武汉大学博士试题

2024-08-04

武汉大学博士试题（精选8篇）

1.武汉大学博士试题篇一

复旦大学2008年博士入学英语试题 Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions: Three are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Ⅰ with a single line through the center.1.Although it is only a small business, its _________ is surprisingly high.A.turn-up B.turn-over C.turn-about D.turn-out 2.Unfortunately not all of us obtain our just _________ in this life.A.demands B.gains C.deserts D.wins 3.That contract about which we had a disagreement last month, has now gone __________.A.through B.down C.over D.around 4.The _______ of two houses proved such a financial burden that they were forced to sell one.A.upsurge B.upshot C.upturn D.upkeep 5._________ through the attic and see if you can find anything for the jumble sale.A.Leash B.Rummage C.Flutter

D.Scrape 6.How about a glass of orange juice to________ your thirst.A.quash B.quell C.quench D.quieten 7.Because the children keep interrupting her whenever she reads a book, she is always ___________ her place.A.missing B.slipping C.bothering D.losing 8.She was putting on her watch when the _________ broke and it fell to the ground.A.belt B.string C.tie D.strap 9.I washed this dress and the color_________.A.flowed B.escaped C.ran D.removed 10.The recent economic crisis has brought about a _________ in world trade.A.sag B.tilt C.droop D.slump 11.Although we decorated the room only six months ago, the paint on the ceiling is already _________ because of the damp.A.crumbling B.flaking C.disintegrating D.splintering 12.The false banknotes fooled many people, but they did not _________ to close examination.A.put up B.keep up C.stand up D.look up 13.They were making enough noise at the party to wake the ___________.A.dead B.living C.lunatic D.crippled 14.If you would like to send a donation, you can ________a cheque to the organization Feed the Children.A.make up B.make for C.make out D.make off 15.The students visited the museum and spent several hours with the________, who was very helpful.A.curator B.bursar C.commissioner D.steward 16.The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was __________.A.absolved B.acquitted C.pardoned D.executed 17.Mary was extremely lucky: when her great-uncle died, she __________ a fortune.A.came by B.came over C.came into D.came through 18.The drunken couple did nothing to keep the flat clean and tidy and lived in the utmost __________.A.decay B.contamination C.squalor D.confinement 19.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but _________ slightly in the afternoon.A.recovered B.recuperated C.retrieved D.regained 20.He tries to __________ himself with everyone by paying them compliments.A.please B.ingratiate C.placate

D.remunerate 21.I was afraid to open the door lest the beggar _________ me.A.followed B.were to follow C.follow D.would follow 22.By the end of the day the flood water which had covered most of the town had __________.A.reversed B.retired C.returned D.receded 23.Educational policies made _________ the hoof by successive secretaries of state are the main reason for low teacher morale.A.in B.on C.by D.along 24.It was obvious that he had been drinking far too much from the way he came_________ down the street.A.toddling B.hobbling C.loping D.staggering 25.He was a generous friend but as a businessman he __________ a hard bargain.A.dealt B.contracted C.drove D.faked 26.My friend‟s son, who is a soldier, was delighted when he was __________ only a few miles from home.A.placed B.stationed C.deported D.exorcized 27.In a coal-mining area, the land tends to __________causing damage to roads and buildings.A.subside B.diminish C.confiscate D.cede 28.As the cat lay asleep, dreaming, whiskers __________.A.twitched B.twisted C.jerked D.jogged 29.The total __________ from last month‟s charity dance were far more than expected.A.earnings B.acquisitions C.proceeds D.subsidies

30.The new manager had many difficulties to overcome but he __________them all in his stride.A.overlooked B.obtained C.tackled D.took

Part II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)

Resale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies.This practice is associated with the sale of “branded” goods, which now form a very considerable proportion of consumers‟ purchases, and it has led to a great deal of controversy.Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers, who try to create a special „image‟ in the minds of possible purchasers—an image made up of the look of the article, its use, its price, and everything else which might lead purchasers to ask for that brand rather than any other.If a retailer is allowed to charge any price he likes he may find it worthwhile to sell one brand at „cut‟ prices even though this involves a loss, because he hopes to attract customers to the shop, where they may be persuaded to buy many other types of goods at higher prices.The manufacturer of the brand that has been „cut‟ fears that the retailer may be tempted to reduce the services on this article;but, even if he does not there is a danger that the customer becomes unsettled, and is unwilling to pay the „standard‟ price of the article because he feels that he is being „done‟.This may, and indeed often does, affect the reputation of the manufacturer and lose him his market in the long run.It is sometimes said also that the housewife—who is the principal buyer of most of these goods—prefers a fixed price because she knows where she is and is saved the bother of going from shop to shop in search of lower prices.If one shop cut all the prices of its branded goods she would undoubtedly have an advantage in shopping there.But this does not happen.A store usually lowers the price of one or two of its articles which act as a decoy and makes up its losses on others, and changes the cut-price articles from week to week so as to attract different groups of customers.And so the housewife may feel rather guilty if she does not spend time tracking down the cheaper goods.How far this is true is a matter of temperament and it is impossible to estimate what proportion of purchasers prefer a price that they can rely on wherever they choose to buy and what proportion enjoy the challenge involved in finding the store that offers them a bargain.Those who oppose Resale Price Maintenance on the other hand, point out that there are now a great many different channels of distribution—chain stores, department stores, co-operative stores, independent or unit shops, supermarkets, mail-order houses, and so on.It would be absurd to assume that all of them have exactly the same costs to meet in stocking and selling their goods, so why should they all sell at the same price? If they were allowed to choose for themselves, the more efficient retailers would sell at lower prices and consumers would benefit.As it is, the retail price must be sufficient to cover the costs of the less efficient avenues of distribution and this means the others make a bigger profit than necessary at the expense of the public.The supporters of the fixed price argue that this is only half the story.The efficient trader can still compete without lowering his prices.He can offer better service—long credit, or quick delivery or a pleasant shop decor or helpful assistants—and can do this without imperiling the long-term interests of the manufacturer.31.Manufactures oppose retailers cutting prices on their goods mainly because they think __________.A.retailers may eventually stop selling their products B.it may reduce customers‟ confidence in their products C.customers may feel uneasy when prices vary D.it may sometimes lead to poor service 32 Supporters of the fixed price hold that an efficient trader can still make money without lowering prices by __________.A.allowing customers time to pay B.hiring assistants for long hours and low wages C.advertising much more effectively D.establishing long-term relations with manufactures 33.By saying “He feels that he is being „done‟”, the author means that customer thinks__________.A.someone is despising him B.someone is maltreating him C.someone is blackmailing him D.someone is cheating him 34.“Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage? A.Good service other than price is important in attracting customers.B.An article without a brand name is not subject to Resale Price Maintenance.C.Manufactures attempt to influence possible purchasers by making their products easy to identify.D.Housewives prefer fixed prices because fixed prices are much less likely to fluctuate 35.The sentence “She knows where she is” in the third paragraph can be paraphrased as “__________”.A.She knows her place B.She knows her stuff C.She feels secure D.She feels intoxicated

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He built a hut on a piece of rough land near a rock fall.In the wet season there was a plentiful stream, and over the years he encouraged the dry forest to surround him with a thick screen.The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside.In time Melio(not without some terrible mistakes)learnt how to live in spite of the difficulties up on that mountain shelf.His only neighbors were a family group of Parakana Indians who, for reasons known only to themselves, took a liking to Melio.Their Chief never looked closely at Melio and said to himself that this white man was as mad as a snake which chews off its own tail.The parakanas taught Melio to catch fish with the help of a wild plant which made them senseless in the stream.It gave off a powerful drug when shaken violently through the water.They showed him how to bunt by laying traps and digging.In time Melio‟s piece of land became a regular farm.He had wild birds, fat long-legged ones and thin nearly featherless chickens, and his corn and salted fish was enough to keep him stocked up through the wet season.The Parakanas were always around him.He‟d never admit it but he could feel that the trees were like the bars of a prison;they were watching him.It was as if he was there by courtesy of the Chief.When they came to him, the Indians never entered his house, with its steeply sloping roof of dried grass and leaves.They had a delicate way of behaving.They showed themselves by standing in the shade of the trees at the clearing‟s edge.He was expected to cross the chicken strip towards them.Then they had a curious but charming habit of taking a pace back from him, just one odd step backwards into their green corridors.Melio never could persuade them to come any closer.The group guessed at Melio‟s hatred for his civilized brothers in the towns far away.They knew Melio would never invite any more white men up here.This pleased the Parakanas.It meant that traders looking for robber and jewels would never reach them.Their Melio would see to that.They were safe with this man and his hatred.36.It is known from the passage that Melio wanted the forest around him to become thick because the dense leaves __________.A.reminded him of his house in the town far away

