材料英文翻译（精选8篇）
1.材料英文翻译 篇一
英文求职自荐信范文
（一）NIKA NINSIRAT
215Hartman drive
Portsmouth,NH03801
(603)555-4606
January26 1996
Mr.Howard speller,general sales manager
Spelle automobiles,ltd.325roling woods highway
Dover,NH03723
Dear Mr.Speller:
I am a recent college graduate with a B.A.degree in automotive matketing & management.I have also been part of a family-owned automobile distributorship for nearly all my life , so cars are my life!
I noticed your advertisement for automotive sales and marketing assistaant in the June 14th edition of the Dover star,and have submitted my resume for your consideration
You mentioned in the advertisement that the successful candidate must have:
1)A bachelor of arts degree I do
2)Excellent communications skills I do
3)Ability to work well with people at all levels I do
4)Eagerness to learn and “pay ey dues” I am and I will
This is a job that I believe was made for me.I am familiar with your operation,as I am originally from this atea.I an available immediateely, and offer you competence, dedication, and a good work ethic if you don’t mind, I will call you next week to see if a personal interview can be scheduled.Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to speaking with you next week
Sincerely,Nika niksirat
英文求职自荐信范文
（二）Dear Sir,In June of this year I shall receive my Masters of Science degree from Nem York University and I am naturally very much interested in securing a position.I believe I can qualify as a communications engineer.For as long as I can remember your company has been a standard in the field of business machines and I have followed its developments with keen appreciation.I should like very much to have the privilege of working under the supervision of one of your men not only because I sincerely believe that I can serve you well, but also because it would give me a fine opportunity to grow as a physicist.The course in physics I have taken as a graduate have a particular hearing on the development work of your firm.As a physics major I selected my courses with particular emphasis on those dealing with integrated circuits, and have had considerable laboratory work in these fields.If you do not have any vacancies at present for which I might be considered, will you piease file my application for future reference? I shall be pleased to supply any additional information you may wish and come to your office for a personal interview at any time that is convenient.Sincerely yours,英文求职自荐信范文
（三）Dear Sir,Professor Kenneth H.Chan, head of the Department of Metallurgy, has informed me that your aggency is looking for an engineering graduate with the ability to write about technical subjects for non-technical readers.The four years at Hong Kong University have given ma a thorough foundation in such fundamental sciences as physics, mathematics, and chemistry, in addition to specialized courses in metallurgy.I have also taken as many courses in English and psychology as possible with the expectation that I would enter the field of technical sales or editing following my graduation this summer.Fortunately, as my reume shows, I now have a mature in finding a satisfying job.May I com in for an interview at your convenience?
Sincerelyyuors,
2.材料英文翻译 篇二
Generally,asphaltandotherwaterproofmaterials areappliedinadhesionandwaterproofinglayerbroadly,whichareeasilyaffectedbyagingandenvironmentalissues[1,2].However,thesematerialsshowtemperaturedependency,whoseanti-shearperformancedrops unceasinglyinhightemperature.Therefore,adhesion andwaterproofinglayerfailedbecauseofmaterialdegradation.A newtypecompositematerialshouldbedevelopedwithexcellenttemperaturestabilityand antishearperformance,which showssignificantimprovementtoperformanceandlifetimeofbridgedeckoverlay.
Polyurethaneisanexcellentmaterialwidelyused inwaterproofing.Polyurethanebindercontainsisocyanategroup(-NCO-)andcarbamicacidmethylgroup(-NH-COO-),whichexhibitshighpolarityandreactivity[3].Inparticular,polyurethanebindercancureat normaltemperature,whichprovidesplentyofadvantagestoconstruction.Polyurethaneonceappliedinbindingcourse,couldabsorbstressofbridgedeckoverlay andprolongthelifespanbecauseofitsgoodflexibility anddurability.Polyurethanebasedcompositematerial asnewtypeofbondingmaterialforbridgedeckoverlay wasprepared through selected curing mechanism in thisstudy.Meanwhile,relatedpropertieswereinvestigatedwithdirecttensileandsheartest,fatiguetestand moisturesensitivitytest.
1 Experimental
1.1 Raw materials
Onecomponentmoisture-curablepolyurethaneis selected with itspropertiestested according to GB/T19250-2003,seeninTable 1.
