释比较少,过渡语的比例也不大。而中文学校简介中,交际元话语相对出现较多且尤以过渡语出现较多,也就是说,就交际元话语来说,中文学校简介比英文学校简介使用的频率较多。举例如下:

But it is not just longevity and global reach过渡语

However, you can ask students and professors about their research. Also, displays of various projects are posted on the walls of most departments. 过渡语

也是当时中国最高教育行政机关。过渡语

据不完全统计,北京大学的校友和教师有400多位两院院士 言据标记

并成为国家“211工程”重点建设的两所大学之一。过渡语

然而,在学校简介中,互动元话语的情况则相反。英文学校在简介中大量使用了介入标记、自称语等。例:

you are visiting for more detailed instructions 介入标记

we hope you have a day to spend in Cambridge 自称语、介入标记

There are labs you might not have heard of, activities that you might expect, and others that will surprise you. Let us show you around. 模糊语、介入标记

Caltech students are very friendly and approachable. They also are refreshingly honest. Most will be happy to tell you about their classes,增强语

we do not offer tours of or access to the labs.(自称语)

Perhaps the best way to get to know Caltech is to soak up(模糊语)

we are delighted that via this website you are joining that long tradition.态度标记

That is why we believe that the greater we can make Oxford, the greater its contribution to the well-being of the world you and I share. 自称语通过使用第二人称代词、评价性评语等互动话语能使作者(本文中即学校)参与到文本中从而更清晰地表达信息并激发读者参与的激情。然而,在中文学校简介中几乎很少看到有互动元话语。也这可能主要是因为中国人写文章讲求严谨,客观性,而少有考虑到与学生的互动。

2.2标点元话语

在书面文本中,各种各样的标点符号及版面排版等,例如:下划线、首字母大写等也能表明文本的重点和作者的态度。(Crismore et al 1993)Hyland和Tse (2004: 157)认为,通过使用元话语,作者就可以把单调的、零散的篇章组成相互关联的、读者所喜爱的篇章,元话语还可把篇章跟语境联系起来,表达作者的人际意义,提高篇章的可信度,提高读者的阅读兴趣。从这个角度看,元话语是属于功能的范畴,因此,有些标点、句子排列的次序等都可列入元话语的范畴。在中英文学校简介中有例:

They would love the challenge!

豫章故郡,旧邦维新,我们一起见证江西在中部的崛起!

斯文正印,继往开来,我们相与共建昌大在中华之腾飞!

形成了“前湖之风”周末讲坛

2.3视觉元话语

人们对元话语的研究都集中在篇章本身,给人的感觉好像篇章只是涉及词、句子和段落。其实,元话语还应包括篇章的视觉成分,如版面排版、颜色搭配等。

在中英文各大学的学校简介中我们可看到许多附上的彩图,从而在视觉上给读者以冲击力,以吸引更多的学生到校求学。

3 结语

从以上比较我们可看出英文学校简介更注重与学生的平等对话,且英语国家重视受教育的公平性人性化管理。英国的教育注重人本化,以人为本是教育的核心理念学校与学生没有教育方(老师)和受教育方(学生)尊严的隔阂,更多的是民主平等的师生关系,是人与人之间的平等沟通。在中国的学校似乎将学生永远放置在从属地位。对于学生而言,对老师的绝对服从就是尊师的体现——“尊师如尊父”。所以在中国的学校简介中,只是将大量的有关学校的信息灌输给学生,学生只是被动地接受信息。而没有注重与学生互动,以便引起学生积极性。

中国已经加入WTO多年,我们在经济和社会与国际接轨的同时,也要注重教育与国际的接轨,在面向各国宣传学校文化时,可以在元话语的使用上做适当调整,使我们的学校及教育更容易被全世界的大众所接受。相信随着中西文化交流的日益加深,人们之间的距离会逐渐变小,希望通过对中英教育文化中的几个非常具有代表性方面的略述,能够提供中西方文化交流、取长补短的方便。

参考文献

[1] yland,K.Metadiscourse:ExploringInteractioninWriting[M].London:Continuum,2005.

[2] Hyland,K.Metadiscourse.2008.

[3] 徐赳赳.关于元话语的范围和分类[J].当代语言学,2006(4):345～353.

4.情人节煽情话语 篇四

也想拒绝再爱，可免爱的痛苦;但经反复思量，依然爱你如故!