B.prevented the Parakanas from watching him C.helped him to forget the world he hated D.protected him from being intruded by the white men in the town 37.The Chief‟s comparison of Melio to a snake is intended to show that __________.A.he did not trust Melio B.it was unwise to go too close to Melio C.he believed Melio hated the Parakanas D.he thought Melio was out of his mind 38.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A.Melio stayed on his farm for a number of years.B.Melio felt like a prisoner because he couldn‟t escape being watched.C.Melio kept himself alive, during the rainy season by eating what he had in store.D.The Parakanas thought Melio lived there because he was looking for rubber and jewels.39.To Melio, the Parakana Indians seemed __________.A.odd but hateful B.strange but attractive C.unhealthy but friendly D.cowardly but sociable 40.It can be concluded from the passage that the place described by the author was __________.A.far removed from civilization B.impossible to cultivate C.the home of Melio‟s Indian relatives D.wet all the year round

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When he was so far out that he could look back not only on the little bay but past the stretch of rock that was between it and the seashore, he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother.There she was, a little yellow dot under an umbrella that looked like a piece of orange-skin.He swam back to shore, relieved at being sure she was there, but all at once very lonely.On the other side of the bay was a loose scattering of rocks.Above them, some boys were stripping off their clothes.They came running, their bodies bare, down to the rocks.Jerry swam towards them, and kept his distance a little way off.They were off that coast, all of them burned smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand.To be with them, of them, was a feeling that filled his whole body.He swam a little closer;they turned and watched him with narrowed, attentive dark eyes.Then one smiled and waved.It was enough.In a minute he had swum in and was on the rocks beside them, smiling with extreme nervousness.They shouted cheerful greetings at him, and then, as he preserved his nervous, puzzled smile, they understood that he was a foreigner who had wandered from his own part of the sands, and they promptly forgot him.But he was happy.He was with them.They began diving again and again from a high point into a well of blue sea between rough, pointed rocks.After they had dived and come up, they swam round, pulled themselves up, and waited their turn to dive again.They were big boys-men to Jerry.He dived, and they watched him, and when he swam round to take his place, they made way for him.He felt he was accepted and he dived again carefully proud of himself.Soon the biggest of the boys balanced himself, shot down into the water, and did not come up.The others stood about watching.Jerry, after waiting for the smooth brown head to appear, let out a cry of warning;they looked at him idly and turned their eyes back towards the water.After a long time, the boy came up on the other side of a big dark rock, letting the air escape suddenly from his lungs with much coughing and spitting, and giving a shout of satisfaction, immediately, the rest of them dived in.One moment the morning seemed full of boys as noisy as a crowd of monkeys;the next, the air and the surface of the water were empty.But through the heavy blue, dark shapes could be seen moving and searching.Jerry dived, shot past the school of underwater swimmers, saw a black wall of rock towering over him, touched it, and shop up at once to the surface, where the rock formed a low wall he could see across.There was no one in sight;under him, in the water, the shadowy shapes of the swimmers had disappeared.Then one and then another of the boys came up on the far side of the wall of rock, and he understood that they had swum through some gap or hole in it.He dived down again.He could see nothing through the stinging salt water but the solid rock.When he came up, the boys were all on the diving rock, preparing to attempt the trick again.And now, overcome with a sense of failure, he shouted up in English: “Look at me!Look!” and he began splashing and kicking in the water like a foolish dog.41.It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A.Jerry was not a good swimmer B.Jerry failed to gain acceptance by the other boys C.Jerry was on holiday abroad D.Jerry was not on good terms with his mother 42.The word “bare” in Paragraph 2 means__________.A.in disguise C.in the gutter B.in the limelight D.in the raw 43.At the beginning, Jerry was swimming__________.A.into the little bay B.too far out to see his mother C.near to the group of boys D.further out to see than the rock 44.What happened to the biggest boy? A.He had been trying to stay under water as long as possible.B.He had swum through a hole in the rock under the water.C.He had been trying to do the highest dive.D.He had played a trick on Jerry.45.Jerry splashed and kicked in the water because_________.A.he was pretending to be drowning B.he wanted to amuse all the other boys C.he hadn‟t been able to do what the other boys had done D.he wanted the other boys to listen to what he was saying

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Peter Sellers wouldn‟t be allowed his career today.All those funny racial stereotypes—the caricatured frogs, wops, yids and goodness-gracious-me Pakis—are in clear breach of the codes of political correctness.His lewd disguises and overdone accents belong with black-and-white minstrel shows and clog-dancing—it‟s the comedy of yesteryear.Have you tried listening to The Goon Show lately? It is a reworking of The Gang Show, excruciatingly bad and dated, and full of explosions, gunfire and jokes about Hitler and the War.Nonetheless, Sellers continue to obsess people.He‟s already been the subject of biographies galore, including, back in 1994, a 1,200-page magnum opus by myself, which is now being turned into a biopic starring Geoffrey Rush.The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers‟ story.He had everything and it wasn‟t enough.He was a comedian with a tragic inability to enjoy life.He was world-famous and desperately lonely.At the weight of his fame, as Inspector Clouseau, his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity.He was a basket case.This is irresistible material.Sellers‟ subversive and immoderate behaviour puts him in a class of his own.Picture my disappointment with Ed Sikov‟s tome, therefore.Here‟s a thick book that tells us nothing new.For newcomers to Sellers, however, Mr.Strangelove is a perfect digest of the man‟s life and work, briskly told.Sellers was descended from a family of bare-knuckle East End prize-fighters, although his parents were music hall entertainers.His clinging whining mother, Peg, was a quick-change artiste and his father, Bill, was a ukulele player and soft-shoe-shuffle merchant.The young Peter was raised in the ghostly, twilight world of shabby theatres and end-of-the-pier revues: dog acts, acrobatic midgets, incompetent conjurors and gypsy violinists.To go from these origins and become as big as The Beatles, as he was in the Sixties, is an amazing feat.Sellers spent the Second World War in the Air Force, impersonating officers and playing the drums to entertain the troops.When he was demobbed he worked in holiday camps and began getting spots on radio, culminating in The Goon Show.He dubbed the voices of Churchill and Humphrey Bogart on film soundtracks, and it was while hanging about the studios that he was offered walk-on roles.His breakthrough came with the part of a teddy boy in The Ladykillers, a film that improves with each viewing.This led to the role of Fred Kite, the shaven-headed, belligerent shop steward in I‟m All Right, Jack which won him a British Academy Best Actor statuette.When Peter Ustinov dropped out of The Pink Panther on a Friday, Sellers flew to the set in Rome on Monday to replace him.The rest is history.Or notoriety.Sellers‟ descent into madness was swift.He got rid of his wife and children and chased after Britt Ekland, whom he pounced on in The Dorchester and married ten days later.He took drugs to enhance his potency, and this precipitated a heart attack.Having worked on Dr Strangelove during the day, each evening he locked himself in the bathroom and threatened to commit suicide.Bryan Forbes and Nanette Newman had to come over and talk to him trough the door.He then decided he wanted to marry Nanette.He also wanted to marry Sophia Loren, Princess Margaret and Liza Minnelli.His misbehavior and unprofessionalism cost film studios millions of dollars.Sets had to be repainted and costumes remade if they were purple or green-colors of which he was morbidly superstitious.He enjoyed messing about during filming and blowing his lines;he pulled guns on people.He walked off Casino Royale and was discovered in Britt Ekland‟s mother‟s house in Sweden.Meanwhile, Orson Welles and the rest of the cast were in full make-up and on full pay back at Pinewood, waiting for him to reappear.Sellers was happy only in the company of his gadgets, cameras and fast cars, which he‟d replace or abandon with manic frequency.At one of his weddings, the maids of honor were the bride‟s dogs.He was also selfish in the extreme: when his relationships broke up, he‟d send his henchmen round to retrieve his gifts.46.People are still obsessed with Peter Sellers because___________.A.he was a genius

B.he was as big as The Beatles

C.his life was full of drama and contradiction

D.he led a very austere life 47.By saying “He was a basket case”, the author means that Peter Sellers was___________.A.handicapped B.deranged C.impetuous D.callous 48.According to the passage, Peter Sellers took drugs to improve___________.A.his theatrical performance

