汉译英翻译赏析

汉译英翻译赏析（共8篇）

1.汉译英翻译赏析 篇一

散文汉译英佳作《雨前》赏析

最后的鸽群带着低弱的笛声在微风里划一个圈子后，也消失了。也许是误认这灰暗的凄冷的天空为夜色的来袭，或是也预感到风雨的将至，遂过早地飞回它们温暖的木舍。

The last flock of pigeons have also gone out of sight after doing their final circling in the soft breeze, the sound of their whistles barely audible. They are hastening back to their warm wooden dovecote earlier than usual perhaps because they have mistaken the bleak leaden sky for nightfall or because of their presentiment of a storm.

几天的阳光在柳条上撤下的一抹嫩绿，被尘土埋掩得有憔悴色了，是需要一次洗涤。还有干裂的大地和树根也早已期待着雨。雨却迟疑着。

The willow twigs, daubed with a light green by several days of sunshine, are now covered all over with the dust and look so sickly that they need to be washed. And the perched soil and tree roots have likewise been dying for rainfall. Yet the rain is reluctant to come down.

我怀想着故乡的雷声和雨声。那隆隆的有力的搏击，从山谷反响到山谷，仿佛春之芽就从冻土里震动，惊醒，而怒茁出来。细草样柔的雨丝又以温存之手抚摸它，使它簇生油绿的枝叶而开出红色的花。这些怀想如乡愁一样萦绕得使我忧郁了。我心里的气候也和这北方大陆一样缺少雨量，一滴温柔的泪在我枯涩的眼里，如迟疑在这阴沉的天空里的雨点，久不落下。

I can never forget the thunderstorm we often had in my home town. Over there, whenever the rumble of thunder reverberated across the valley, the buds of spring would seem to sprout freely after being disturbed and roused up from their slumber in the frozen soil. Then tenderly stroked by the soft hands of fine rain, they would put forth bright green leaves and pink flowers. It makes me nostalgic and melancholy to think about the old times and my mind is as depressed as the vast expanse of North China is thirsty. A tear stands in my dull eye and, like the rain lingering in the murky sky, is slow to roll down.

白色的鸭也似有一点烦躁了，有不洁的颜色的都市的河沟里传出它们焦急的叫声。有的还未厌倦那船一样的徐徐的划行。有的却倒插它们的长颈在水里，红色的蹼趾伸在尾后，不停地扑击着水以支持身体的.平衡。不知是在寻找沟底的细微食物，还是贪那深深的水里的寒冷。

White ducks have also become somewhat impatient. Some are sending out irritated quacks from the turbid waters of an urban creek. Some keep swimming leisurely and tirelessly like a slow boat. Some have their long necks submerged headfirst in the water while sticking up their webbed feet behind their tails and splashing them desperately so as to keep their balance. There is no knowing if they are searching for tiny bits of food from the bottom of the creek or just enjoying the chill of the deep water.

有几个已上岸了。在柳树下来回地作绅士的散步，舒息划行的疲劳。然后参差地站着，用嘴细细地抚理它们遍体白色的羽毛，间或又摇动身子或扑展着阔翅，使那缀在羽毛间的水珠坠落。一个已修饰完毕的，弯曲它的颈到背上，长长的红嘴藏没在翅膀里，静静合上它白色的茸毛间的小黑眼，仿佛准备睡眠。可怜的小动物，你就是这样做你的梦吗?

Some of them stagger out of the water and, to relieve their fatigue, begin to saunter up and down with a gentleman-like swagger in the shade of the willow trees. Then, they stand about to preen their white plumage carefully. Occasionally they give themselves a sudden shake or flap their long wings to let off water drops from among their feathers. One of them, after grooming itself, turns round its neck to rest on the back, then buries its long red beak under its wings and quietly closes its small black eyes tucked away among the white find hair. Apparently it is getting ready to sleep. Poor little creature, is that the way you sleep?

我想起故乡放雏鸭的人了。一大群鹅黄色的雏鸭游牧在溪流间。清浅的水，两岸青青的草，一根长长的竹竿在牧人的手里。他的小队伍是多么欢欣地发出啾啁声，又多么驯服地随着他的竿头越过一个田野又一个山坡!夜来了，帐幕似的竹篷撑在地上，就是他的家。但这是怎样辽远的想象啊!在这多尘土的国度里，我仅只希望听见一点树叶上的雨声。一点雨声的幽凉滴到我憔悴的梦，也许会长成一树圆圆的绿阴来覆荫我自己。

The scene recalls to my mind the duckling raiser in my home town. With a long bamboo pole in hand, he would look after a large flock of gosling-yellow ducklings moving about on the limpid water of a shallow brook flanked on both sides by green grass. How the little creatures jig-jigged merrily! How they obediently followed the bamboo pole to scamper over field after field, hillside after hillside! When night fell, the duckling raiser would make his home in a tent-like bamboo shed. Oh, that is something of the distant past! Now, in this dusty country of ours, what I yearn for is to hear the drip-drip of rain beating against leaves.

