初中定语从句教学文档(共8篇)
1.初中定语从句教学文档 篇一
一.Teaching goals:
1, 英语中,定语的定义和作用。
2, 定语从句的定义和作用。
3, 如何用英语从句表达更完善的意思。
4, 如何改写定语从句。。
二.Important and difficult points:
1,定语从句的表达和运用。
2,改写定语从句。
三.Teaching procedures :
Step 1: Lead ---in
(1) greet the class as usual
(2) lead―in by asking two questions:
T:Do you konw what we will learn today?
First ,let`s look at the screen,there are two questions and some pictures:
Question 1: What fruit do you like to eat?
Question 2: Do you like dress or skirt?
Step 2: Presentation
Task one: think about the two questions,and tell your answers
Task two: 引入定语( Attributive )的概念,并举例。
定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
定语从句讲解教案
汉语中常用’……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
Task three: 引入定语从句的(The Attributive Clauses)的概念。
2.初中定语从句教学文档 篇二
一、定语从句的定义
所谓定语从句就是指在复合句中修饰、限定名词或者代词的从句。而这些被修饰的名词或代词就叫做定语从句的先行词,即定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。例如:
1. The woman who lives next to us is a teacher.(住在我们隔壁的女人是个老师。)
2. The river which is in front of my house is very clean.(我家前面的那条河很清澈。)
上面两句中的woman和river是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在它们的后面。
二、关系代词that、which、who、whom的用法
who指人,在从句中作主语;whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略;which指物,在定语从句中作主语或者宾语,作宾语时常常可省略;that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which,在定语从句中作主语或者宾语,作宾语时可省略。
注意:
which、whom当作介词宾语时,介词可放在whom、which之前,同样也可放在定语从句原来的位置上;但在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
She is the person whom we must take good care of. (她是我们必须要好好照顾的人。)
三、关系副词where、when、why的用法
关系副词在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。其句法结构如下:
1. 表时间的名词+when+定语从句,when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
She still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(她依然记得我第一次到北京的那天。)
2. 表地点的名词+where+定语从句,where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
The factory where her father works is in the west of the city.(她父亲工作的工厂在城市的西部。)
3. 表原因的名词+why+定语从句,why只用于原因之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。例如:
That is the reason why I did the job.(这是我做这份工作的原因。)
在现代英语中可以省略,所以转化成:
That is the reason I did the job.
注意:
1.where、when和why都可以用“介词+which”来替换,介词的选用取决于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如:
This is the room in which we lived last year. (in which=where)(这是我去年住过的房间。)
Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Li Ming’s birthday party? (for which=why)(你知道他拒绝出席李明生日聚会的原因?)
有时定语从句中介词短语和动词之间有某种紧密的修饰关系,常使用“介词+which”结构,而不使用关系副词。例如:
During the day time the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.(白天士兵们到达农舍前面的小山坡。)
2. that用作关系副词,相当于when、where、why和“介词+which”结构,尤其在“the time when”等结构中的when常被that代替,而且that往往省略。例如:
During the time he was there he visited her once.(他在这里的这段时间拜访了她一次。)
四、定语从句题型的做题方法
例1:The third book ______ I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.
A. what B. which C. that D. as
解析:先行词book被序数词修饰时要用that引导的定语从句,故选C。
例2:She will never forget the days ______ she stayed with you.
A.when B.in which
C.that D.for which
解析:本题先行词the days指时间,故选A。
例3:The book ______ is sold out at the moment.