B.his breathtaking performance

C.his walk-on roles on the stage

D.his performance sexually 49.The “galore” in paragraph 4 means ___________.A.numerous B.anecdotal

C.critical D.unauthorized 50.Peter Sellers can be described as__________.A.unpredictable but generous B.talented but unstable C.sane but selfish D.eccentric but reliable

Paper Two

Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage.Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.One of the major differences between man and his closest living relative is, of course, that the chimpanzee has not developed the power of speech.Even the most intensive efforts to teach young chimps to talk have met with 51

no success.Verbal language represents a truly gigantic step forward in man‟s 52.Chimpanzees do have a wide range of calls, and these certainly serve to convey some types of information.When a chimp finds good food he utters loud barks;other chimps 53

the vicinity instantly become aware of the food source and hurry to join in.An attacked chimpanzee screams and this may alert his mother or a friend, either of 54

may hurry to his aid.A chimpanzee confronted with an alarming and potentially dangerous situation utters his spine-chilling wraaaa-again, other chimps may hurry to the spot to see what is happening.A male chimpanzee, about to enter a valley or charge toward a food source, utters his pant-hoots and other individuals realize that another member of the group is arriving and can identify 55

one.To our human 56

each chimpanzee is characterized more by his pant-hoots than by any other type of call.This is significant since the pant-hoot in particular is the call that serves to maintain contact, between the separated groups of the community.Yet the chimps 57

can certainly recognize individuals by other calls;for instance a mother knows the scream of her offspring.Probably a chimpanzee can recognize the calls of most of his acquaintances.While chimpanzee calls 58

serve to convey basic information about some situations and individuals, they cannot for the most part be compared 59

a spoken language.Man by means of words can communicate abstract ideas;he can benefit from the experiences of others 60

having to be present at the time;he can make intelligent cooperative plans.Part Ⅳ

Translation(20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English.人类是一个不断的自然的进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的过程自45亿年前地球形成以来一直未曾间断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。

创新思维能力的获得大大加速了自然进化的进程。它导致了人类文明诸多方面的巨大进步，如在艺术、文学、医学、技术上，在属于人类智慧扩展前沿的科学上尤其如此。然而，正是科学的这些进步使人类获得了自我毁灭的能力，导致了消灭人类自身的工具的发展。

Part V Writing(15%)Directions: There is a picture below.Look at it carefully and write a composition of about 250 words based on what it conveys.参考答案及解析

Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)1.B 句意：虽然只是一个小买卖，但营业额却高的惊人。turn-over营业额。turn-up完全出人意料的结果。turn-about转向，倒转。turn-out聚集的人群，出席者，产量。2.C 句意：不幸的是，并不是所有的人都能得到自己应得的。desert（常用复数）应得的赏或罚。demand要求，需求，要求物。gain（常用复数）收益，利润；利益（的增加）；报酬，奖金。win（常用复数）赢得物，收益。3.A 句意：上个月我们有分歧的那份合同现在已通过了。go through（法律、方案等）被通过。go down被接受，受欢迎。go over（美国口语）大受欢迎，被接受。go around到处走动，传播。4.D 句意：结果证明维护两套房子是如此巨大的经济负担，他们不得不卖掉一套。upkeep（建筑物、设备等的）维护，维修费。upsurge急剧上升。upshot结果，结局。upturn情况好转。5.B 句意：在阁楼上搜寻一下，看能否找到什么东西到旧货市场上去卖。rummage翻找，搜寻。leash缚住，束缚。flutter摆动，烦扰。scrape刮，擦，削。jumble sale废旧杂货廉价拍卖。6.C 句意：来一杯橘子汁解渴。quench使缓和，满足。quash取消。quell用武力平息，镇压；使平静，安静。quieten安静，抚慰。7.D 句意：每当她看书的时候，孩子老是打扰她，所以她总是找不到自己读到哪个地方了。lose one’s place意为读书时“找不到读到哪儿”。8.D strap表带。belt腰带，带状物。string线，一串，字串。tie领带，鞋带，领结。9.C run褪色。flow流动，飘扬。escape逃跑，溜走。remove除去，迁移，开除。10.A sag（物价等的）下跌，经济萧条。tilt倾斜。droop（由于虚弱、疲乏或失去支持的）下垂，消沉。slump猛然落下，衰落。11.B flake使成片剥落。crumble破碎，崩溃，消失。disintegrate粉碎，分解，解体。splinter裂成碎片，分裂。12.C 句意：虽然假币愚弄了许多人，但是他们经不起仔细的检查。stand up to经得住。put up to告知，指点。keep up不低落，维持继续。look up to尊敬，敬仰。13.A wake the dead震耳欲聋。14.C make out开出（支票，账单等）。make up构成，编造，补偿，化妆。make for有助于。make off离开，逃走。15.A curator（博物馆、美术馆、图书馆的）馆长。bursar（大学、寺院等的）财务主管。commissioner委员，行政长官。steward乘务员，（饭店、俱乐部等的）管理人。16.B acquit宣判（某人）无罪，无罪释放，指因缺乏充分的证据或未构成犯罪事实而免于对某人起诉或指控。absolve赦免，指依据法律程序免除有罪者的责任或惩罚。pardon赦免，免于治罪。execute处以极刑。17.C come into继承，获得，尤指遗产。come by得到，获得。come over过来，抓住。come through经历，脱险。18.C squalor肮脏，邋遢。decay腐烂，腐朽，衰退。contamination污染，玷污。confinement限制，监禁。19.D regain上涨（VOA经济报导中用语）。recover恢复，复原，痊愈。recuperate恢复健康，挽回损失。retrieve（打猎）找回猎物。20.B ingratiate oneself with sb.讨好某人。placate抚慰，使和解。remunerate给予报酬，赔偿。21.C 在lest引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。22.D recede退，后退。reverse颠倒，逆转，倒退。retire退休，撤退。return返回。23.B 句意：教育政策都是历届政府官员临时制定的，这是师德低下的主要原因。on the hoof即兴的，临时凑成的，毫无准备的。24.D 句意：他踉踉跄跄地沿着街道走来，很明显喝多了。stagger（因负重、虚弱、醉酒等）蹒跚，摇晃。hobble跛行，蹒跚。toddle（老人或小孩走路时）蹒跚。lope（人）迈着大步走。25.C 句意：作为朋友，他很慷慨；但作为商人，却很苛刻。drive a hard bargain（在某事上极力讨价还价），坚持苛刻的条件。26.B station驻扎，派驻。place放置，安置。deport驱逐，流放。exorcize驱逐，去除（坏念头等）。27.A 句意：在煤矿区，土地易于下陷，给道路和建筑带来损坏。subside下陷。diminish减少，变小。confiscate没收，征用。cede放弃（权利），割让，移交。28.A 句意：当猫卧着睡着了做着梦的时候，它的胡须在抽动。twitch抽动。twist扭曲，扭动。jerk颠簸，抽搐，猛推。jog颠簸着移动，慢跑。29.C 上个月慈善舞会的收入远远超过了我们的期待。proceeds（从事某种买卖、贸易等的）收入。acquisitions获得，所获之物。earnings工资，报酬。subsidy补助金，津贴。30.D 句意：虽然新上任的经理有很多困难要克服，但是他却轻易地应付了。take sth.in one’s stride轻而易举地解决某事，从容处理。tackle应付（难事等）。overlook忽略，监督。obtain获得，得到。Part II Reading Comprehension(40%)

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31.B 第二段倒数第二句The manufacturer of the brand that has been ‘cut’ fears that„because he feels that he is being ‘done’。制造商害怕零售商降低对减价商品提供的服务，即使这种情况不会发生，也存在另一风险：顾客将变的犹豫不决，不乐意为商品支付正常的价格，因为总感觉自己买贵了。文章并未提及选项A。选项C指出，当价格变化时，顾客可能感到不安。选项D指出，这有时候会导致劣质的服务，但这不是主要原因。32.A 根据文章最后一段最后一句可知，效率高的商人可以通过提供更好的服务，包括长期信用证„。

33.D 由文章第二段倒数第二句可知，因为零售商有时候会减价，所以顾客不愿意支付正常的价格，担心买贵或上当受骗。despise轻视，蔑视。maltreat虐待。blackmail向„敲诈，威胁。34.D 根据倒数第二段最后一句，这里指出无法确定有多少家庭主妇喜欢购买固定价格的商品，又有多少家庭主妇喜欢一家一家地寻找最低价格，所以选项D的说法片面。35.C know one’s place知道自己的地位。know one’s stuff精通自己的业务。intoxicated喝醉的，极其兴奋的。这里说的是，因为价格都是固定的，所以家庭主妇省去了一家一家比较价格的麻烦，这样购买某件商品时就不会有担心买贵的忧虑。