我仰起头。天空低垂如灰色雾幕，落下一些寒冷的碎屑到我脸上。一只远来的鹰隼仿佛带着愤怒，对这沉重的天色的愤怒，平张的双翅不动地从天空斜插下，几乎触到河沟对岸的土阜，而又鼓扑着双翅，作出猛烈的声响腾上了。那样巨大的翅使我惊异。我看见了它两胁间斑白的羽毛。

When I look up at a gray misty pall of a low-hanging sky, some dust particles feel chilly on my face. A hawk, seemingly irked by the gloomy sky, swoops down sideways out of nowhere, with wings widespread and immovable, until it almost hits the hillock on the other side of the brook. But it soars skywards again with a loud flap. I am amazed by its tremendous size of its wings. And I also catch sight of the grizzled feathers on its underside.

接着听见了它有力的鸣声，如同一个巨大的心的呼号，或是在黑暗里寻找伴侣的叫唤。然而雨还是没有来。

Then I hear its loud cry----like a powerful voice from the bottom of its heart or a call in the dark for its comrades in arms. But still no rain.

2.汉译英翻译赏析 篇二

关键词：汉译英,词汇错译分析,翻译策略

由于汉英两种语言分属不同的语系, 在语言结构、语言表达习惯、文化背景和思维方式等方面都存在很大的差异, 译者难免在汉译英的过程中出现这样或那样的错误。笔者在近年的翻译教学中发现学生在汉译英的过程中词汇翻译错误极多, 为此笔者将通过对错误实例的分析, 找出错译的原因, 进而提出相应的纠错策略。

一、词类错译分析

1. 冠词。冠词为英语独有, 汉语中没有冠词, 因此学生在翻译时经常不是漏译, 就是错用。如:

(1) 他终于发现了可以藏身的洞穴。原译:Finallyhe found the cave that he could hide himself in.

译文中的“the cave”就是错用。译文表达的意思是“他终于找到了他要藏身的那个洞”。一词错译, 原意全无。正确的翻译是Finally he found a cave that he couldhide himself in.

(2) 连孩子都会做它。原译:Even child can do it.此句错译是因为名词单数在表示一类人或物时, 前要加不定冠词a.正确的译法是:Even a child can do it.

(3) 今晚你可以看到满月。原译:You may see the full moon tonight.此句错译原因是英语规定表示独一无二的事物名词前加定冠词the, 但如果这些名词前有形容词修饰时, 可加a.所以, 正确的译文是:You may see a fullmoon tonight.

2. 代词。

汉语不怕重复, 连续使用某个词语是常见的事, 而英语不喜欢重复, 如果在一句话里或相连的几句话里需要重复某个词语, 则用代词来代替, 或以其他手段来避免重复。所以汉译英时要千方百计避免重复, 多用代称。但在实际翻译过程中, 学生往往受母语的影响, 该增加代词的地方, 不见代词, 或该用代词的地方, 却用名词。如:

(1) 新疆的夏天比青岛的夏天干燥、炎热得多。原译:Xinjiang is much hotter and drier in summer than Qingdao.错在原语是在比较两个地方夏天的天气, 而不是比较两个地方。英语中可以用it指代天气, 在比较句中可用that或those替代相同的比较成分。此句可译成It is muchhotter in Xinjiang in summer than that in Qingdao.

(2) 革命是解放生产力, 改革也是解放生产力。原译:Revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces, and reform also means that.此句译得不好, 是因为语言重复, 不符合英语语言的表达习惯。其实不仅英语名词短语可以有代称, 状语、谓语乃至宾语从句, 都可以有代称。[1]因此, 此句的后半句可以译成and so does reform, 用代词so代替前面提到的the emancipation of the productive forces。

3. 介词。

据统计, 汉语中总共有30个左右的介词, 英语中有286个, 其中在一百个英语句子里几个常用的介词如at、in、on、for的重复出现率为二、三百之多。[2]英语介词不但多, 而且使用范围广, 学生掌握有困难, 使用起来往往错误百出。如:

(1) 我父亲对我说玩火危险。My father said to me thatit was dangerous to play fire.

译文中的play前少了介词with。英语play表示玩, 具体指东西时是不及物动词, 要与with连用。正确的译法是My father said to me that it was dangerous to play with fire.

(2) 他发音很差。原译:He pronounces badly.这是汉语式翻译。其实, 原句要表达的意思是“他在发音方面很差”。此句应译成He is weak in pronunciation才符合英语的表达习惯。

介词在英语中虽然是小词, 但其用法变化多端, 实难掌握。要想在翻译中准确使用介词, 须先掌握常用介词的基本用法及与动词、形容词等的固定搭配。

4. 连词。

英语重形合, 汉语重意合。所谓“形合”是指语言的词语、分句以及句子之间借助语言形式手段 (如关联词) 实现词语或句子的连接, 表达语法意义和逻辑意义。[3]一般说来, 英语句子结构紧凑严密, 汉语句子相对松散。一些汉语句子由于靠意合, 无明显的关联词语, 使译者在翻译过程中或是漏用连词, 或是误用。如:

(1) 他们就像一个机器人。压力大, 时间少, 功课多。原译:They have become nothing but a robot.They havemuch pressure, less time and more work.