TwogroupsofBasaltfineaggregates(4.75～2.36mm group,A group and less than 2.36 mm group,Bgroup)wereselectedforaggregatesofpolyurethane-aggregatesmixturewithfinenessmodulusof 2.09,sandequivalentvalueof 83.5%accordingtoJTG E 42-2005.Riversandwasselectedforfineaggregates ofpolyurethane-aggregatesmixture,andlimestonefiller withhydrophilecoefficientat0.8.Triethylamine(analyticalreagent)and dibutyltion dilaurate(DBTDL,chemicallypure)madeinShanghaiReagentFirstFactoryareselectedascatalyzers.
SBSmodifiedasphaltwasselectedasacomparison,whichisproducedbyKochAsphaltCo.Ltdof Ezhou,HubeiProvince,Chinawithpenetrationof 8.9mm at 25℃,ductilityof 62cm at 15℃,andsoftening point 69℃.
WithdesignmethodofSlurrySeal(People'sRepublicofChina'sIndustryRegulation,2000),polyurethane-aggregatesmixturewasdesigned accordingto ISSA A 143Ⅱtypegradation.Table 2presentsthegradationofpolyurethane-aggregatesmixture.A∶B∶river sand∶filler=31.25∶12.75∶12.5∶12.5.Asphalt mixturewaspreparedasacomparation,whoseasphalt wasaddedwiththesameamountsofpolyurethaneand thesamegradation.
1.2 Testmethods
1.2.1 Mixingprocess
Polyurethane-aggregatesmixturewaspreparedaccordingtothedeterminedratio.First,aggregatesand fillerweredriedandblendedfor 90s.Polyurethaneof requiredamountandcatalyzerswerethenadded and blendedforanother 90s.Aftermixing,polyurethaneaggregatesmixtureswere filled into the molds,and thenspecimenswerepreparedfortests.
1.2.2 Bestpolyurethanecontent
Accordingtostandardtestmethodsofbitumenand bituminousmixturesforhighwayengineeringandmixing process,best polyurethane content was determined.
1.2.3 Optimizationofcatalyzers
Triethylamine and dibutyltion dilaurate are appliedascatalyzerstoincreasecuringspeedofthecompositematerial.Theamountsofcatalyzerswereoptimizedbycuringtimeand therelationshipsofcuring thicknessandcuringtime.
1.2.4 Curingmechanism
Mixedpolyurethane-aggregatesmixturewasequablylaidonthesurfaceofcementfloorslabs(300mm×300mm×50mm).Then standard blocksofthe bondtestinstrument(ZQS6—2000A,BeijingSiswir Science&TechnologyCo.,Ltd.)werelaidonthesurfaceofpolyurethane-aggregatesmixture.Bondstrength wastestedonceevery30min.Thisstudywastestedat0,10,20,40and 60℃respectivelyandrelativehumidityof 60%～80%.
1.2.5 Directshearandtensiletest
After mixing,polyurethane-aggregates mixture wasputintothereadywheelruttingtestmold(300mm×300mm×50mm).After 10hcuring,specimens(φ=100mm)fordirectsheartestwereobtainedby drillingcoremachine.Sketchmapfordirectsheartest wasshowninFigure 1.Specimens(100mm×30mm×30mm)fordirecttensiletestwereobtainedbyrock cuttingmachine.Sketchmapfordirecttensiletestwas showninFigure 2.
1.2.6 FatiguePropertyoftheCompositeMaterial
Indirecttensilefatiguetest[4]wasusedtoestimate thefatiguepropertyofpolyurethane-aggregatesmixture andtheprepared asphaltspecimens.Fatigue life of specimenswascalculatedaccordingtoequation
Where,Nfisfatiguelife;σTisrequiredstress(N/cm 2);nisslopeoflogarithm curvebetweenstress andfatiguelife;andK isinterceptoflogarithm curve betweenstressandfatiguelife.Fatiguespecimenswere testedatthestressratioof 0.2,0.4and 0.6respectivelywith load frequency 10 Hz,sine wave and at 15℃.
1.2.7 Moisturesensitivitytest
Accordingtostandardtestmethodsofbitumenand bituminousmixturesforhighwayengineering,resistanceto moisture propertyofpolyurethane-aggregates mixtureandtheasphaltspecimenswasinvestigated.