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36.C 从文章第一段第三句The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside森林越茂密，他就越容易忘记外面的世界，可见答案为选项C。选项A正好与Melio的意图相反。选项D文章并未提及，只在结尾处提到Melio从不邀请白人去他那儿。37.B 文章第二段第二句提到the Chief never looked closely at Melio，所以答案为选项B。文中并未提及他不信任Melio，以及他认为Melio讨厌Parakanas，他以为Melio精神错乱。38.D 文章最后一段第四句提到traders looking for robber and jewels would never reach them，并没有提及Melio寻找rubber和jewels。选项A参见第二段的倒数第二句。选项B参见第三段的第二句。选项C参见第二段的倒数第一句。39.B 从文章第三段倒数第二句they had a curious but charming„，可知答案为选项B。文中并没有提到他们是可恨的、不健康的或是胆小的。40.A 文章第二段结尾提到Melio的土地成了一个农场，他还种植了玉米，所以选项B错误。另外文章并没有提及Melio的印度亲戚，那些人只是他的邻居。根据文章第二段结尾his corn and salted fish was enough to keep him stocked up through the wet season，我们可以看出这个地方不是终年潮湿。

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41.B 从后面跳水时那些男孩跟他搞恶作剧可以看出他们并没有接受他，所以答案为选项B。选项A，文章开始提到他游到了足够远的地方，可见他游泳并不差。文中并未提及Jerry在度假以及他与母亲之间的关系。42.D 第二段第二句some boys were stripping off their clothes一些男孩脱了衣服，说明他们是裸体的，所以答案为选项D，in the raw处于自然状态的，裸体的。in disguise伪装，乔装。in the gutter醉倒在水沟里，沉溺于淫秽生活中，名誉扫地。in the limelight处于显要地位。43.D 文章开头提到When he was so far out that he could look back not only on the little bay“当他游到足够远的地方，回头望时不仅看到了那小小的海湾，而不是他游向小海湾”，所以选项A错误。第一段同样提到he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother.There she was„可见他还是可以看到他的母亲，只是很小很小而已，从而排除选项B。第二段开头提到On the other side of the bay„some boys were stripping off their clothes那群男孩在海湾的另一边，可以排除选项C。44.B 文章最后一段中间部分提到and he understood that they had swum through some gap or hole in it“他明白了他们是从一个沟或洞里游过去的”。45.B 通过文章内容可知，Jerry很想融入到那群小男孩之中，在被戏弄之后，最后一段结尾部分提到Jerry overcome with a sense of failure“他沉浸在失败的惶恐之中”，然后“他开始在水中连拍带踢，就像一条笨狗一样”，由此我们推断Jerry这样做是为了取悦于那群孩子，引起他们的注意，故B项为正确答案。

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46.C 文章第五段第一句The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers’ story.魅力就在于Sellers的故事童话般的维度。选项B在第六段的结尾提到过，但这不是人们仍然着迷于Peter的原因。虽然文章后面提到他的生长环境，他的成就十分惊人，但并没有说这是今天人们仍然迷恋他的原因。文章倒数第三段一开始提到his misbehavior品行不端，所以可以排除选项D。47.B 文中该句前面提到his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity他的古怪使他精神错乱了。deranged疯狂的，精神错乱的。handicapped残疾的。impetuous鲁莽的。callous无情的，坚硬的。48.D 文章倒数第四段提到He took drugs to enhance his potency，potency（男子的）性交能力。49.A 文中第四段提到人们仍然很为Sellers所着迷。他已经成了自传的题材，早在1994年，就已包括1200页的杰作。numerous为数众多的。anecdotal轶事的，趣闻的。critical决定性的，挑剔的。unauthorized未经授权的。50.B 文章最后一段结尾处提到，一段关系结束之后，他会派心腹去索要礼物，可以看出他并不慷慨，所以可以排除选项A。第五段结尾处提到他精神错乱genuine insanity，可以排除选项C。倒数第四段提到他抛妻弃子，追随其他女人，并且不止一个，可以看出他不是一个可靠的人，从而排除选项D。

Paper Two

Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)51.almost 这里需要一个表示程度的副词。一些科学家曾成功地训练黑猩猩使用复杂的手势或辅助工具交流信息，但无论怎样训练，这些人类的远亲始终只能发出少数单词的音，可见并不是完全不成功。52.evolution 进化。语言在人类的进化过程中是一个巨大的进步。53.in in the vicinity在附近。当一只猩猩找到食物时，它会大叫，附近的其他猩猩马上就会意识到有食物而加入它。54.whom whom引导非限制性定语从句，这里指它的母亲或朋友，其中之一很快会去帮助它。55.which 当一个雄猩猩要进入一个峡谷或迈向某个食物来源时，它会发出一种声音，其它个体就会意识到群体的另一个成员也来了，并能辨别出是哪个成员。56.ears 这里提到的都是猩猩发出的声音，因而是针对人类的耳朵说的。57.themselves 猩猩它们自己当然可以通过其他呼声辨别出单个个体。58.do 这里do起了强调的作用，虽然猩猩的呼声的确可以传递基本的信息，绝大多数情况下它们都不能跟口语相提并论。59.to be compared to比作。60.without 前面提到人类可以用语言传递抽象的思想观念，可以在别人不在场的时候受益于他的经历。Part Ⅳ Translation(20%)Mankind is a product of constant and natural evolutionary processes including innumerable genetic transformations.This irresistible process has never stopped since the Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago.Subjected to the influence of the environmental factors, this evolutionary process has become a more adaptable system through random mutations and consequently guarantees its continuity.In the animal world, this has brought about the evolution of the more advanced species and reached the acme in the human being because mankind has acquired the ability of originative thinking.I think this marks that evolution has stepped into a crucial phase in which a species is capable of mastering his own destiny for the first time.The acquisition of the ability of originative thinking has tremendously expedited the courses of natural evolution.It has given rise to the great progress in many aspects of human civilization such as art, literature, medicine and technology, in particular in the science of human wisdom widening front.However, it is exactly those progresses that make mankind acquire the ability of self-destruction, leading to the development of tools killing mankind.Part V Writing(15%)

Which is heavier, 59 points or 99 points?

Holding the paper of 99 points in her hand, the woman wears an angry expression and almost flares up.On the contrary, when the man finds that his child obtains 59 points, instead of being extremely irritated;his face is wreathed in smiles, displaying gratification and satisfaction.Anyhow, it is only one point to passing the examination.However, it seems that 99 points carries less weight in the woman‟s heart than 59 points in the man‟s.This picture reflects two completely different ways of envisioning things: the former is very insatiable and pessimistic, while the latter is content and optimistic.We can see this kind of phenomenon exists in our life.Although the proverb “content is better than riches” is discussed and advocated frequently, many of us are just unable to do so.When they acquire 99 points, they want the full mark.To them, 99 points is still imperfect.As a result, they are always not pleased because nothing is enough in their mind and there are always numerous things to pursue.However, there exist also those easy to satisfy.Even if what they receive is less than what other people get, they seem happier.It is because they know they should be content with their lot in an appropriate way.On the one hand, we should not always be content with our current situation and take things as they come, in which case we may get too easy to be satisfied and have no yearning and ambition at all.On the other hand, we should properly master the time and the extent for us to be satisfied.It is unwise to be dissatisfied with everything we get.Otherwise, we will always be far away from happiness.Since it is impossible for us to get all, we might as well learn to appreciate what we already have and strive for what we desire in a delightful mood.本文来自: 经济学家论坛详细出处请参考:http://bbs.jjxj.org/viewthread.php?tid=104330&fromuid=277509

2.武汉大学博士试题篇二

魏宏远出生在内蒙古呼伦贝尔大草原的一个偏僻、荒凉的小村庄, 5岁那年, 母亲不幸去世了。由于子女太多, 父亲照顾不过来, 就把魏宏远寄养在河南舞阳的一个远房亲戚家。亲戚家已有三个孩子, 家境也不好。魏宏远经常挨饿, 每天最多吃两顿饭, 还要捡柴、割草、放羊、喂兔子, 天不亮就得到集市上拾菜叶。