A.you need B.what you need
C.which you need it D.that you need it
解析:用排除法B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触,故选A。
五、结束语
3.初中定语从句教学文档 篇三
【关键词】定语 先行词 关系词 长句 句子成分
定语从句在初中的英语教学中既是重点又是难点,它的重要并不是在中考中一道一分的选择关系词的选择题。定语从句在英语中使用非常的广泛,我们在平时的阅读材料中经常碰到定语从句,如果学生没有真正实质的掌握,领悟定语从句的构成和用法,那么就很难透彻地理解文章的语义。因此,如何正确地分析定语从句,对于理清结构,理解句意,提高阅读能力有着极其重要的意义。
一、理解什么是定语,定语从句,先行词,关系词
1.定语:简而言之,就是修饰名次或代词的部分,它可以由形容词,数词,代词,名词,分词,不定式,介词短语等来担任
例:Linda is a beautiful girl. 琳达是个漂亮的女孩。
The running water流动的水 a small round wooden table 一张小的圆木桌
2.定语从句先行词 关系词
定语由一个句子来担任,这样的句子也被称为定语从句(也叫形容词从句)
定语从句可以修饰名词,代词,还能修饰主语或主句的一部分,因此,被定语从句修饰的词就是先行词,而引导定语从句的词则叫做关系词。关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词;关系代词在定语从句中起代词和连词的作用;关系副词起着连接,在从句中代替先行词并作状语的作用。
关系代词关系副词
who指人,作主语或宾语when作时间状语
whom指人,作宾语where作地点状语
whose指人或物,作定语why作原因状语
which指物,作主语或宾语
that指人或物,作主语或宾语
例:The girl who is standing there is Mary.站在那里的女孩是玛丽
(分析) The girl 是先行词who 是关系代词,在定语从句中代替女孩,同时也起到了连词的作用。
Shell never forget the day when she got married.她永远不能忘记她结婚的那天。
(分析)先行词是the daywhen是关系副词,在定语从句中=on the day,所以用when 代替,并连接主从复合句。
二、从写定语从句开始,理解句子成分,选择正确的关系词
学会找定语修饰的名词,分解句子,通过分解的句子写出简单句,确定好两个句子里都存在的名词或代词作先行词;找准一个简单句做主句,再用另一个中用关系词代替这个名词,最后将连个句子合并,让定语从句紧紧地跟在先行词的后面,这样一个定语从句就形成了。
例: 一个戴眼镜的女孩正在上钢琴课。
中文分解为——①一个戴眼镜的女孩The girl wears glasses②女孩正在上钢琴课The girl is having piano class. 两个句子中都有女孩,确定它为先行词,然后确定②句为主句,然后再找①句中,the girl的位置,它位于句首作主语,且指人,于是可以用that或who指代the girl.于是①变成了 that /who wears glasses.最后,将两句合并,让定语从句紧紧跟在先行词之后,就得到了:The girl that/who wears glasses is having piano class.
例: 这就是我在那儿出生的房子。
分解句子:①这是那房子。②我出生在那房子里。
①This is the house. ② I was born in the house.两个句子中共同的名词是the house,确定①句为主句,②中的house 指物,则用which/that 替代,代替后:which/that I was born in. 还可以将in 一并提前,则为:in which I was born .(当in介词提前后,则不能用that),介词+which=where,合并两句:This is the house in which/where I was born.或This is the housewhich/that I was born in.
三、在阅读材料中分辨出,并理解定语从句
定语从句的学习是在初三Unit 6I like music that I can dance,而学了定语从句后,如何在阅读材料中正确分辨出定语从句并理解它的含义,就成了影响了整个句意突破的关键。
1.如何分辨定语从句
从它的定义着手:寻找修饰名词或代词的句子。
例Mary said that Tom isnt lazy. ②The book which tells us the earth is interesting.辨析:这两句中②是定语从句,①不是,因为②中的从句跟在名词the book之后①Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be .②Mary decided to be what she wanted to be. 这两个句子中①是定语从句,因为从句跟在the girl 这样的名词后,而②则不是。
例:①Rice doesnt grow well where there is not enough water.
I never forget the school where I studied English .辨析:①句不是定语从句,虽然由where引导,前面没有先行词,再有where理解为“…的地方”;②句是定语从句,从句跟在the school之后,且先行词在从句中作地点状语。
2.在复合句中正确理解定语从句
要理解复合句的含义,必须先要辨明定语从句和主句的位置和关系。
例:Leave the things which you do not need right in front of your house and someone who needs them will pick them up.