2 Resultsanddiscussions
2.1 Optimizationofpolyurethanecontent
Figure 3presentsoptimizedselectionofpolyurethanecontent.Generally,theoptimum densenessvariesfrom 2mm to 3mm accordingtoJTJ 052—2005.AsshowninFigure 3,densenessofthecompositematerialincreaseswith polyurethane contentincreasing from 18%to 22%oftotalmixture.Meanwhile,experimentalresults indicate thatpolyurethane-aggregates mixture becomes extremelythin when polyurethane contentwasabove 22%,anditwastoothicktomix whenpolyurethanecontentwasbelow 18%.Consideringtheconstructionworkabilityofthiscompositematerial,thebestpolyurethanecontentwasdeterminedto be 20%.
2.2 Optimizationofcatalyzers
Catalyzerswerepreparedaccordingtofourgroups asshowninTable 3.Ascanbeobservedfrom Table3,synergisticeffectshappenbetweentriethylamineand DBTDL.Forexample,compared(1)and(2),dosages ofthetwocatalyzersdecreaseresultinincreasingcuringspeed.Figure 4showsthat-NCO-showssynergisticeffectsin singlecomponentcuringsystem withNH2-,H2O andurethanegroupsemergedincuring.CO2isresultantofreaction ofH2O and-NCO-,whichseemsmainlycontributedtofoaming.Triethylamine,asakindoftertiaryaminescatalyzer,shows greatinfluenceson accelerate reaction ofH2O and-NCO-.Hereby,moreCO2areproducedbytheincreaseamountsoftriethylamine.However,foam causesairvoidsinmixture,whichshowsinfluencesoncuringthickness.Curingthicknessincreaseswiththeincreaseoffoam.Highthicknessshowsunstablefordeck overlayespeciallyin heavyload.Therefore,when usingcatalyzer(1),curingthicknessshowslesschange overtimecomparedwithothergroup.Thecomposite materialwasclose-grainedandstable.Hereby,organotioncompounds(DBTDL)couldbeusedasthecatalyzerforthismaterialforbridgedeckoverlay.
2.3 Curing mechanism ofpolyurethane-aggre-gatesmixture
Figure 5 indicates thatpolyurethane-aggregates mixturecan cureatboth low and high temperature.The bonding strengths ofdifferenttemperatures increasebycuringtime.Asalsoshown in Figure 5,bondingstrengthsdidn'tshowsignificantincreasewith temperatureascending.Inotherwords,polyurethaneaggregatesmixturecouldcureatarelativelylow temperaturesuchasroom temperaturebutperform asimilarperformancecomparedwithonescuringathightemperature.Generally,bondingmaterialshouldbeconstructedatextremelyhigh temperatureabout 150℃,whichcausesseriouswasteofenergy.Polyurethane-aggregatesmixtureshowsaneconomywaytobridgeconstruction.
2.4 Directshearandtensileproperties
Figure 6andFigure 7illustratetheresultsofdirectshearstrengthanddirecttensilestrengthtest,respectively.Asshown in Figure 6,the directshear strengthshowsonly11%decreasewhen temperature increasedfrom 0to 60℃.Meanwhile,directtensile strengthdecreasesonly10%whenthetemperatureincreasedfrom 0to 60℃,seeninFigure 7.Thereason oftheseisthatpolyurethaneadherestoaggregatesfirmlyaftercuring,whichshowsnosensitivitytotemperature.Andthephysicalpropertiesareverystableasthe strongadhesionsofpolyurethaneandaggregates.Hereby,polyurethane-aggregatesmixture isinsensible to temperatureandcouldbeusedatbothlow andhigh temperaturewithexcellentproperties.
2.5 Fatigueproperties
Figure 8showsthatthefatiguelifeofpolyurethane-aggregates mixture and SBS modified asphalt mixture.Polyurethane-aggregates mixtureshows13%～18%lifetimehigherthanthatofSBSmodified asphaltmixtureatthesamestressratio.Asalsopresents in Figure 8,polyurethane-aggregates mixture couldperform longlifespanatlongtimehighstressratio comparedwithSBSmodifiedasphaltmixture.Polyurethane-aggregatesmixture showsstrong durabilityand fatigueresistancetohighstressratio,whichseemsperform goodonceappliedinbridgedeckoverlay.