要知道世界上惟有你，对我是鼓舞的源泉，对我是天才的慰藉，对我是闪烁在灵魂深处的思想光辉。

要知道，那些信签写的誓言，只不过是白纸黑字的表演。我的誓言没有那么华丽而浪漫，只是简单的：我爱你!

要问我的情有几多，天上星星有几颗?要问我的情有几深，浩瀚宇宙有多深?不用问，不用说，我俩彼此不琢磨!

要问——我爱你的心会变质吗?我会真诚的告诉你“爱你比永远多一天”

要是光明算得人生第一个恋爱对象，那么恋爱不就是心的光明吗? 要告诉你的，很简单，很明白，很执着，很永远-----想你爱你。

摇共对轻舟飘，互传誓约庆春晓，两心相邀、影相照，愿化海鸥轻唱说情调。

阳光下你灿烂的笑容，带着无尽的爱恋缓缓而来，我将自己融化，在你双臂的环绕中，我幸福的丢失了自己!

雁南归，一路欢乐一路歌;望明月，阴晴圆缺永无期;看蕾梅白雪相映别样红;思知己，夜不能寐情无期。

眼中曾有你的芬芳，心中留着你的温馨，如果感觉已经麻木，只有你会使我苏醒。因为，我的心已被你深深打动!

眼神楚楚惹人怜，你的笑颜美又甜，天真无邪天使脸，深深印在我心田～我真的好喜欢你～

眼里只有你的世界，爱你就是燃烧我自己，燃不尽的思念化作轻烟，带着我的祝福，悄悄地飘向你!

眼泪是爱情的香料，浸在眼泪中的爱情是最可爱的爱情。

沿着我眼睛的深潭，游到了我的心底，无意中发现了一个秘密，原来，在我的心里，只刻了你一个名字!

岩石尚有熔化时，不想肉心比石坚，峰山之巅叹情苦，化作彩蝶升九天。好想——飞到你身边

言语虽不多，字字见真心。见面我脸红，只有打短信。我我我：想你，念你，梦你，我，我爱你!

寻寻觅觅，在情天之间找到了你，是我的幸福。

雪无踪，情亦无踪。雪无形，情亦无形。冬来，雪倾城;爱来，情倾城。冬过，雪化水;爱过，情化泪。

雪无踪，情无终!雪无形，情有影!冬来，雪轻盈;爱来，情倾城。冬过，雪化水;爱依然，情始终。

徐徐而落的夕阳，在彩虹美丽的尽头，浮萍一样的`相遇，是我今身的梦想，在爱情的风雨中，有你相伴就足够。

虚幻的网络背后是真诚跳动的心。我知道我们不可以，但还是想让你知道：我爱你。我爱你，不怕全世界都知道。

虚幻的网络背后是颗真诚跳动的心。我知道我们不可以，但还是想让你知道：我爱你。

5.情人节浪漫话语 篇五

2、连续三年的情人节，她都会收到来自同一个陌生号码的祝福短信，只有短短五个字：情人节快乐。她从来没有回复过。第四年的情人节，那条短信没有出现。她犹豫很久，终于对那个号码发了句情人节快乐。很快便有了答复，＂谢谢，你哪位？＂爱情不会在原地等谁，一个不小心，它便被时间带走了。

3、情人节，我愿做一条鱼，任你红烧、白煮、清蒸，然后躺在你温柔的胃里。

4、初次的相见，你便是我无法抹去的思念；命运捉弄，你我擦肩而过。纵使有缘无份，我依然是你忠实的朋友，衷心祝福你情人节快乐！

5、幸福就是可以不断的重复过去。每天跟自己喜欢的人一起，通电话，旅行，重复一个承诺和梦想，听他第二十八次提起童年往事，每年的同一天和他庆祝生日，每年的情人节、圣诞节、除夕，也和他共度。甚至连吵架也是重复的，为了一些琐事吵架，然后冷战，疯狂思念对方，最后和好。可怕的是有一天不能重复了

6、切着洋葱、拼命挤着那不存在的泪;说着冷语、强颜扯出那抹心酸的笑.

7、曾经，我在寻找一个梦，头上飘来一朵轻轻的。风景在我正想去抓住她的时候，风景随着我的梦远走了!