“我的童年就像契诃夫笔下的凡卡。”回忆当年, 魏宏远至今感慨啼嘘。

那时的魏宏远蓬头垢面, 冬天手脚冻得流脓, 身上满是大片的疤痕。当时, 他最大的愿望就是吃一顿饱饭。由于营养不良, 加之水土不服, 以及未能及时的治疗, 魏宏远的身体发育受到严重影响, 身材矮小, 成年时身高不足1.5米, 而且两腿畸形, 膝关节外翻, 双腿呈X型, 走路不协调。这一切的一切, 为他日后的人生埋下痛苦的伏笔。

第一次感到世间的不公平是在中考后。那一年, 魏宏远15岁。他以优异成绩报考了省重点高中, 分数远远高出所报考学校的录取线。小小年纪的魏宏远欣喜异常, 盼望着将来读高中考大学, 可是, 体检以后, 他被无情地拒之门外。

求学的道路被阻断了。怎么办?下一步将无学可上。

生活第一次将残酷展露, 魏宏远的心头布满阴云。

在好心人指点下, 魏宏远叩开了县教育局局长办公室的门。好心的局长为他写了一张推荐条。一所普通高中的校长同意接收他, 但名份是“高价插班生”。尽管如此, 魏宏远已满怀感激了。

走进了高中的校园, 魏宏远深知读书机会来之不易, 一直刻苦上进、分秒必争。

那一年高考结束, 魏宏远18岁。然而, 命运竟是那样的捉弄人, 三年前的情景再次重演:尽管他的分数远远超过了所报考院校的录取线, 但再次因为体检而失去升学机会, 原因当然还是他的身体残疾。

被大学拒之门外, 在凄苦的泪光中, 魏宏远知道了生活的残酷、命运的不幸, 他不敢再对求学产生幻想, 剩余的只有眼泪。

一个人思考多天后, 魏宏远走出了痛楚, 开始对生活充满期待, 他想通过别的路径改变命运。他深深思索着:如何改变家庭的贫困面貌?没有任何可攀附的社会关系, 到哪里寻找出路?

生活不允许魏宏远游手好闲, 18岁的他开始了街头摆地摊的生活。一个文弱青年吃力地拉着车, 小推车里装着满满的蔬菜, 很沉很重, 青年满头大汗, 累得喘不过气来。夕阳下, 青年收摊了, 还是拉着车, 瘦弱的身体尽管矮小, 但背影拉得很长……

魏宏远不断地变换着经营项目。隔一段时间, 人们会发现, 在路旁卖早餐的小贩中, 又多出了一个摊点和一张稚嫩的笑脸, 原来, 魏宏远又改行卖起了烧饼、馒头……

生活中的坎坷无处不在, 不时有摩擦和冲突。做小生意的人群中, 因为竞争, 经常吵骂甚至打架。魏宏远只是小心翼翼地躲避着, 他记不清受过多少人的呵斥, 被多少人驱赶过。有一次, 仅仅因为自己的小推车“侵占”了另一个摊主一点儿地盘, 结果是, 那个摊主蛮横地将魏宏远的车推翻了, 蔬菜撒了一地, 满眼泪水的魏宏远只是埋头捡着蔬菜。

自强不息实现大学梦

艰辛的日子里, 魏宏远没有自暴自弃, 而是在积极寻求各种发展的机会。在街头摆地摊还算可以, 但要想彻底改变家庭的贫穷, 显然不可能。接下来, 他曾尝试过维修家电、栽种蘑菇, 却因缺乏资金、技术等原因, 最后无功而返。然而, 他却不甘于以街头小贩了此一生, 可是, 前行的路又在哪里呢?

在一年多的街头小贩生活中, 魏宏远没有忘记一件事情, 那就是读书, 尽管此时的理想和梦想已很遥远, 但他还是满怀热情地憧憬着。在结束了一天的辛勤劳碌之后, 魏宏远常常把目光聚焦在书本上, 他暗暗下决心:一定要继续求学, 因为只有求学才能改变命运。

夏日的一天, 魏宏远遇上了河南临颍县第一高中的谌素娥老师。看到眼前的学生如此憔悴, 谌老师感到心隐隐作痛。

在谌老师的帮助下, 魏宏远重新回到课堂。他倍加珍惜读书的机会, 读书像是在拼命。一年的勤奋换来高考的巨大丰收, 1995年7月, 魏宏远终于被兰州大学录取。在当年河南省所有报考兰州大学的考生中, 他总分第二。这件事在舞阳和临颍两县引起了很大轰动。

“在成长的道路中, 对我伤害最大的不是歧视和嘲笑, 而是来自内心的绝望;对我影响最深的不是家庭的贫困和身体的缺陷, 而是无路可走的恐惧。”这是魏宏远发自内心的深深感触。

选择兰州大学, 是因为当年它的学费最低。然而为了第一年的学费, 魏宏远家中还是卖掉了一头大猪、六头小猪和一头小牛犊, 又多处举债才将学费凑齐。在只身赶赴兰州的火车上, 魏宏远意识到自己已经“榨干”了家里的最后一滴血, 今后的一切只能靠自己了。

在缴完第一年的全部费用后, 魏宏远的口袋里只剩下了几十元钱。

能够走进大学校门, 这已是人生最大的幸事了, 此时所有的困难已不再是困难, 魏宏远都能拿得起放得下。学费贷款, 生活费自赚。五天上课, 两天兼职, 魏宏远四年的大学生活就是这样安排的。做家教、发传单、卖彩票、发放调查问卷、做新闻通讯员……魏宏远曾做过的兼职, 十个指头都数不过来。

大学毕业后, 魏宏远回到了河南临颍县第一高中, 做了一名语文教师。在教室里, 他是最矮的人, 可是他知识渊博, 他的特殊经历本身就是一本教材, 学生能够从他身上感受到一种力量。他讲课幽默风趣、妙语连珠。在学生的评价中, 他的得分很高, 他所教班级的语文成绩也一直遥遥领先。魏宏远说:“只有能够照亮自己的人, 才能够照亮别人。”

“生活是面镜子, 你笑它也笑”

魏宏远有了固定职业和固定收入, 接下来, 和大多数人一样, 魏宏远有了自己的家庭。妻子是个善良本分的女人, 全身心地照顾着丈夫。

此时, 生活质量有了根本改观, 但魏宏远并未安于现状。“学然后知不足, 教然后知困。”魏宏远在繁忙的教学之余, 见缝插针准备考研。

有志者事竟成。

在读完上海大学的硕士后, 魏宏远想继续深造, 他将目光投向复旦大学。在经过充分的准备后, 他有幸考取了复旦大学中国古代文学研究中心的博士生。导师陈广宏教授是该大学中国古代文学研究中心古籍研究所副所长, 同时也是中国古代文学、中国古典文献学方面的专家。

入学面试那天, 专家们着实吃了一惊, 进入考场的竟然是一位身体有缺陷的考生。然而魏宏远侃侃而谈、对答如流, 一点也不惊慌。

他含着泪说出内心渴盼读书的想法:“知识改变了我的命运, 知识使我获得尊严, 知识也给我带来无限的快乐!”

走入复旦大学研究生院, 魏宏远的勤奋好学亦赢得了导师的好评。陈广宏教授这样评价他的这位得意门生:“宏远献身学术的志向坚定, 而且无浮躁之气, 知识结构的自我完善能力与研究能力皆相当突出, 故必将成为一名有良好发展前景的学者。”

2008年初春, 魏宏远获得了复旦大学所设立的最高奖学金——川良一奖学金。

此项奖学金是通过对全校一等奖学金获得者按照一定比例重新遴选, 然后再经过答辩, 最后由专家组现场评出前15名。在精英云集、竞争激烈的评选现场, 魏宏远展示了与众不同的一面, 他的答辩引起许多人的注目, 赢得专家们的一致好评, 赢得总分第三名, 获得1万元奖学金。

从当年的地摊小贩到今天的复旦大学优秀博士生, 魏宏远的生活轨迹在变, 但他的生活模式却没变, 他一直坚持边求学边打工, 让自己高负荷地运转。如今, 他依然靠兼职的收入养活家庭, 担起了为人夫、为人父的责任。

3.陈刚青海大学博士第一人篇三

细雨绵绵，润物无声。8月初的西宁已有凉意，青海大学副校长陈刚准备当天下午的中科院院士三江源项目咨询会，一边对第二天带团队到基层科研调研进行最后布置。忙碌之余，陈刚接受记者的采访，谈及自己，他谦虚的不愿多说；讲起学校发展变化，他却滔滔不绝。