2.6 Moisturesensitivity
Polyurethane-aggregatesmixture would be damagedbymoisture,sincewatercouldpenetrateintothe deckoverlayeasily.Whenadhesionfailureoccurs,the bridgedeckoverlaywillbeseparatedfrom otherstructurallayers consequently.Therefore,resistance to moistureisveryvitalpropertyforbondingmaterials.ResultsofmoisturesensitivityareshowninTable 4.It canbeconcluded thatthiscompositematerialshows betterresistancetomoisturethannormalasphaltbondingmaterial.Althoughtheformer'swaterabsorptionis small,thelatterstillhavehighersplitstrength,freezingthaw strengthandtensilestrengthratio.Polyurethanehasgoodwaterproofingpropertyandcouldmake aggregateseparatefrom water,sothisnewtypepolyurethanebasedcompositematerialforbridgedeckoverlaycouldbeusedinmoistcondition.
NOTE:TSR=tensilestrengthratio;=routinesplitstrength(MPa);and=freezingthawsplitstrength(MPa).
3 Conclusions
Herewemaydrawthefollowingconclusions.
(1)Newtypepolyurethanebasedcompositematerial(polyurethane-aggregatesmixture)forbridgedeck overlayispreparedbyusingonecomponentmoisturecurablepolyurethane,aggregate,sandandfiller.
(2)AccordingtoISSA A 143Ⅱtypegradation,Polyurethane-aggregatemixturewiththedeterminedratiowaspreparedwithselectedcuringmechanism.Experimentalresultsofpolyurethane-aggregatesmixture showsexcellentdirecttensileandshearproperties,fatigueresistanceandmoistureresistance.
(3)Polyurethane-aggregatesmixtureisprovedto beanexcellentbondingmaterialforbridgedeckoverlayforitsexcellentperformance.
参考文献
[1] Johnson,Bridge deck waterproofing membrane evaluation.Proceedings of the International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering,1998
[2] Koichi M.Adhesion of bituminous waterproofing membranes for bridge applications,Swiss Federal Lab for Materials Testing and Re- search (EMPA),1999
[3] KOGA.One component moisture-curable urethane polymer composi- tions,adhesives for stones using and manufacture.JP 2000064860, 2000
[4] AASHTO Provisional Standard.Standard test method for determining the fatigue life of compacted hot mixasphalt (HMA).AASHO Desig-nation: TP 31—94,American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,USA,1996
3.材料英文翻译 篇三
阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。
第六版《现代汉语词典》因在其正文部分收录上百英文缩写（如，词典收录了“NBA”“WTO”等缩写词）而引发热议。有人认为，外语字母出现在汉语词典是对母语文明的某种背叛，甚至涉及文化安全；也有人认为，选录外语缩写只是对当下语言现实的面对与承认，这样的规模和形式根本不足以撼动汉语的根基，对此无需大惊小怪；还有人认为，汉语是开放且包容的，但汉语吸收外来语应该是“通过翻译把它变成方块字，化为汉语的血肉，而不是直接将外文字母嵌入汉语”。
对于以上事情，你怎么看？请综合材料内容及含意作文，体现你的思考、权衡与选择。写一篇不少于800字的文章。
写作指导
构思时，要紧扣材料，条分缕析，从多个角度展开身体构思：
角度一：文化保护。汉字是一个民族的特色，是一个民族最有凝聚力文化表征。我们必须重振汉字，保护无形的文化遗产，守护民族的根。
角度二：文化融合。中国人应思考我们应该如何应对外语字母。
角度三：文化自信。《现代汉语词典》收录外语字母是为方便人们用语，只是一种形式的呈现，但汉字背后的文化不同，它是我们中华民族永远的“结”，它根植于骨髓、烙于心间，自有一份凝重感，国人大可不必为此大呼小叫汉字之岌岌可危。