这样的句子看起来很长,读起来很吃力。遇到这样的句子的时候,先找准主从复合句。怎样来找主从句呢?第一步,先要找到复合句中的谓语动词(划线部分);第二步,通常情况下,从最后一个谓语动词着手,will pick前面的them并不是它的主语,再来找倒数第二个谓语动词needs其主语是who ,宾语是them ,who 必定引导一个从句,它跟在someone 之后,代替someone于是这是一个定语从句;再找倒数第三个谓语动词do not need 其句中,主语是you ,宾语由前面的which 替代,于是这也是一个定语从句。第三步,把定语从句提开,主句就明朗了,既是:Leave the things right in front of your house and someone will pick them up. 把东西恰好放在房子的前面,有人会把他们捡走。
第四步,再具体理解定语从句的含义:which you do not need 你不需要的东西。
who needs them.需要他们的人。
第五步,整体理解句意:把你不需要的东西放在房子前面,需要这些东西的人就会把他们捡拾。
结束语: 定语从句包含的内容很多,在这里只是粗浅地提到一些教学中教授定语从句的方法和在定语从句在长句分析中的运用。总之,英语是一门工具学科,在具体的教学中需要多动脑筋,解决教学中的实际问题,充分调动学生的积极性才能更好地解决在教和学中的问题。
【参考文献】
4.初中定语从句语法汇总 篇四
一、定语从句的基本概念:
定语从句即在句中有一个具有主谓结构的完整的句子来充当定语,修饰前面的名词短语或者代词。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如:
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?
I still remember the night when I first came to the village.This is the place where Lily once lived.二、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
三、关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可以做主语,宾语,定语,关系副词可作状语。
1.关系代词:主要有that, which, who, whom, whose等,它们在句子中可用作主语(如that, which, who等)、宾语(如that, which, whom等)和定语(如which, whose)。例句:I found the book which I was looking for.我找到了我要找的书。(做宾语)
She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。(做定语)She is the woman whom I gave the money to.她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。(做宾语)Is he the man that sells dogs? 他就是卖狗的人吗?(做主语)She is the girl who won the prize.她就是获奖的姑娘。(做主语)
注意:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。2.关系副词:主要有where, when, why等,它们在句子中主要用作状语。(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
四、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)The film(which)we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
注意:关系词只能用that,不能用which的情况:
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例:He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例:Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例:This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
例:I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
d.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that 例:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。注意:关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况: a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例:What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例:This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例:Tom came back,which made us happy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
3、who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。
例:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语,可省略)注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
例:This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例:his is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例:The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
五、关系副词的用法
1、When的用法:
关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语,表示时间,用以修饰表示时间的先行词;在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价),其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义与搭配来确定。例:1988 was the year when he was born.1988是他的出生年。
句子分析:句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句,关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年,英语习惯上用介词in,如in 1988, in 2008等,所以此处用in which。
例:I’ll never forget the day when I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。句子分析:句中的when I first met you为修饰the day的定语从句,关系副词when在此相当于on which。表示在某一天,英语习惯上用介词on,如on that day, on Friday等,所以此处用on which。
例:Don’t forget the time when the wedding will start.不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。句子分析:句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time的定语从句,关系副词when在此相当于at which。表示在某一时刻,英语习惯上用介词at,如at that time, at the moment等,所以此处用at which。
2、where的用法:
关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语,表示地点,用以修饰表示地点的先行词;在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价),其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。
例:What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字? 句子分析:句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句,关系副词where在此相当于in which。表示住在某城市,英语习惯上说 live in a city,所以此处用 in which。例:This cross marks the spot where she died.这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。句子分析:句中的 where she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句,关系副词 where 在此相当于 at which。表示在某一地点,英语习惯上说 at a spot,所以此处用 at which。
3、why的用法:
关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语,表示原因;why引导定语从句时,其先行词只有一个,那就是the reason;在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。例:These are the reasons why we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。
句子分析:句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句,关系副词why在此相当于for which。
例:Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 句子分析:句中的why she doesn’t like me为修饰the reason的定语从句,关系副词why在此相当于for which。
why是一个比较特殊的关系副词,它引导定语从句时,除可换成for which外,有时也可换成that,甚至省略。如:
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
5.初中英语定语从句解题技巧 篇五
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。
如:A plane is a machine that/which can fly. 飞机是一种会飞的机器。
The boy who/that broke the window is called Mike.打破窗户的那个男孩叫迈克。
The man (whom/who/that) I met in the street is my teacher.我在街上见到的那个人是我的老师。
I will never forget the day when (on which) I joined the League.我将永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。
This is the house where (in which) he lived ten years ago.这就是十年前他住过的房子。
I know the reason why (for which) she missed the train. 我知道她没赶上火车的原因。
上面六句中的machine,boy,man,day,house和reason是定语从句所修饰的词,叫作“先行词”。定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等和关系副词where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当句子成分。
例1:It’s time to say goodbye to my school.I’ll always remember the people____________have helped me.