8、情人节里把年拜，迷恋哥哥就来爱；做人就要喜羊羊，开心何必去偷菜！人生茶几杯洗具，豁达欣赏你最帅；妈妈喊我吃年饭，亲情响彻千里外！

9、真心实意的爱永远胜过浪漫带来的感动，但是，感情也需要不断充电的，情人节虽然过去了，但是不影响你偶尔带给她一点惊喜，让她清楚的知道你很在乎她，比如下班回家时，在街边小摊买一份她爱吃的小吃，女孩子不在乎你给她买的什么，只在乎你的心里是否一直装着她。

10、有你，我不在孤单，当我落泪，有你帮我拭去，当我寒冷，你拥我入怀，我不在孤单亲爱的，我爱你!

11、幸福其实就是不断的`重复。每一天，跟自己喜欢着的人一起打电话，旅行，重复着一个个承诺与梦想，听着他第十八次提起童年趣事，成长的烦恼，每一年的同一天跟他一起过生日、情人节、圣诞节。甚至连吵架也是重复，为一些琐事，之后就是冷战，疯狂地思念对方，最后和好如初。

12、我哭的时候有你给我肩膀，流鼻涕了就借我你的衣襟，任性的时候你会由着我胡闹，我调皮时你会捏捏我的小鼻子，伤感的时候我静静的陪我，我穿任何衣服你都会说好看，情人节会送几朵玫瑰给我，带我去我想去的所有地方，买好多好多我爱吃的零食……这样的你，在哪呢？

13、我讨厌你不在我身边，我讨厌想你想到失眠，我讨厌手机无人接听，我讨厌你不喜欢我，我讨厌烂桃花，我讨厌被人欺骗，我讨厌过情人节，我讨厌一个人，我讨厌被敷衍，我讨厌没人理我，我讨厌没钱的日子。你讨厌什么？

14、无法厮守终生的爱情，不过是人在长途旅程中，来去匆匆的转机站，无论停留多久，始终要离去坐另—班机。

15、知道情人节我想吃什么吗？煮你，炒你，清蒸你；烤你，焖你，红烧你；炸你，煎你，凉拌你！

16、分手什么的并不可怕，最可怕的是那种彼此都试图挽回，却又都无能为力的茫然。——《蓝色情人节》

17、想你已经养成习惯!爱你已经不能改变!所以我决定和你永远。

6.情人节甜蜜祝福话语 篇六

2. 天会老，地会老，但我决意爱你的心情永远不会老;我会老，你会老，可是我说给你的情话永远不会老。情人节到了，我也想说：我有一颗陪你到老的心!

3. 天可老，地可老，你我爱情终不老。情可尽，意可尽，你我相爱永不尽。虽然前世不相逢，纵然来世不相见，今生我们是唯一，即可无憾到永远。亲爱的，节日快乐。

4. 你的过去的精彩我没赶上，但你未来的幸福我负责给你;风雨之中，与你牵手前进;夕阳余晖，和你坐享黄昏;亲爱的，我爱你!不管风雨我都会保护一辈子!

5. 你的名字就是我在“爱的语录”里惟一的单词，你也就是我在“爱的海洋”里惟一的航班!让你我一同乘坐这航班，过个浪漫快乐的情人节!情人节快乐!

6. 你浅浅的笑意像一弯新月，你多情的眼眸像一潭湖水，你柔软的嘴唇像一玫花瓣，我痴痴的等待苦苦的期盼，终于盼来了情人节，我要向全世界宣布：我爱你!

7. 如果这一生我可以有1000次好运，我愿意把998次都分给你，只留两次给自己;一次是遇见你，一次是永远陪你走完一生一世!亲爱的情人节快乐!

8. 如果我是玫瑰我将给你芬芳，如果我是太阳我将给你阳光;如果我是钻石我将给你永恒，如果我是你的爱我将给你我的全部!祝情人节快乐!

9. 如果我是风，我愿随你一起飞翔;如果我是叶，我愿紧贴你一起变黄;如果我是太阳，希望带给你温暖;如果我是星星，希望带给你梦想。情人节快乐!

10. 在这浪漫温馨的日子，情意轻悄悄的，爱意软绵绵的，真诚祝福有情人心心相印，亲亲密密，有缠绵的甜蜜，有醉人的幸福，情人节快乐!

11. 在这四周飘送着巧克力和玫瑰花香的二月，在这西方神圣而又浪漫的二月，衷心的说一声：情人节快乐!祝你和你爱的人永远快乐!