情系母校不改初衷

陈刚出生在东北，童年跟父母西迁到青海，从此扎下根来，成为一名“青二代”。牧草摇曳的如画风景和苍莽奔放的大漠豪情，在他的成长中留下深深的印记，至今回想充满感怀：“记得我小时候，国家号召国有企业技术人员支援西部建设，我父母都在地质单位工作，两人响应号召来到大西北，我也随着落户这里。”上学时，陈刚学习成绩很好，却无奈与同龄人一样，在时代大潮中上山下乡，失去宝贵的读书机会。光阴一晃许多年，终于盼来恢复高考的喜讯，陈刚考入青海畜牧兽医学院，攻读兽医学。“我很喜欢这个专业，家里人也非常支持。动物不会说话，我却能给它们把病看好，这是我的本事。兴趣是最好的老师，因此我本科期间学习很好，毕业时各科平均达到93分，以专业第一名的成绩留校。我们那一届畜牧班一共留校三名，都是各专业前三名的学生。”

带班上课、钻研业务，年轻的陈刚在三尺讲台上继续自己心爱的事业。然而，不久他就感到自己专业知识方面的匮乏。“从专业发展来讲，个人知识积累不深对未来发展有很大限制，正好1985年学校组织考试，通过的人以委培形式到北京农业大学，也就是现在中国农业大学读硕士研究生。我经过努力，顺利考取到北京读了四年硕士研究生。”

看似平常的研究生学习生活，给陈刚日后带来的影响非同一般，他讲起导师，家畜寄生虫学家孔繁瑶先生饱含深情：“孔先生知识面非常广，对中国古书籍很有研究，上课时随手在黑板上画的家畜例图生动清晰，写的寄生虫拉丁文名称准确无误。他的学识和教学效果，在农大和兽医学界有口皆碑。不仅校内学生爱听他的课，校外也有许多相关专业的学生选修他的课。他过去的学生有的已是教授了，孔先生的课也已听过几遍，但有时间仍去听，一方面重温他的教诲，另一方面是对自己教学的启发。我常常一边听他讲课一边琢磨，这些知识如果换成自己该怎么讲。每每有想法就在教材上做眉批。孔先生今年年届九旬，身体健康，精神矍铄。我很感谢他。”

1988年，陈刚硕士研究生毕业，“北京农业大学想把我留下，但我还是回来了。”1994年，陈刚再到中国农业大学攻读分子生物学博士研究生，继续深造。毕业时，他又一次面临多种选择，“当时南方省份比内地开放，又缺博士，好几家企业邀请我过去，待遇优厚，我既可以南下，也能留京，但父亲是老革命，又叮嘱我说‘青海人民培养了你，你应该回来为青海做点贡献。’于是我最终选择回到青海畜牧兽医学院，回到青海，一直到现在。”

1997年，刚博士毕业不久的陈刚正赶上全国高校结构调整，青海畜牧兽医学院并入青海大学，于是陈刚随学校进入青海大学，成为当时青海大学唯一一名具有博士学历的教师。“那时整个青海省一共有三名博士，在外人看来我们挺吃香，我们三人心里清楚肩上责任有多重。”再登讲台的陈刚发现自己的变化：“我首先努力让自己讲的内容知识点突出，使学生能在课堂上消化重点，第二要把逻辑性告诉学生，让他们懂得怎样学习。大学老师的任务不光是传授知识，还有培养人才，精心培养的人才一批批走向社会，15年、20年之后，在社会上发挥的作用可以说更大。”此后17年间，陈刚跟青海大学一起经过三次大的院校调整，经历风风雨雨，中间几次出去进修，最终都还回到这里。

培养人才服务一方

身为中国畜牧兽医学会常务理事、中国家畜生态学会理事、中国兽医协会理事，陈刚和同行们是以农牧业为主的青藏高原上不可或缺的人。在世人眼中湖水碧波潋滟、羊群吃草悠然的大美青海，在强调自然环境与社会经济可持续协调发展的今天，有很多工作需要陈刚他们脚踏实地去做。

“我读大学时，牧区牲畜、人口数量都不是太高，因此生态问题尚未突显。改革开放后，农牧民积极性被调动起来，草场、牲畜包产到户，牲畜数量发展非常快。有的牧民会注意保护自己的草场，有的缺乏这些理念，需要专业技术人员协助制定管理规划。”

陈刚是青海省海北州生态畜牧业建设联点单位负责人，几年来他带领课题组参与各级政府、生产企业和草地生态畜牧业建设的政策制定和技术咨询等工作。2006年，陈刚和课题组成员通过调研分析，提出发展“有机畜牧业”，“因为牧民发展养殖，草原超载问题突出，超载对于草原而言是坏事，但是牲畜少了百姓就有意见，因此我们提出减畜不减收，在提高质量上做文章。我们在2006年提出有机畜牧业，牲畜数量下来了，但是产品质量提升，价值提升，农牧民不会减收，相当于草畜平衡，我们先后在海北、海南做了三次现场展示汇报会。课题组的教授把不同牧场和种类的动物都赶来，现场称重给牧民看，展示试点成果。下去开会有时两三天，有的只有一天。第一次在门源县开现场展示会时，时任青海省省长骆惠宁亲临现场。”在海北州召开的三次现场观摩会，让牧民们切实感受到减畜增收、科学放牧的神奇。

野外考察的艰苦，非亲历者难以想象。陈刚讲起刚刚结束的玛多调研：“下面非常艰苦，玛多是黄河源头，平均海拔4200米，高的地方4700米，每次到那里都感到头疼，走路时好像脚踩棉花一样，非常辛苦。我们从样地到住地大概七八十公里，一般早上七点半左右出发，基本天黑才能完成工作回住地。中午每人分几个馒头和一袋榨菜，外加一瓶矿泉水，就已经是非常好的午饭。晚上回来才能吃一顿热饭，不过大家工作起来非常敬业，白天采样后晚上回来还要记录数据和录入分析。我们搞生态移民、草地保护工程时，要到县里进行调研，每次都要十天多，所有县都要走到，我是总负责。我们计划明天去河南县，那里现在有我们的有机畜牧业点和鼠害防治基地，有二十多名学生和十多位老师已经在那里调研十多天了。”

艰苦中也不乏温暖，陈刚记得，有一次他们在黄河源头村庄边取样调研，县长得知后找人为他们买来冰冻的羊肉送去，有的牧民好奇地前来围观，看到他们条件艰苦就把他们叫到家里喝一杯热奶茶，“这都让我们非常感动，后来我们再上去调研时专门带水果糖、茶砖分给他们，大家就交成朋友。”

2012年5月，在青海省第十二次党代会上，青海省委提出“三区”战略，其中一项便是在未来五年中，青海要建设“生态文明先行区和民族团结进步示范区”。

根据2014年5月发布的青海省主体功能区规划，青海90%国土被列为限制及禁止开发区域。

“还有很多工作要做，我上大学时研究寄生虫病防治，从当时和现在放牧牛羊的寄生虫病情况对比来看，总体感染比例有所降低，但虫体有所变化，而且肝吸虫病在青海这几年感染率有所上升，程度有所加深，这些年我和我们的团队也在加强对此的研究。目前我们团队中有李英博士专门研究草原蜱虫，青海要保护自然环境，提升旅游业和服务业比重，会有越来越多的游客到草原旅游，草原上蜱虫非常多，因此我们申报一个蜱虫分子生物学项目，解决蜱虫传染病的问题。康宁教授负责肝吸虫病研究。一名由奥克兰大学留学归来的李希来博士主要组织草原生态方面的研究。”

相比于陈刚博士毕业时，现在青海大学已经有110多名博士，人才数量今非昔比，但他还是觉得不够，“青海大学这几年发展与青海经济发展相结合，定位于‘做强工科、做精医科、做优农科，提升经济管理学科，积极发展新兴管理学科’，人才不只止于书斋讲堂，还要服务社会民生。”不过令陈刚欣慰的是，“现在发展加快速度了。”

“青海大学注重人才建设，这么多年来引进和自身培养人才，聘请‘昆仑学者’。2013年7月，清华大学对口支援青海大学的第四任校长王光谦院士到任，他的务实作风和真抓实干的作风我们有目共睹。新的班子承前启后，2013年学校新农村发展研究院申报成功，2014年学校在积极申报大学科技园，现在部分西部高校还没有建立科技园，国家对这些院校也给予充分支持，9月24日已正式获得批准。”陈刚满怀欣喜之情。