角度四：文化强国。“文化入侵”是一个伪命题。文化交流，不存在刻意保护。让自己的文化强大是捍卫汉语纯正的前提，而前提的前提是让民众“有文化”。
例文
汉语文化也需与时俱进
□徐珊珊
前段时日，第六版《现代汉语词典》在其正文部分收录上百英文缩写而引发热议。有人将这视作对中华文化的背叛，也有人认为可以收录但不应如此直接……但我认为，此举动仅是对当下语言现实的面对与承认，实在无需大惊小怪。
中华文化博大精深，源远流长，其中汉语文化更是华夏民族智慧的结晶，珍贵的文化遗产。然而，汉语文化也需与时俱进。NBA、WTO等英文缩写词切合当今时代的发展潮流，将其收录于词典中仅仅是对当下语言现实的面对与承认，是对部分外来文化的吸收与融合，也是在“对外开放”的基本国策下汉语文化发展的必然趋势，实在是谈不上“背叛”。
再者，对部分外语缩写的收录更是体现了中华文化的包容性，有利于民族交流和相互理解，也有利于文化的多元化发展。古有张骞出使将汉文化播种西域，郑和下西洋将中华文化带入西方，促进了中外文化的交流和融合；今有莫言借鉴西方作家马尔克斯的写作手法，以中国传统文学为出发点，在中西双重视野中创作出具有世界意义的小说，将中西结合的写作风格带入大众视野，同时也极大程度的促进了中国传统文学的发展。汉语文化也需与时俱进，在中西双重视野中发展的汉语文化将更能适应社会需求，更具有世界意义。
也许有人会说，收录外语缩写将威胁到汉语的地位，我认为这种担忧实在是没有必要的。俗话说：“莫看江心平如镜，要看水底万丈深。”从表面上看该举措似乎涉及文化安全，但仔细想想也并非如此，中华上下五千年，汉语文化更是博大精深，收录英文缩写这样的规模和形式根本不足以撼动汉语的根基，所以，也无需大惊小怪。反而，我们应该为这一进步感到高兴、欣慰。
传承了中华的汉语文化，也需要与时俱进，只要其内涵不变，依然可以慰藉人们的心灵，依然可以丰富人们的思想，依然是华夏民族无可替代的珍宝！
评点
作者深得时评类文章写作的精髓，首先简要叙述“英文单词收录”事件的前因后果，然后采用寻因溯果法，深入挖掘这一事实背后的成因——文化的融合交流，并结合张骞出使西域、 郑和下西洋、莫言文化创作等热点素材加以佐证，丰富了写作的内容，最后水到渠成提出观点，呼应标题。
（编辑：于智博）
4.金融证券材料翻译 篇四
Passage 1
国际货币基金组织贷款
国际货币基金组织的基本任务是帮助和确保国际货币基金系统的稳定。它是同过三个方面来做的：记录全球经济和成员国经济，向发生国际收支平衡困难的国家提供贷款和给予技术上的帮助。
可以说，国际货币基金组织的主要功能是帮助成员国解决国际收支平衡问题，以此来防止货币危机。国际货币基金组织贷款意在于帮助成员国解决收支平衡问题、使其经济稳定、恢复可持续发展。国际货币基金组织不是发展银行也不同于世界银行和一些其它的发展机构，更不是金融项目。
当一个国家遇到金融问题时，不能支付国际账单就会给国际金融体系带来一系列的潜在问题。国际货币基金组织的设立就是为了保护国际金融体系。无论哪个成员国，发达的、发展中的或贫困的，如果它们遇到国际收支平衡问题，都可以向国际货币基金组织申请贷款。
5.材料类优秀英文简历 篇五
Name:Sandy Bin
Address:15/F,TOWARD ,BRIGHT CHINA,BUILDING,BEIJING.
OBJECTIVE
A career within sales and marketing.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
JOLENE'S Columbia,SC
Marketing Director/Amber Rain,1989-Present
Maximize sales in 19 stores;consistently achieve monthly sales plan.
Recruit/interview /hire,train and develop counter managers and beauty advisors;stress improved customer service and follow through.
Act as liaison between Jolene's and Amber Rain account executives;communicate/execute corporate plans.
Merchandise cases/counters;oversee/organize stock areas;review stock control and productivity books.
Actuate/implement promotional events to generate additional business.Hire/train freelance models to promote business.Conduct product sales and seminars for promotional agencies.
Review and analyze goals and retail sales;interact with general managers and cosmetic buyers.
Organize/supervise 25 clinics and special promotional events.
Marketing Director/Emerald Haze,1984-1989
Responsible for 25 stores and $3 million account.Improved staffing,increased business 30% in spring'89,60% Christmas '88,and 42% Fall'87.
Restructured special events to generate business.Actuated“Days of Haze”program, stressing customer service/follow through;established goals to increase average unit sales,makeovers,and consultations.