12. 在这个连空气也甜丝丝的季节，浓浓的浪漫裹着如糖般的甜蜜，直沁人心底。古典的节日更增添无限情怀，祝你与你的恋人沉浸于今日的美好，情人节快乐。

13. 在这个与众不同的情人节里，我把誓言一生一世戴在你的手指上，纵然一生平平淡淡，同尝甘苦，我愿永远为你挡风遮雨共度朝朝暮暮。情人节快乐!

14. 在没有遇到你以前，我从不知道思念的感觉以及爱的甜蜜，请答应我从这个情人节开始让这种感觉和你一起陪伴我一辈子!情人节快乐!

15. 好久没见，但你的格言我始终谨记在心：馒头诚可贵，包子价更高，若有烧排骨，两者皆可抛。可爱的损友，情人节快乐!

16. 夸父追日，是为了一个坚定的梦想;彩云追月，是为了一段缠绵的姻缘;少年追星，是为了一丝青春的悸动;我追你，是为了告诉你——情人节快乐!

17. 多情的电波，放飞我的祝福;短短的信笺，塞满你的邮箱;小小的问候，拉近彼此的距离;忙碌的日子，从此多一些温暖的记忆。祝你情人节快乐!

18. 你酣畅了未来的道路，带给我快乐无数;你甜蜜了人生的时光，把我的记忆芬芳;你幸福了岁月的角落，任我书写爱情的传说。情人节到了，爱你的心一直滚烫。

19. 你的微笑是我前进的动力，你的深情是我成功的动力，今生能和你在一起是我最大的福气;如果有来生，我也祈求上天能让我和你再成为情侣。情人节快乐!

20. 只要我的心还在，就一直留有你的位置，位置只有一个;只要你的手机还在，就会有我对你的无限祝福，祝福有千万条。想你，祝福你。亲爱的，情人节快乐。

21. 爱你的动机是看到你心潮澎湃，爱你的过程是倾情奉献，爱你的目的是相伴到老，爱你的结果是不可自拔。我分析清楚以后，果断的决定，我爱你了。

22. 爱你是我一生最幸福的事，想你是我一生最快乐的事，看到你是我一生最享受的事，爱你想你看你是我一辈子都要做的事，亲爱的，情人节快乐!

23. 爱你是我伟大的事业，疼你是我最爱的职业，想你是我不变的习惯，陪你是我最美的画面，娶你是我今生最大的心愿。情人节快乐，爱你每天多一点。

24. 爱的玫瑰充满街头，情人的笑脸荡漾在每个角落，莫名喜欢这个原本属于西方的节日，亲爱的，在这样的日子里让我们成为恋人好吗?

25. 天上有一个太阳温暖且灿烂.而有一个星球始终围绕着他转永恒不变.在我的眼里你就是太阳.而我就是绕着你转的小星球.你是我生命的全部.情人节快乐!

26. 天，因为有了阳光所以很蓝;地，因为有了春雨所以很绿;海，因为有了风儿所以很宽。心，因为有了你所以很美很美!这个情人节有你才完美!

27. 你的笑容，让鲜花羞愧;你的优雅，让明月回味;你的温情，让阳光后退;你的温暖，让我无路可退。最好的朋友，只想和你心连心，背靠背。情人节快乐!

28. 天使想给海豚一个吻。但天太高。我想给你一个吻。但路太远。无论我们相距有多远。我们永远都是最幸福快乐的情侣。亲爱的。祝你情人节快乐。事事顺心!

29. 多一点快乐，少一点烦恼，无论情人有多少;生活没味道，自己放调料;收到我的祝福，开心笑一笑;情人节快乐!

30. 在错的时间遇上对的人，是一场伤心;在对的时间遇上错的人，是一声叹息;在对的时间遇上对的人，是一生幸福。你，就是让我一生幸福的人，情人节快乐!

31. 在遇到你之前，世界是一片荒原，遇到你之后，世界是一个乐园，过去的许多岁月，对我象一缕轻烟，未来的无限生涯，因你而幸福无边。情人节因你而有意义!

32. 在最美的夜里想你，在最深的呼吸中念你，在最惬意的时候感受你，在最失意的时候知道，这个世界有你就已经足够。我的爱人，情人节快乐!