A. who B. what C. which D. where
解析:先行词指人,做主语,选A。
例2:This is the novel____________is written by Guo Jingming.
A. who B. what C. that D. /
解析:先行词指物,做主语,选C。
例3:The shirt____________John bought me fits me very well.
A. which B. what C. as D. whose
解析:先行词指物,做宾语,可省略,选A。
例4:That’s the man____________house was destroyed in the storm.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
解析:先行词指人,做定语,选B。
例5:Ten months has passed,but Chinese people still remember those exciting days____________they spent during the Beijing Olympic Games.
A. that B. who C. when
解析:先行词指时间,做宾语,可省略,选A。
二、定语从句的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,不能省略,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。注意当“one of +复数名词”位于关系代词前做先行词时,从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式。
例6:This is one of the books which____________written by Lu Xun.
A. am B. is C. was D. were
解析:该题的先行词为books,故答案应为D。本句的意思为“这是鲁迅所写的书中的一本”。但当one前有the (only),the (very)等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。
如:She is the only one of the girls who has learned French. 她是这些女孩中唯一一个学习法语的。
三、只能用that引导的情况
在下列情况下只能用that引导,不能用who或which引导:
1.当先行词是all,none,one,any,few,little,much,everything,nothing,anything等不定代词时
例7:Is there anything____________I can do for you?
A. what B. which C. that D. this
解析:句意为“有什么我可以为你做的吗?”故答案为C。
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时
例8:This is the first place____________we visited last year.
A. where B. that C. which D. what
解析:句意为“这就是去年我们首先参观的地方”。故答案为B。
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
例9:This is the best film____________I’ve ever seen.
A. that B. which C. what D. it
解析:句意为“这是我看过的最好的一部电影”。故答案为A。
4. 当先行词被the very,the only,the last,any,every修饰时
例10:This is the very book____________I am looking for.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
解析:句意为“这正是我在寻找的那本书”。故答案为D。
5. 当先行词既指人又指物时
例11: They talked about things and persons____________they remembered at school.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
解析:句意为“他们谈到他们记得的在学校时的人和事”。故答案为B。
6. 当先行词是疑问词who,what,which时
例12:Who is the man____________is working there?
A. that B. who C. whom D. which
解析:句意为“在那儿工作的人是谁?”故答案为A。
四、只能用which不能用that引导的情况
1. 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰某物或整个句子时
例13:He takes a walk every day,____________is good for his health.
A. when B. it C. which D. that
解析:句意为“他每天散步,这对他的健康有好处”。故答案为C。
2. 当先行词在从句中做介词的宾语且介词前置时
例14:The hotel at____________we stayed was very small.
A. where B. what C. that D. which
6.初中定语从句教学文档 篇六
I 选择最佳答案: 1.The silk _______ is made in Hangzhou sells well.A.that
B.who
C.what
D./ 2.The man_______today left this message for you.A.called
B.has called
C.whom called
D.who called 3.Do you live near the building ______colour is yellow?
A.that
B.which
C.whose
D.its 4.He helped his father on the farm ______they lived.A.which
B.that
C.when
D.where 5.I’m one of the boys_____never late for school.A.that is
B.who is
C.who are
D.who am 6.All_____should be done has been done.A.what
B.which
C.that
D.whatever 7.Jack told me everything _______he knew about it.A.what
B.that
C.which
D.who
8.My father works in the factory ______this type of truck is made.A.in where
B.in which
C.from which
D.of which 9.The school_______we visited last week was built in 1956.A./
B.where
C.that
D.both A and C 10.This is one of the best films_______I have ever seen.A.which
B.that
C.of which
D.of that 11.In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions_______were asked in French.A.where
B.who
C.in which
D.which
12.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.A.these
B.those
C.that
D.which
13.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ________family was poor.A.of whom
B.whom
C.of whose
D.whose 14.All_______is needed is a supply of oil.A.the thing