Brought account to #2 in the country;exceeded sales goals.
Received numerous Galena Marketing Awards.
EDUCATION
Columbia Institute of Aesthetics,Columbia,SC
Courses in Advanced Makeup Artistry,1988
University of Florida,Gainesville,FL
B.A.,Marketing,1982
PERSONAL
Willing to relocate
Percentages and dollar amounts quantify candidate's accomplishments.
6.材料物理专业英文自荐信 篇六
Dear Sir / Miss:
Hello!I am the Taiyuan University of Technology graduates in XX, material physics.While studying at the school is doing a good solid professional knowledge, received third-class second-class scholarship, and have various kinds of techniques.Familiar with computers and various
office software, network architecture will be, C language programming.Through CET4, CCT2, access to certified network engineers Beida Jade Bird.Can be hard, have strong problem-solving ability, popularity, and can be a very good team.Rigorous study, and correct learning attitude, I created a simple, stable and innovative character.More importantly, I am on the semiconductor material has a strong interest in applying the study section of the Institute of
Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, but competitive.It is like to be able to engage in work related to semiconductor materials, hope you can give me a chance to show the ability, thank you!And thriving business,祝贵!
To
Ceremony
7.材料英文翻译 篇七
(1) 知识传递。全英文教学首先要解决的问题就是:讲清楚和听明白。专业词汇量会对教学有一定的影响。复合材料学这门课所涉及的专业词汇并不多。对于英语基础较好的学生, 基本上两次课之后就应该可以解决语言问题。因此, 教师应在绪论部分适当放慢节奏, 注意对专业词汇的解释。
此外, 更重要的是加强课堂教学的逻辑性。清楚交代整个课程的逻辑、每个章节的逻辑、每个知识点的逻辑和知识点间的逻辑。并在课堂讲授中, 注意总结和衔接。通过互动教学, 提纲挈领地让学生掌握这门课的逻辑脉络。这里所指的互动教学, 不单指课堂问答。本文作者在教学中设计了一个复合材料设计环节。经过实践, 该环节对于提高课堂教学效果有很好的作用。复合材料设计要求每个学生根据日常生活或工程实际的需要设计一种复合材料, 通过查阅资料选择合适的复合材料的基体与增强体。该材料需有明确的应用, 并指出与传统材料相比的优越性。根据复合材料力学性能计算方法, 计算所需的增强体材料与基体材料的比例。最后, 提出可行的复合材料制备方法。通过这个练习, 把复合材料学课程中的主要内容全部贯穿起来。让学生主动地参与, 从而使其对于课程中几大模块的逻辑更加明确。
(2) 培养兴趣。作为工科的一门专业课, 培养学生对课程的兴趣很关键。有效地培养兴趣可以把一门普通的专业课变成工程人员的职业培养。而在学生兴趣全无的情况下, 它就变成了被动的修课程拿学分的过程。在这个方面本文作者试图从三个方面下功夫: (1) 提升复合材料案例分析的趣味性; (2) 利用视频展示工业化生产过程或复合材料测试的过程; (3) 加强互动教学。
在案例分析中, 作者以科研工作反哺教学工作。以最新的科研动态为例, 如石墨烯在复合材料中的应用;复合材料在最新的智能手机中的应用;复合材料在运动器材中的应用等, 并进行深入的材料性能的分析, 让学生真正领会复合材料设计中的“技术和艺术”。像讲故事一样, 讲述某一具体应用中, 材料创新的“前世今生”, 即如何从传统材料发展到复合材料, 又在复合材料的设计中不断进步。
(3) 引发科学思考和培养创新思维。大学本科教育是选拔和培养更高层次的人才的基础, 因此, 在教学过程中也应有意识地引导学生对课程内容中的一些科学问题作开放式的思考, 或在材料设计、制备、应用中大力鼓励创新。
2. 启发和讨论
教学是老师和学生之间的交流。知识传授是其中的一部分。老师对待教学工作是否热情饱满, 对待教学内容是否一丝不苟, 对待学生是否真诚以待是我们在交流中传递的另一部分信息。经意与不经意间, 通过语言交流和非语言交流, 老师对待学生和对待教学的态度会不知不觉地传递给学生, 影响学生的学习热情。“传道、授业、解惑”六个字总结得很全面, 对专业课同样适用。知识传授是第一层次, 对应“传道”;培养兴趣是第二层次, 对应“授业”;引发科学思考和创新思维是第三层次, 对应“解惑”, 表示专业认识水平的提高。
3. 结束语
许多高等院校进行了大学本科专业课的全英文教学的尝试。从事全英文教学的老师们对此也在进行探索。本文以复合材料学课程为例, 讨论了材料科学专业课的全英文教学的三个层次, 即知识传递、培养兴趣、引发科学思考和培养创新思维, 并具体分享了教学过程中的有效方法。
摘要：本文以复合材料学课程为例, 对材料科学专业课的全英文教学进行了探索, 并试图将它划分成三个层次, 包括知识传递、培养兴趣、引发科学思考和培养创新思维。三个层次相辅相成, 层层递进。文中分别探讨了三个层次的教学特点, 并举例说明了优化课堂教学效果的具体实施方法。
关键词：大学本科,全英文教学,专业课,复合材料学
参考文献
[1]钱微.材料科学与工程全英语教学专业核心课程群构建与实践[J].上海理工大学学报 (社会科学版) , 2012, (4) :320-324.