33. 用细心，让爱情长长久久;用耐心，让爱情历久弥新;用真心，让爱情喜悦充实;用痴心，让爱情专注唯一;用谈心，让爱情包容理解。情人节快乐，愿你做个有心人!

34. 用丝绸之路的旅程写一段美丽日记，你就是沿途的奇迹。用红军长征的魄力写一篇红色日记，你就是革命的胜利。亲爱的，情人节别忘了让自己快乐。

35. 用一把问候的锁，把你关进无忧城堡，用一缕祝福的丝线，将你绑在快乐身上.情人节到，愿你爱情永远甜蜜，情人永远满意，事业永远得意，幸福永远洋溢!

36. 用一生的爱把你囚禁在我心底，用一生的情守在你身边，一生一世，让情人节成为我们永远的节日!让玫瑰花永远盛开在我们心里，情人节快乐!

37. 生活给我出了个难题，送给我这么可爱的你，我该怎么庆祝?生活也给你出了个难题，送给你这么忠诚的我，你该如何解决?让我们共度这温馨的情人节吧!

38. 生活的小船有两只小桨，以前是我一个人划，身边有了你，小船划得更快了，每天都有一片崭新的风景，爱你，在这个情人节，祝你幸福。

39. 人生得一知己难求，但遇到一个心心相印愿意与你同甘共苦的爱人更是前世修来的缘份，你一定要好好珍惜哦!情人节别忘了对你的另一半说三个字：我爱你!

40. 一辈子有多长?我不知道;距离有多远?我不知道;情意有多深?我不知道。但我知道，不管多长、多远、多深，改变不了我的深深爱恋。情人节，愿你相伴!

41. 一粒红豆，一份相思情;一枝合欢，二情常相悦;一朵玫瑰，三生来相守;一枚红菊，四方真情扬;一句祝福，百年愿好和，2.14来到，祝你情人节快乐，爱情地久天长。

42. 生活奔波无止无尽，正是如此，我们就要时常放下手头的工具，为生活加加油，为生活打打气，情人节，带着你的爱人，去诉说浪漫的往事，回忆美好的过去!

43. 生活本无烦恼，一切只是自找。爱情也无规则，万事随缘就好。有情人，固然好。没情人，也逍遥。日子要过好，自己最重要。多爱自己一点。情人节快乐。

44. 生命是一个漂泊的旅程，遇见了谁都是一个美丽的意外。我珍惜每一个可以让我称作朋友的人，因为那是可以让漂泊的心驻足的地方!

45. 生命本是一场漂泊的漫游，遇见了谁都是一个美丽的意外。朋友可以让漂泊的心驻足，让漠然的心感动，喜欢这种感觉，珍惜这份情谊。祝福你朋友，保重自己!情人节日快乐!

46. 生命中最美的相遇，是你;岁月中最美的季节，是你。有你陪伴的日子才温馨，有你牵手的生活才幸福。今生牵了你的手，只愿一直陪你走。情人节快乐!

47. 不见你：真想你：我梦里：常有你：我心里：只有你：真心的：对着你：一颗心：交给你：只因为：喜欢你：一句话：告诉你：我实在：好想你!

48. 在时间的驿站，我要许一个心愿叫永远;在爱情的港湾，我将寄一份希望叫真挚。在这个情人节，我会用一份真情和你渡过。我们相守的情谊将伴着真挚永远。

49. 在我的心中，有一间为你敞开门的小屋，它的名字叫爱，我始终把他藏在那最温暖的角落，等待着你能住在里面，让我加倍关心你，爱护你!情人节快乐!

50. 在我无限的梦中，有无限的你;在我无尽的思念中，有无尽的你;在我生命中的每一个情人节中，真希望，能有你的陪伴。祝我们的爱情天长地久。

51. 在记忆的帆里，也许我们已经成为彼此的往昔，一直翻涌的却是共同的回忆。在这个属于情人的日子，希望你的手可以幸福的牵在别人的手里。让我做你永远的蓝颜知己。

52. 因为有你，生活有了意义;因为有你，一切都是甜蜜。感谢你出现在我的生命里，我的心会永远和你在一起。情人节快乐!

53. 因为有你，日子有了规律;因为有你，生活变得美丽;因为有你，奋斗有了意义;因为有你，幸福伴着暖意;因为有你，一切都很甜蜜;亲爱的，情人节快乐!