B.that
C.what
D.which
15.In the dark street ,there wasn’t a single person _____she could turn for help.A.that
B.who
C.from whom
D.to whom 16.She heard a terrible noise,______brought her heart into her mouth.A.it
B.which
C.this
D.that
II 用适当的关系词填空:
1)I’ll never forget the day on ________ they met for the very first time last summer.2)This is the place _________ he so often mentioned to me.3)The only thing ________ interested him was that he could do anything _________ he wanted to.4)“What a scientist!What wonderful invention!” he talked excitedly about Bill Gates and his Microsoft Company _________ is now a focus(焦点)of newspapers and television.5)He is old, ________ fact is important in this case.6)Finally, the thief handed everything __________ he had stolen.7)We talked about the things and persons _________ we saw then.8)With _________ were you talking? 9)This is the very present __________ my mother gave me.10)They are talking about the people and things ________ they are on their way home.11)Which is the bike __________ is made in Shanghai? 12)I think this is the most beautiful dress ______ I own.13)Those _______ want to buy the house may sign their names first.14)My sister, __________ you met in Guangzhou, has bought a new car.15)That’s the way _______ they work.III 把下列各题的两句话合并成一个带定语从句的复合句。
1)The students will not be able to pass the English exam.They don’t work hard enough.2)The teacher is my physics teacher.You saw him on the playground just now.3)The woman is an English teacher.She is standing at the school gate.4)This is the girl.Her sister is a famous singer.5)The book is good.I am reading.IV 完成下列句子。
1)Here is the knife _________________________________________(你昨天丢失的)。2)This is the best novel _____________________________________(我读过的)。
3)I have lost the dictionary ____________________________________(我姐姐给我买的)。
4)Rice is a plant ________________________________________(中国南方种植的)。
5)The woman ________________________________________(上周六给他们做报告的)is a famous scientist.Ⅴ 改正下列句子中的错误:
1.Mr.Brown is talking to the students who comes from Canada.2.The factory which we are going to work is far from here.3.This is the room in that we lived last year.4.They talked of things and people who they remembered in the hospital.5.All which Iraq people want is peace.6.Anyone that breaks the rule will be punished.7.This is the child who father died of SARS.8.I have lost my pen, that I like very much.9.I went to the library but I didn’t find the book that I needed it.10.This is the person whom you are looking.Keys: I 选择:
1.A.先行词是物,故用that引导.2.D.先行词是人,而且引导词在从句中作主语。3.C.表示“……’’的”,修饰名词color, 限定先行词the building,说明是the building的颜色.4.D.先行词是地点,故用where引.5.C.先行词是人,且是复数the boys.6.C.先行词为all ,everything等不定代词时用that.7.B.同上
8.B.关系代词在介词后面时用which.9.D.当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,关系代词常被省略 10.B.当先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰的时候,用that.11.D.定语从句中需要主语,四个选项中只有which可以在从句中作主语 12.D.非限制性定语从句用which.13.D.14.B.先行词为all用that引导.15.D.该题考察定语从句中介词+关系代词的用法turn to sb for help 这一短语.16.B.非限制性定语从句中关系代词用which.II
1.which 介词后面只能用which.2.that/which 3.that ,(that)
当先行词指物,且被all, every, no ,some ,any, little , much, one of , the only, the very, the right 等修饰时,关系词只能用that.4.that 5.which 6.that(同3)
7.that当先行词既有人又有物时只能用that 引导。
8.whom
9.that 当先行词指物,且被all, every, no ,some ,any, little , much, one of , the only, the very, the right 等修饰时,关系词只能用that.10.that that 在特殊疑问句中定语从句的引导词不能与疑问词重复。
12.that 当先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时,指物只能用that 引导。13.who those 指人时用who.14.whom.非限制性定语从句不能用that 引导。当先行词指物时用which;当先行词指人时,并在从句中作主语时用who;在从句中作宾语时用whom.15.that.way 作先行词时,常用that 或in which 引导定于从句.III 1.The students who/that don’t study hard will not be able to pass the English exam.2.The teacher(who/that)you saw on the playground is my physics teacher.3.The woman who/that is standing at the school gate is an English teacher.4.This is the girl whose sister is a famous singer.5.The book(that/which)I am reading is good.IV