采访中，他几次提及青海大学的校训“学竞江河，志比昆仑”，三江发源地与冰雪昆仑的气魄风采，不仅是陈刚科研路上相伴的风景，更是心中不懈追求的动力。

4.武汉大学博士试题篇四

一、新闻史论

1、试论述中国与美国政党报纸出现、发展历史及对各自国家新闻事业的影响。

2、结合当前改革实践，论新闻观念更新与新闻制度建设的基本关系。

3、用“长尾理论”阐释Web2.0时代小众化群体传播现象。

4、进入大数据时代，从新闻传播角度有哪些值得研究的领域，择其一谈谈你的研究思路与构想。

（共4题，每题25分）

二、新闻业务

1、论新媒体条件下，职业新闻工作者提高内容生产专业化水平的方法与途径。

2、请分析传播技术与信息终端的变化对新闻编辑工作产生的影响，论述编辑业务改革的思路与方法。

3、结合实际案例，分析官方微博、意见领袖微博、网民微博在网络舆论形成中的作用。（前两题每题35分，第3题30分）

5.武汉大学博士试题篇五

针灸推拿学试题

1.“平补平泻”一词出于何著作？历代有哪几种解释？ 2.简述膝骨关节炎的主要症状特点、病理变化及针灸治疗作用。并例举两种临床常用治法说明之。3.试用经络理论解释《四总穴歌》的治疗意义。

4.循行至眼区周围的经脉有哪几条？请用《灵枢·经脉》的原文描述其在眼周之循行。

5.试述针灸的辨证施治程序及针灸临床上如何具体运用八纲辨证？

6.请写出《灵枢·九针十二原》篇中关于十二原穴的名称、归经和定位。

7.治未病的概念和意义。常用的灸法治未病的方法及穴位有哪些？

8.请写出《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时篇》关于五输穴主治功能的原文。你是如何理解的？ 9.脐疗的理论依据是什么？

6.武汉大学博士试题篇六

一、名解：

interspinal diameterTTTSICSIHLPGnRHECAsherman 症宫颈糜烂组织学内口阴道穹窿

二、问答

1、羊水栓塞的病生表现及急症处理

2、葡萄胎的处理及随访

3、子内膜癌的处理

4、反复性流产的概念及病因

5、促排卵药的方案及并发症的处理

6、HELLP的病因、诊断及对母儿的影响

三、论述

1、PCOS的代谢异常，处理及研究进展

7.武汉大学博士试题篇七

一、师徒制模式

1809年德国柏林大学的创立标志着现代意义上的大学的诞生。哲学院成为德国大学科学研究的家园,并取代神学院成为大学的中心,哲学博士学位也由此诞生。这一学位的设立标志着现代博士教育的开端。

传统的德国大学博士培养模式具有很强的手工作坊式的前工业化时代特征,以师徒式的导师制为核心。博士生导师的德文是“Doktorvater”,直译为“博士父亲”,体现了师生之间如父子般的亲密关系。这种师徒关系既强调科学研究,也注重人品和个人修养的衣钵相传。博士生以科研助手的身份跟着导师从事相关研究。以研究所为培养单位,所长一般就是导师本人,学生免试入学,没有必修课,导师为博士生开设研讨班(seminar),取得科学研究的创新性成果是获取学位的前提条件。需要指出的是,当时的博士学位并非是建立在硕士学位之上的学位,而是大学颁发的惟一学位。

直到20世纪80年代末期,德国大学都没有按英美高校模式设置所谓的学士学位作为第一级学位。20世纪50、60年代,综合性大学里实行的单一学位制被两级学位取代,增设硕士学位为第一级学位(Diplom或Magister),博士学位上升为大学中的第二级学位。德国法律规定,博士学位是取得高校教师资格和在医学等特定行业任职的必要条件。

德国高校除了少数艺术院校外,一般分为两大类:偏学术性的综合大学(包括工业大学和科技大学等),重实践的应用技术大学,只有前者有博士学位授予权。德国大学的博士入学一般没有考试选拔机制,通常综合性大学毕业生只要成绩优良,并得到相关教授的接收就可以攻读博士研究生。

德国大学没有博士点和博士生导师的概念,所有综合大学的教授及已获得教授资格的讲师都可以作博士生导师。传统的德国大学博士培养模式一般并不提供博士课程,人文学科和社会科学的很多博士生主要在家自己读书和研究。目前,有80%至90%的德国博士生在此传统框架下学习和研究,博士生培养的理念、目标和方式与19世纪并无实质性变化。传统的德国博士培养模式由于过于追求纯科学的研究,只重视个人的独立研究能力,与社会脱节严重,近年来大受诟病。

德国科学委员会认为,传统博士培养模式的主要问题有:与国际相比,学习时间过长,硕士毕业后的平均攻博时间大约为5年,由此造成博士生的高龄化;博士培养的结构层次不清;缺乏针对性强的课程设置;博士生学术交流机制缺失;博士培养中缺乏流动性和特色。[1]

德国高校校长会议也指出6大问题:博士生的身份不明确,导师对论文选题的辅导不够;研究选题过偏过窄;在第三方经费缺乏的专业,比如人文社科专业,学生往往闭门造车,得不到足够的指导,从而出现选题、研究方法和成果呈现等各方面的问题;传统的博士课程结构不清,约束力不强;博士生与博士论文无关的事务性工作过多,导致毕业延期;就业市场的机会不多,导致学生迟迟不愿毕业等。[2]

2002年科学委员会的统计表明,博士生年龄持续增大,人文学科毕业生的年龄更是远高于平均水平,达到36.1岁。这其中的重要原因是:文科往往需要自己选题,较少得到导师的指导;文科博士生从硕士毕业到开始读博之间的过渡时间过长,平均需等待1年时间。

二、研究生院(Graduiertenkolleg)模式

20世纪90年代以前,德国大学一直只有硕士和博士学位,而没有学士学位。研究生院实际上是博士生院(Promotionskelleg)。它是对依然占主导地位的“师徒制”模式的补充。德国大学的研究生院主要由德意志研究联合会(DFG)提供资金支持。DFG的研究生院入学前提是:申请者成绩优秀,而且其博士选题与研究生院的研究方向一致。

虽然德国研究生院模式的初衷是借鉴英美博士培养模式,希望发挥集体力量,加大跨学科研究,但实际上德国式研究生院与英美模式大相径庭。它并非是大学的一级常设机构,也不是博士生的注册和管理机构,而只是由来自多所大学相近专业的10~15名教授和15~25名博士生围绕一个课题进行研究的一个临时课题组而已。从名称上可以看出,它往往是跨学科研究课题组的名称,比如慕尼黑大学的“性别与差异研究生院”。它们需要定期接受DFG的评估,而且可能随着课题的终结而解散,所以也许称为“课题小组”更合适。

研究生院模式最早出现在1990年前后。第一批研究生院是由大众汽车基金会和德意志研究联合会(DFG)联合资助的。这种模式通常被称为“结构化培养模式”(Strukturierte Promotionsstudien),它与传统模式相比,有三大显著特征:

其一,竞争。高标准博士生选择机制,只有最好的硕士毕业生才能获得资格;

其二,师生双方清晰的责任。老师要负责高水平的指导,提供好的科研工作条件;

其三,设置广泛的博士生课程(包括大量英语课程,4~6课时/周)。

除了DFG资助大部分研究生院外,此类结构化的博士培养模式还有德意志学术交流中心(DAAD)与DFG合作的、主要针对外国学生的国际研究生培养计划(International Postgradaute Programmes,简称IPP)国际博士培养计划,马普所(MPG)与各大学合作设立的马克斯·普克兰国际研究院(International Max Planck Research School,简称IMPRS)博士培养计划等。

此类博士课程的共同之处包括:开展跨学科研究,发挥教授集体的作用,让博士生受到多方面的训练,既注重个人研究能力的培养,也注重集体合作能力的培养;缩短培养时间,读博时间一般定为3年;设立专门的博士生项目服务机构;国际化程度高,外籍博士生的比例高(约为20%),科学研究、学术交流的语言往往是英语,与国外学者、机构的合作多。

DFG1990年设定的“建立300个研究生院”的目标,在2000年初就已经完成,全德已有6,000多名博士生是经过这种模式培养后毕业的,约占同期德国全部博士学位获得者的10%。2004年度的DFG研究生院项目有270个,2003年度研究生院的全部经费为7,650万欧元,2003/2004年度参与计划的博士生有6,263人,博士后有660名,奖学金人均为1,000欧元/月。[3]