54. 回味玫瑰的花香，留在手上的一刻。巧克力的香浓，飘过丝般柔滑的记忆。烛光中依偎的身影，共话缠绵一刻。情人节将至，愿你收获属于自己的浪漫!

55. 同一个世界!同一天节日!当中国新春佳节结缘外国情人节，喜上加喜，节里有节!幸福中有极情，温馨中有快乐。祝福您：拥有美美满满甜蜜又浪漫的生活!

56. 各位情侣你们好，欢迎乘坐情缘航班，本次航班从恋爱机场起飞，途经浪漫站、甜蜜站、温馨站，将于情人节当日抵达幸福航空港，祝旅途平安、爱情美满!

57. 让你哭到撕心裂肺的那个人，是你最爱的人;让你笑到没心没肺的那个人，是最爱你的人;让你在情人节的时刻收到真挚祝福的人，是最牵挂你的我。

58. 让天空闪烁的星星数着你梦中的心跳，于是你呓语，你微笑，都有无数的祝福围绕着你。看!你那甜甜的酒窝不就是南极和北斗的化身?情人节快乐。

59. 用彩虹做件新衣，用彩霞作幅年画，用彩笔写副对联，用太阳做个灯笼，用月亮做个果篮，用星星做成糖果，用短信寄给你，恭祝你及全家情人节快乐!

60. 如果你是甘乃迪，我就是你贾贵琳，为你日夜美丽;如果你是拿破仑，我就是你约瑟芬，为你在所不惜!祝福亲爱的你，情人节快乐!

61. 如果你是大海，我愿化做沙滩让你天天亲吻着我的脸.如果你是一只候鸟，我愿化做你的羽翼伴你南飞北渡，为你遮挡风雨.情人节快乐!

62. 如果世界只剩十分钟，我会和你一同回忆走过的风雨，如果世界只剩三分钟，我会吻你，如果世界只剩一分钟，我会说次我爱你!

7.情人节英文话语 篇七

Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used(McCarthy,2002).Gillian Brown and George Yule define it even much simpler as the analysis of language in use(2000).

As for spoken discourse,there are various approaches that can be utilized in an analysis.Among them,Birmingham Model of British School developed by Sinclair and Coulthard(1975)stresses the core in the structure or IRF Model(Initiation Response and Follow-up Model)which specifically indicates three moves involved in an exchange.The hierarchical structure put speech act as the basic unit to serve a move,and moves then combined to form an exchange,in turn exchanges a transaction,and finally transactions develop into a lesson.

Conversational Analysis of American School which has principally followed structure-linguistic criteria on the basis of the isolation of units,and sets of rules defining well-formed sequences of the discourse(McCarthy,2002).It describes the language in terms of,for instances,adjacency pair(a sequence of two utterances by different speakers,which are mutually dependent),turn-taking(change of speakers during conversation),and sequence which indicates stretches of utterances or turns.

The present paper is to tentatively analyze a radio call-in show on the ground of these two approaches.It attempts to expose its conversational structures and patterns,in the light of transaction and IRF exchange structure which are borrowed from Birmingham Exchange Model and adjacency pairs,turn-taking,and sequence,which are the terms from Conversation Analysis of American School.

2 Discourse Analysis

2.1 Transaction boundary in the show

Transaction boundary markers,which mark the opening and closing or even pause in this radio show,can be easily found.

The show begins with the compere's greetings"Welcome back to…"and ends up with filler"Well"added with lexical expressions"It's time to wrap it up",which mark the whole time period of the show from the general topic"Wishes and Dreams"to sending out wishes to all listeners at the ending point.In the middle of the show,the compere repeats the same utterances"I you just tuned in"and then informs the listeners of what is going on.While each time such informing utterances will be narrowed down from"we're on the line now someone from Seattle"to"we're talking to'sleepless in Seattle'".

Briefly speaking,these 4 boundaries divide the show into 3big transactions.Each boundary consists of framing move such as filler"well"or the expressions like"If you're just tuned in"and focusing move such as restatement of the current topic.

If exploring into the detail,there are framing move and focusing move in boundary exchange,such as"Well,what's your Christmas wish,Jonah?"After three exchanges of Jonah's selfintroduction,the request of the age and the inquiry why Jonah is still up there,Dr.Marsha goes back to her focus"Wishes and Dreams"by framing move,a filler"Well"to mark the end of the former utterances and beginning of the new utterances between exchanges.Such framing moves like"Now"also appears in this conversation.