8.材料英文翻译 篇八
材料化学主要介绍金属、陶瓷、高分子及复合材料的结构、性能、加工、设计及用途，其专业英语与日常英语截然不同[1]，句子以长难句为主，这对学生阅读专业文献造成很大困扰。本文举例解析长难句的句型结构，并结合材料化学专业知识进行句子翻译技巧的归纳总结，为材料化学专业英语的教和学提供帮助。
1.翻译技巧
为了专业问题表述的严密性和准确性，材料化学专业英语中的句子多为带有修饰成分的长句，即句中多有定语、状语、补语等从句；再者，为了专业问题表述的客观性和专业性，句子多用被动语态，又有若干特定句型，这些就导致专业英语句子翻译困难[2-4]。专业英语的翻译要求“信、达、雅”：信—准确，即译文要不偏离、不遗漏、不随意增减意思，符合学科的发展规律；达—通顺明白，指句子符合汉语的表达习惯，不拘泥于原文形式；雅—专业得体，指译文选词要专业得体，简明优雅。实际翻译科技英语句子时，首先要断句准确，即找到句子的主干（主、谓、宾）和枝叶（定、状、补），再根据句型（如It-that句型、被动句型、省略句型等）和特定词汇，结合上下文和专业知识才能准确翻译句子。因此，专业英语的翻译是对语法、特殊句型、特定词汇和专业知识的综合运用。
2.长难句解析
2.1带有特征词汇的句子
周丽云[4，5]归纳了表达无机、有机化学经典反应的句子中常带有的一些特征词汇，通过这些词汇可以辨识反应类型并准确翻译句义。表明特定反应类型的词有：decompose或decomposition （分解），disproportionate或disproportionation （歧化），neutralize或neutralization （中和），oxidize或oxidation （氧化），reduce或reduction （还原），ionize或dissociate （电离），hydrolyze或hydrolysis （水解），electrolyze或electrolysis （电解），substitution或substitute或replacement或displacement （取代），addition （加成），elimination （消除），polymerize或polymerization （聚合），catalysis （催化）等反应，未表明反应类型的词有：react （反应），form （形成）。例如：In addition polymerization，the starting material is a monomer in a solution，emulsion，vapor，or even in bulk，and the polymer resulting from the polymerization has the same repeating unit as the starting monomer.[2]画线部分为句子主干，表明该句讲单体和聚合物；in addition polymerization为状语，表明反应类型为加聚；in a solution，emulsion，vapor，or even in bulk也为状语，表明单体反应的场所；resulting from polymerization作为polymer的定语，表明聚合物由聚合得到；the same repeating unit as the starting monomer作为宾语，重点是the same ... as短语的辨识。结合专业知识，该句可译为：在加聚反应中，原料是在溶液、乳液、气相或本体中的单体，而聚合所得聚合物具有与单体组成相同的重复单元。
描述材料性能及性能变化的句子一般也带有特征词汇。描述力学性能相关的词汇有：strong （强），weak （弱），stiff （硬），soft （软），brittle （脆），tough （韧），ductile（易延展的）或ductility（延展性），strengthen（强化），fracture（断裂），plastic deformation （塑性形变），elastic deformation （弹性形变），creep （蠕变），failure （失效），recovery （回复），fatigue （疲劳），yield strength（屈服强度）等，描述材料其他性能的特征词汇有：corrosion（腐蚀），degradation（退化），electrical（电的，电学的），thermal（热的，热学的），magnetic（磁性的，磁学的），optical（光学的）等。例如：Polymers are less stiff，less strong and less tough than most metals，so the new component requires careful redesign.[2]（与大部分金属相比，高分子的硬度、强度和韧性都要差一些，因此，新的组分需要仔细地再设计。） 又如：This method（Powder metallurgy）is especially suitable for metals having low ductility，since only small plastic deformation of the powder particles need occur.[2]画线部分为句子主干，having low ductility为metals的修饰定语，since引导原因状语从句，全句可译为：这种方法（粉末冶金术）特别适合延展性小的金属，因为粉末颗粒只需发生小的塑性变形。又如：Corrosion in simple terms occurs in metals because most metals are not in natural state until they return to the ore form in which we found them.[2]画线部分为主句，句中in simple terms（简单地说）是副词短语，翻译时作为插入语前置，because引导原因状语从句，整句可译为：简言之，金属腐蚀的发生是因为大部分金属的存在形式都不是天然状态，直到它们发生腐蚀回到它们被发现时的矿石形式。