尽管取得了一些成绩,德国研究生院模式也面临挑战,目前主要的问题是:“青年教授制”(Juniorprofessor)的引入使得博士生毕业后就有机会直接走上大学讲台。但这就要求博士生在3年时间内除去科研外,还要学习课程设计、教学法、高校行政等方面的基本技能,而过去这些东西是在博士后阶段学习(Habilitation)的;另外,由于规模小,研究生院像个课题组,其重点在研究,往往忽略教学和管理方面技能的培养;由于经费的原因,目前德国只有10%左右的博士生在研究生院读博,而且往往是理工科学生。

德国科学委员会虽然赞扬DFG的研究生院模式是一项促进博士培养的重要手段,但也要求DFG的研究生院对学生提供更多的专业知识领域以外的知识和核心技能,从而促进博士生的独立性和自我负责能力。

三、系统培养的模式:以吉森大学人文科学研究生培养中心(GGK)为例

2005年巴伐利亚的博士生问卷调查结果表明,大部分学生还是希望两种培养模式并存,认为研究生院模式不应取代传统的师徒制模式的主导地位,它只能起到补充作用;90%以上的教授坚持自己挑选学生,而不是通过所谓的竞争选择机制,认为这是德国传统博士培养模式的优点之一;在入学方面,目前只有不到1/5的学生需要通过一个申请和选择程序;人文学科依然是传统导师制培养模式占绝对垄断地位,理工科则是越来越以研究生院的各种课题项目为核心。[4]

据调查40%的博士生对导师的指导不满意。无论哪种培养模式,大部分学生都抱怨不能从导师那里得到期望的帮助和辅导。比如,在专业知识、科学研究能力的提高、博士论文的定期评审等方面,虽然研究生院里的博士生比大学传统师徒制模式下的博士生得到更多的辅导帮助和业绩考核,但也远远不够;延期毕业或中断学业的最主要的原因是与博士论文无关的事务性负荷;尤其是文科学生希望能得到更多的教师指导和同学之间的交流。

目前,很多高校都在尝试建立覆盖面更广、跨学科的博士生系统化培养模式,探索师徒制、研究生院的课题组制之外的新形式,以便更好地满足学生的需要。吉森大学人文科学研究生培养中心(GGK)就是其中的一个成功范例。

人文科学研究生培养中心是由吉森大学倡议设立的、黑森州科学艺术部提供资助的跨学科常设机构,其主要目标是探索德国文科博士生培养的新模式。它是在DFG原有的外语理解的教学法、古典主义和浪漫主义、早新时代的国家化等3个研究生院的基础上建立的。中心的建立不仅要保持、延续DFG的人才培养结构,更重要的是要开发、引入和实施更全面、系统化的博士培养新模式,为博士生提供从入学到求职的全方位系统管理和服务。

中心的主要组织机构有:咨询委员会、学术领导办公室、11个不同研究生课题组、1个行政管理部,其中行政管理部负责中心的日常事务。这些日常事务包括设计并开设课程,组织并资助各课题组的工作,协调职业服务中心的工作。中心没有学位授予权,各专业学生依据各系的学位授予规定申请学位。中心开放和有活力的结构使得它可以整合、组织吉森大学现有的各种博士生培养模式,师徒制和各种名目的研究生院都可以被纳入中心。

与DFG为代表的模式不同,GGK不仅仅是帮助精英人才的精英项目,其目标是帮助吉森大学所有人文学科的博士生,促使其尽可能高效地完成学业。为缩短大学毕业到读博期间的等待时间,成绩特别优异、有意读博的硕士生在经过商议、获得同意后也可以参加。

GGK是一个常设机构,所以有可能持续、长期地规划博士生培养结构。其任务主要包括:改善各种博士生项目进入中心的框架条件,从结构和质量方面改进博士培养的现状;协调与继续开发系统结构化的博士课程,尤其是文科博士课程的国际化方面;信息和咨询服务;促进国际化;与现有研究机构的合作;在讲座和出版方面给予博士生支持。[5]

通过实施相应的举措,GGK创造条件,提高了社会学、历史学、文学、语言学和其他人文科专业博士培养的效率、透明度和针对性。博士生之间的专业合作得到加强,很多刚刚获得学位的博士被聘为博士生的教员,中心建立起学生与老师交流方面的跨学科机制,原先的个人研究和单个辅导通过集体的研究和咨询形式得到补充。

在课程方面,研究生院模式下,往往人数过少,没有固定教师,课程开设不够完整。而GGK作为跨学科中心,有约200名学生,可以保证有足够多的学生来听课。课程通常分为两大类:核心课程及选修课。核心课程按时间先后分为博士生基础课程(介绍专业理论和研究方法)、深化课程、学术争鸣预备课程3种;基础课程每年冬季学期定期开设不同重点研究方向的平行课程(语言学、文学、文化学、历史学以及社会学),不仅介绍专业理论和研究方法,也提供工作安排、时间规划、奖学金申请等实用知识;深化课程主要给基础课程的结业学生提供一个与各自的选题相关的深入研究问题的机会;预备课程主要针对已经或即将提交博士论文的博士生,给他们提供学术争鸣的机会,为毕业答辩做准备。

围绕着这3类课程还有多组根据博士生建议开设的课程,比如研究方法课、专业研究论坛、论文写作课等。课程主要由水平很高的博士后讲授。GGK中心还对有意读博的学生开放博士基础课程,缩短大学毕业到开始博士学习的时间。选修课的主要形式有:专家讲座、专门研讨会、课题小组和假期学校等。

与传统的松散管理截然不同,GGK的管理机构与其博士生之间联系紧密。因不同选题而产生的多学科课题小组,成为博士生交流论文课题的论坛。它们根据学生或中心的建议而设立,每组10~20人,从事吉森大学人文学科方面的重点研究项目。学生按照各自研究的选题组成文学及文化理论、现代和后现代、历史理论和来源分析方法等11个不同的小组,学生自己组织管理,由GGK提供经费和出版方面的支持。小组主要的工作形式有:组织讲座、报告会、研讨会等,形式、频率由学生自行决定,是作为正式课程的补充。工作的重点内容包括介绍研究课题、概念辨析和理论建构等。这种灵活的形式使得很多其他大学的博士生也愿意参与其中。在小组里博士生和博士后一起探讨博士论文及研究计划,小组通过任期1年的组长和聚会备忘录与行政管理部保持联系,学生的研讨论文也可以由中心资助出版。

对博士生的职业指导服务是中心的又一项主要工作。由于事实上只有一小部分博士毕业生可以留在大学教书或从事科研,所以有必要对学生及早做些进入职场的准备指导。因此,中心定期与吉森劳动局的高校服务团队合作,为博士生举办有关职业目标确定和调整方面的课程。另外,建立GGK博士毕业生网络,并举办往届毕业生联谊会。同时,中心也主动建立与SAP(1)等大型企业的合作。

总体而言,吉森大学模式的主要特色是:培养对象覆盖面广;跨学科研究;结构化的博士学习;有针对性的职业指导和师生间的互动。在人文社科领域,没有学生的参与博士培养模式的改革是不可能实现的。从开设创办中心开始,博士生的意见和需求得到了充分尊重,从而提高了计划的透明度和接受认可程度。GGK开发的某些基础课程和延伸课程已成为DFG研究生院的必修课程。GGK还将博士生培养与博士后人员训练结合起来。博士后人员授课有至少三方面的意义:给导师减负,导师的课时量不会增大;博士后人员可以积累教学经验;促进了年轻后备人才间的交流。

自GGK成立以来,GGK已成为德国博士培养模式变革中的一个成功典范。特别值得一提的是,2006年11月,GGK成为德国“卓越计划”第一轮中惟一获得资助的文科博士生院。从GGK这个案例我们可以看到,德国在保持传统博士培养模式的同时也在不断地调整、完善并引入新的培养模式,以更好地适应科学研究的需要。

参考文献

[1][2]Nuenning,A.Defizite und Desiderate Der deutschen Doktorandenausbildung.Kimmich.D und Thumfart A:Uni-versitaet Ohne Zukunft.Suhrkamp Verlag,Frankfurt am Main,2004.205,206.

[3]Graduierton Kollegs[EB/OL].http://www.dfg.de/forschungs-foerderung/koordinierte_programme/graduiertenkollegs/in-dex.html.

[4]Berning,E.Promovieren an den Universitaeten in Bayern:Praxis-Modelle-Perspektiven.Bayerisches Staatsinstitut fuer Hochschulforschung und Hochschulplanung,Muen-chen,2006.183-193.