2.2 IRF structure in the show

This radio call-in show is presided over by the compere,Dr Marsha.She converses either with Jonah or Sam most of the time In addition to the peculiarity of the show,most exchanges are in regular sequence of Dr/Jo/Dr-Dr/Jo/Dr or Dr/Sa/Dr-Dr/Sa/Dr within the IRF structure.

However,such regular pattern is violated at times in the conversation.For example,at the starting point of second chunk of the conversation,Sam without knowing what is happening comes to pick up the phone with initiation act"Hello?"to converse with the one on the other side of the line.The pattern becomes Sa/Dr/Sa-Sa/Dr/Sa,where Sam becomes the dominan speaker on the phone.The regular patterns return until Sam is willing to cooperate with Dr.Marsha,and try to drop his reluctan emotions and speak his mind,since he knows that it is Jonah's Christmas wish and he realizes how his son is concerned abou him.Moreover,the conversations between Jonah and his father Sam are also points which disturb the regular sequences.

Besides,such violation can be reflected in the absence o follow-up move in the IRF structure.It happens when it is more significant to move the conversation ahead instead of giving the corresponding response a kind of evaluation of follow-up.In addition,the fillers like"oh""good""ok""well"can convey the speaker's feelings instead of being just a kind of lubrication during the conversation.

2.3 Adjacency pairs

Because most of this radio show is in the structure of IRF and the adjacency pairs can actually be contained in it,most o them are in preference structures with preferred second pairparts,now I just listed a couple of adjacency pairs here with dispreferred second pair-part to be analyzed.

Dr:Well,I'm sure that I can help,but I'm going to need you to help me help him.What will you do is to bring your dad to the phone.

Jo:No way!He'd kill me!

Dr:No?Why Not?

Sa:Ah,Marsha,or should I call you Dr.Fieldstone.

Dr:Dr.Marsha

Sa:Dr.Marsha.I don't mean to be rude.

The first adjacency pair is Jonah's direct dis-preferred response"no way"to Dr.Marsha's request.The second shows how hard Sam as an adult tries to avoid answering the question with"no"directly to the questioner Dr.Marsha.

2.4 Turn-taking

In this radio call-in show,the speakers or listeners involved are expected to wait for his or her turn most of the time.From the above analysis about the IRF structure and regular patterns we can confirm this point.Similarly,there are exceptions for turn-taking.

It is worth noticing that there are only 4 times of interruptions:Dr.Marsha and Jonah each twice,and the interruptions o Jonah are one factor of violation of the regular sequences,where the conversation between Jonah and Sam is inserted in the whole discourse.Besides,apparently all overlaps happen to Anna,a listener,who is not involved in the whole process of the conversation.She can take turn at any time without any confinement and at the same time has no influence or illocutionary force upon the speakers on the radio.However,it does influence us viewers In order to protrude Annie's feeling and thoughts,which goes along with the heroes Jonah and Sam in the film,the voice of radio call-in show is somewhat weakened.That is the film's effect therefore will not be elaborated more here.

2.5 Sequence

In order to be polite,the dominant speaker Dr.Marsha wil generate such pre-sequenced utterances as"If there was one question I was allowed to ask…"to make sure that Sam is still in the good mood to talk and pave the way for her next questions The insertion sequence can also be spotted,for example,when Dr.Marsha asks"What's he doing?Is he busy?"and Jonah answers"Not really.He's out on the deck".This kind of sequences is obviously in Q1-Q2-A2-A1 pattern.

3 Conclusion

From the above analysis,it is obvious that this radio call-in show is clear-cut in boundary and the overall conversationa structure is in IRF structure and in the regular sequence patterns.However,various factors can influence the general structure and patterns including absence of the follow-up,dis-preferred utterances,interruption,and the pre-sequence and insertion-sequence,which although take only a small portion of the discourse but play a greatly important role in conversation,and make the conversation much more smooth in stead of always being"interrogated"by the compere,the dominant speaker Dr Marsha.These are what second language learners lack in their natural conversations most of the time.

Such tentative analysis can make us aware of differen structures and patterns in different roles and different situations to some extent.Knowing this,we can hope that we might have a chance to improve our communicative competence in conducting a real and natural conversation.

参考文献

[1]McCarthy M.Discourse Analysis for Language Teacher[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2002.