1.(which/that)you lost yesterday
2.(that)I have read
3.(which/that)my sister bought me
4.Which/that is grown in the south of China
5.Who gave them the report last Saturday ⅤANSWERS: 1.comes改为 come或 students改为 student。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数要与先行词保持一致。
2.which 前加上in或 which改为 where。定语从句中的谓语动词work是不及物动词,先行词factory在从句中作地点状语而非宾语。试比较: This is the factory which/that I visited last year.This is the factory in which(where)I worked last year.3.that改为 which 或in放在 lived之后。关系代词作介词宾语时,介词一般要放在它们之前,但其关系代词只能用which 或whom;若先行词是表示人的名词时,用whom;若表示物的名词则用which。介词也可放在从句原来的位置上。
4.who改为that。先行词既有表示人的名词,又有表示物的名词时,关系代词要用that。
5.which改为 that。当先行词是all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything,everything等时,关系代词要用that。
6.that改为who。当先行词是one,ones,anyone或those时,关系代词常用who。
7.who改为whose。先行词child在定语从句中作定语。作定语的关系代词无论指人还是指物,一律用 whose 8.that改为 which。引导非限制定语从句时,关系代词用which,不用that。
9.去掉it。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,无论省略与否,从句中不可再使用it,them,him之类的代词。
10.for放在looking之后。Look for是固定短语,英语中的固定短语一般不可分开使用。
Unit 7
talk back 回嘴;顶嘴
keep„ away from 远离
make one’s own decision 自己做决定
allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事
get one’s ears pierced 穿耳洞
seem to do sth 似乎要做某事 stop doing sth停止做某事
stay up 熬夜
shopping center购物中心
driving license 驾驶证 give sb a hug 给某人一个拥抱
lift up 举起
scary movie恐怖电影
agree with sb 同意某人 part-time job兼职工作
western countries 西方国家 move out 搬出去
get in the way of妨碍
be strict with sb对某人要求严格
as „as 像„ 一样 be serious about 认真对待
make a choice做选择
grow up 长大
have nothing against sb /sth 对某人某事不反感
spend some time on sth 在某事上花时间achieve one’s dream实现某人的梦想
unit 8
belong to 属于
pop music流行音乐
pick up拿起;捡起
run away 逃跑
have no idea 不知道
take a shower洗澡
attend a concert参加音乐会music hall 音乐大厅
hair band 发带 each other互相
at first 起初
run after 追逐
at the same time同时
point out 指出 prevent sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
a long period of time很长一段时间
communicate with sb 与某人交流 in a certain way 以某种方式
historical place 历史古迹 a kind of 一种
keep healthy 保持健康 burial place墓地
a group of 一群 no more不再
a bit 有点 right now 现在 unit 9 in that case 既然那样
plenty of 大量;充足
once in a while偶尔
cheer sb up使某人振作起来 Not much.没什么
depend on 取决于
enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事 in total总共;合计
by the end of 到„结束时
folk music 民乐
such as 例如
make money挣钱
national treasure国宝
stick to 坚持;固守
shut off关闭
feel like 想要
try one’s best to do sth尽某人最大努力做某事
spare time 空闲时间
a happy ending一个快乐的结局
in time 及时
get married结婚
look up 查阅;抬头看
musical instrument 乐器
develop a serious illness 得重病
continue to do sth 继续做某事
7.交际教学法在定语从句中的运用 篇七
一、语法教学的现状
传统的以讲授为主的语法教学方法仍被很多老师沿用。即平常所谓的3P教学法, 指Presentation, Practice, Production。这种教学模式以语言形式为中心, 忽略了语言的意义。“传统的语法教学有其自身的优势, 但并不是掌握语言的唯一途径。在以培养语言交际能力为主的素质教育条件下, 语法教学不应是孤立的, 而应和情景、功能有机地结合起来, 并不断得到强化。”因此, 在语法教学中, 我们要渗透交际英语教学法。
二、交际法的特点
交际法是采用以交际活动为核心的教学程序来进行听、说、读、写的教学, 强调真实场景和小组活动。培养学习者的交际能力是这一教学法的主要目标。用交际法教学语法是语法教学行之有效的方法, 它符合学生活泼、好奇、善于模仿、喜欢交际的心理。在交际化的教学中, 教师应根据交际性原则, 努力创设学习英语的环境, 精心设计各种符合学生生活实际的活动情景, 以达到真正“学以致用”的目的。
笔者通过对自己的一堂公开课, 阐述交际教学法在高中英语教学实践中的应用, 将理论运用到自己的教学过程中来。
三、交际教学在定语从句教学中的运用
[教学内容]牛津高中英语模块一Unit 1 School life (Introduction to attributive clauses) 第一课时。
[教学指导思想]运用“交际英语教学法”。在英语交际中, 通过多次操练掌握定语从句, 从而达到综合能力的提升。
[教学策略] (1) 任务型教学的呈现, 教师通过设计一系列活动让学生在“做中学、学中做”。 (2) 以学生为主体, 教师为主导。
[学法指导]研究型学习模式, 在教学的各个环节创设情境及任务, 强调学生在学习过程中的主体性。
[教学程序]
Step 1:Greetings&Lead-in
Show pictures about school life and photos of a class teacher in this school.If necessary, enlighten students to say something about life in the school.