2.2特殊句型
（1）It-that句型
It-that句型的形式为“It is/was ... that ...”，句子可能为强调句，也可能it为形式主语，that后面的部分为真正的主语。若去掉It is/was...that句子仍然成立，则为强调句；若it为形式主语的句子，则一般真正的主语都很长，将that后面的句子成分提前作为主语可使句子成立。例如：It is not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.[2]该句型实为it is not until...that句型，主要用于强调时间状语，译为“直到……才……”，全句译为：直到近代，科学家才开始理解材料的结构元素与性质之间的关系。又如：It was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.[2]此句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，该句可译为：人们发现，材料的性质可以通过热处理和添加其他物质而改变。It is said （reported，learned ...） that ...皆为此结构，常译为“据说（据报道，据悉……）”。
（2）被动句
由于科技英语中经常需要描述客观事实，在行为或结果的施事者不明确或不能给出时，可用被动句表达，此外，有时为了强调也用被动句。例如：All the elements have been classified according to electron configuration in the periodic table.[2]此句用被动语态是为了强调客观规律性，可译为：周期表中的所有元素按照电子构型分类。又如：Many an applied scientist or engineer，whether mechanical，civil，chemical，or electrical，will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials.[2]画线部分为句子主句，whether ... or部分为scientist or engineer的定语，at one time or another为时间状语，involving materials为problem的定语，全句译为：许多应用型科学家或工程师，无论是机械方面的、民用方面的、化学方面的还是电学方面的，他们都曾经面临材料的设计问题。虽然是被动句，但考虑汉语表达通顺的要求，译成汉语并不一定用被动句。
（3）省略句
为了句子简明扼要、避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，可将句子中的某个单词、短语甚至某个句子成分（从句、谓语或主语等）省略。例如：Impurity point defects are found in solid solution，of which there are two types： substitutional and interstitial.[2]此句为了避免重复，在substitutional和interstitial后都省略了solid solution，而翻译时为准确起见，应译出省略内容，即固溶体中杂质点缺陷有两类：置换固溶体和间隙固溶体。再如：The increments of A and B do not necessarily have to be the same，nor does their spacing.[2]这是描述两种不同单体A和B共聚形成共聚物的结构，其中nor does their spacing就是省略句，完整的应为“their spacing does not necessarily have to be the same，either.”，全句可译为：单体A和B的增长不必相同，它们的间距也不必相同，即单体A和B的增长可以有规律也可以无规律，它们之间的距离可以相同也可以不同。
参考文献：
[1]杨珊.化学专业英语教学体会[J].广州化工，2012，40（8）： 176.
[2]李莉，李新林，郑卫.材料科学与工程专业英语[M].哈尔滨： 哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2006.
[3]宋歌.化学化工专业英语教学实践与改革[J].商丘职业技术学院学报，2013，12（4）： 117.
[4]周丽云.化学专业英语常用句型例谈[J].考试周刊，2011（4）： 126.