Eg.This is a school which has a long history.
This is a school whose concept is very advanced.
She is the class teacher whose smile is very bright.
设计意图:由本单元的话题school life导出本课主题, 通过大量图片刺激学生的视觉等感官, 从学生喜欢讲的话题入手, 让学生说出和学校相关内容的句子, 自然地导入本课。
Step 2:Presentation of the attributive clause
T:What will we learn today?
S:The grammar that we will learn today is attributive clause.
设计意图:举例很适合当时的情景, 过渡自然, 通过交际英语教学法, 使学生理解定语从句的含义及什么是先行词和关系代词。
Step 3:Practice (Three Parts)
From here on, there is a competition among groups, those who win will get secret gifts.
Rewrite sentences—combine two simple sentences into one
(1) A:My favorite super star is Jay.
B:My classmates all like Jay.
My favorite super star is Jay whom/that my classmates all like.
(2) A:YaoMing devotes himself to basketball.
B:We can’t forget his name.
YaoMing whose name we can’t forget devotes himself to basketball.
设计意图:通过小组比赛的方式, 能激发学生的课堂参与热情和小组合作、竞争意识。定语从句是出现在一个复杂句中的, 它是由两个简单句合二为一的。这个二合一的演变过程, 要让学生积极参与理解和讨论, 教师给出的例子要贴近学生实际, 和时代接轨, 这样才能充分发挥学生的英语学习热情。
Step 4:Activity
Theme:A TV Talk Show named My School Life
Detailed Topics:
teachers, classmates, subjects, timetable, activities, homework, food,
dormitory, school uniform, views, etc.
设计意图:此过程是将input转化成output能力上的第一次大提升。通过对话的形式, 在交际英语教学中操练定语从句, 从而让他们珍惜校园生活、热爱校园, 对学生的口语表达能力是一个锻炼和提升的机会。同时也增强了学生的团队合作精神和学生的爱校情操, 是新课程中情感价值的一次提升。
四、交际英语教学法运用于语法教学时应注意的事项
1. 所设计的活动必须能吸引学生, 贴近学生生活
兴趣是最好的老师。所以, 教师在备课时不仅要备教材、课标、目标, 同时还要备学生, 即了解学生的个性、爱好、兴趣, 将学生感兴趣的事情与教学内容有机地结合起来, 达到最佳的教学效果。在设计活动时注意难度逐层递增。如, 教师可以设计两种活动, 第一种是初级阶段的活动, 即教师在介绍某一语法规则后, 围绕这个规则做一些重复率较高的练习, 以强化学生对这一规则的记忆。第二种是熟练阶段的活动, 指学生在掌握了语法结构后, 进行一些联系社会现实的交际活动, 诸如表演、辩论、叙事、采访、讨论等等, 从而培养他们在真实的语言环境中运用语言的综合能力。
2. 改革评价机制, 要以形成性评价和终结性评价相结合
在新课标下的英语语法教学中, 教师要充分发挥评价的作用以有效促进学生知识技能的发展, 并在其意志品质的形成方面发挥一定的作用。在对待课堂交际活动及学生作业时, 一方面要给予学生及时反馈, 使学生得到及时、准确的反馈信息, 以便于学生改正, 以引起学生的重视, 确保学生掌握知识的准确性。另一方面也要鼓舞学生的信心, 使他们不怕犯错, 大胆参与课堂活动。
总之, 当前外语教学改革中, 我们应力求语法为交际服务, 在交际中学语法, 这样学生不但不会觉得语法抽象、枯燥、乏味, 反而会觉得有趣实用。通过语法学习, 使学生更加重视语言表达在日常交际中的准确性, 对听到和看到的现象也会更敏感, 理解更深刻, 同时也能运用所学到的语法知识去增强语言交际中的理解与表达。
摘要:语法, 作为语言知识的内部结构, 在语言教学中的作用是不容置疑的, 但我国长期以来英语教学过分强调语法的地位, 学生交际能力的培养被忽视, 出现了“哑巴英语”。学生很难将语法从“input”阶段转化为“output”阶段。重点讨论如何在高中英语课堂中用交际法教授定语从句这一语法现象, 目的就是使定语从句的语法教学有效、有趣。
关键词:交际,定语从句,关系代词,有效运用
参考文献
[1]王才仁.交际理论与英语教学[M].英语教学交际论.
[2]张兴旺.英语教学与交际能力[J].语言教学与研究, 2002 (3) .
[3]胡春洞, 王才仁.外语教育心理学[M].广西教育出版社, 1998.
8.高中英语定语从句教学浅议 篇八
一、弄清概念,分清位置
这里主要是指先行词、关系词和定语从句的概念和三者的位置。①先行词,即被修饰的词。它包括名词、名词词组或代词。例如SheisthewomanwhomIsawyesterday.中thewoman为先行词。②关系词。关系代词在定语从句中代替先行词,并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词中who(主语)、whom(宾语)和that(主语和宾语)指人,即先行词是人时,根据实际情况任选一个。例如TheoldmanwholivesinBeijingismyuncle.中关系代词who代替先行词theoldman。关系代词which(主语或宾语)、that(主语或宾语)和whose(定语)指人或指物。例如:Mr.Wanglosthisphonewhich/thathiswifegavehisasabirthdaygift.Doyouknowtheboywhosebrotherisourmonitor?Ilikethehousewhosewindowsarefacingsouth.关系副词有when(时间)、where(地点)和why(原因),它们在句子中做状语。③定语从句。定语从句在句子中作定语,修饰先行词。
二、弄清关系,分清先后
教学中,教师需通过具体的例子来引导学生掌握关系代词与先行词和定语从句之间的关系。
1.关系代词who指人,在从句中作主语。例如:
Myuncleisanactorwhooftenactsactionmovies.(who在从句中作主语,代替先行词anactor)
2.关系代词whom指人,在从句中作宾语,whom可以省略。例如:
Heisateacher(whom)mostofstudentslike.(whom在从句中作宾语,代替先行词ateacher)
3.关系代词that指人,也可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。例如:
Thisisthebag(that)mymotherboughtyesterday.(that在从句中作宾语,先行词bag是物)
掌握了上述三种基本关系,在教学中,凡再遇到类似的句型时,教师及时指出并试着引导学生进行分析,长期坚持,学生一定能根据关系而分清定语从句的基本句型。
三、找准代词,分清省略
先行词作介词宾语。作介词宾语的关系代词有whom,whose,which等;介词后面的关系词不能省略,并且that前不能有介词。如果学生在学习中不能分清先行词做介词宾语的关系代词,也就无法对整个句子做出判断。对于介词后面的关系词不能省略,that前不能有介词则需要通过例子来进行分析。例如:
Yunanistheplaceinwhichshewasborn.(which作in的宾语)
ThebeautifulgirlwithwhomItalkedismygirlfriend.(whom作with的宾语)
四、关系副词,合理搭配
在定语从句中常见的关系副词有when、where和why。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。when作时间状语,where作地点状语,why作原因状语。它相当于“介词+which”的结构。介词的用法要与先行词和定语从句的谓语动词合理搭配。因此,如果学生混淆了when、where和why的搭配结构,自然会出错。
1.when相当于at/in/on/during+which。例如:
Isthisthedaywhen/onwhichIvisitedthemuseum?(when或onwhich作visited的时间状语)
2.where相当于in/at/on+which。例如:
Pleaseputthebookonthedeskwhere/onwhichmysoncaneasilyfindit.(where或onwhich作find的地点状语)
3.why相当于for+which。例如:
Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichshedidn??tcometoschool.(why或forwhich作didn??tcometoschool的原因状语)
在具体的教学实践中,教师可以将三种不同的情况进行具体分析,在教学案例中点出,让学生在遇到问题时提出来进行分析,也可以采用讨论交流的形式进行具体的案例分析尝试。
五、限制与否,决定性质
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
Thedearcoatthat/whichIboughtlastweek.
Thedearcoat,whichIboughtlastminth,isverybeautiful.
需要注意的是,关系代词that不能用于非限制性定语从句中。
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