“压力大, 时间少, 功课多”这三个概念并列, 就是典型的意合。如果不理清其内在关系, 就不可避免地产生上述的英硬译现象。该句的内在关系是因为“时间少”与“功课多”造成了压力增加。该句的核心是“因为时间少, 所以功课多才造成压力大”。理解了因果关系后, 再形成英语的以SV为中心的形合结构就容易多了。因而此句可译为:In short, they have become nothing but a robot.Theyare under pressure to do too much work in too little time.

(2) 前途是光明的, 道路是曲折的。原译:theprospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.

从英语形合的语言特点看, 此译文两句间没有任何连接词, 不符合英语的表达习惯, 属错句。汉语中虽无连词, 但隐含着“对比”关系。因此, 可译成The prospectsare light, while the road twists and turns.

5. 一词多义。

无论汉语和英语, 一词多义现象比比皆是。如:

(1) 我们要大力发展新党员。原译:We should devel-op new party members.

(2) 发展体育运动, 增强人民体质。原译:We shoulddevelop sports and games and strengthen people's health.

(3) 他们的关系发展得很快。原译:They developedtheir relationship very fast.

以上三个例句中的“发展”都译成了“develop”。事实上, 五句中的“发展”意思是不同的, 不能简单地译成“develop”, 而应分别对待。句子 (1) 中的“发展”实际是“吸收、吸纳”的意思, 所以正确译文是:We should recruit new party members quickly。句子 (2) 中的“发展”实际上是“大规模地弘扬、展开”之意, 所以正确的翻译是:Sports should be advocated, and people's health should be improved。句子 (3) 中的“发展”实际意思是“进行、进展”, 所以正确译文是:They became intimate friends very soon。

6. 同义词。

汉语中虽然有许多同义词, 但在实际中, 许多同义词的意义、用法、感情色彩、文体意义、搭配习惯方面, 并不尽相同。[3]例如:

(1) 幼儿园的孩子们看上去健康活泼。原译:Thechildren in the kindergartens look healthful and lovely.

(2) 学校食堂做的饭菜卫生可口, 你尽管放心地吃。原译:The food cooked by the school canteens is sanitaryand you can have it without worry.

(3) 我院积极开展各项健康向上的活动。原译:Wehave all kinds of healthy activities in our university.

尽管上述例句中的“健康活泼”、“卫生可口”、和“健康向上”都有“对身体有益”的含义, 是一组近义词, 但用法并不相同, (1) 中的“健康活泼”所描述的是“孩子们的身体状况”, (2) 中的“卫生可口”指的是“饭菜有益于健康的”, (3) 中的“健康向上”指的是“活动内容有益于心智”, 而译者未能理解其内涵, 而是按照其汉语的字面意思翻译, 当然是谬之千里了。例句 (1) 的正确译文是:The children in the kindergartens look healthy and lovely.例句 (2) 的正确译文是:The food prepared by the school canteens is wholesome and you can be assured of it.例句 (3) 的正确译文是:We advocate all kinds of healthful and up-ward activities in our school.

7. 褒贬词。

有些词虽然词义相近, 但使用者的态度不同, 感情色彩就大不相同。如:

(1) 她热衷于追赶时髦。原译:She likes to be fash-ionable.

(2) 她热衷于瑜伽。原译:She likes Yoga.

例句 (1) 中的“热衷”是贬义, 反映出说话者对“她”的不满和轻蔑, 例句 (2) 中的“热衷”表现出说话者的赞誉之情, 而原译者所选用的词均未能反映出任何感情色彩。正确的译文应该是: (1) She is running/seeking after everynew fashion. (2) She is fond of Yoga.

8. 反义词。

汉语中, 两个单音节反义词常结合在一起构成一个新的双音节词, 或表示抽象概念, 或表示无条件, 有时还保存了原来的一定意义。由于字面意义与实际意义不同, 很容易造成译者的误解。[4]如:

(1) 我左右是你的人了, 我要与你共生死。原译:I amalready your person, I must live and die with you.

(2) 过马路的时候要注意左右的车辆。You must keep watch the vehicles from both your left and right whilecrossing the street.

(3) 每当玛丽出门时, 他总是跟其左右。原译:He always followed Mary other from her left or from her rightwhen she went out.

从上面的译文可以看出, 译者没有完全领会“左右”在不同句子中的不同含义, 导致硬译、死译。例句 (1) 中的“左右”实际表示无条件“无论怎样”之意, 英语相对应的是“anyhow, anyway”;正确的译文是:Anyhow, I have married you, and I must share your joy and sorrow;例句 (1) 中的“左右”虽然是表示方位, 但在此不符合英语表达。正确的译文是:You must be ready for the traffic while crossing the street;例句 (3) 也不符合英语的表达。正确的译文是:When Mary went out, he companied her all the time。

9. 数词。

汉语成语中常含有数词, 这些成语中的数词有些可表示字面上的数量, 即实指。如“三皇五帝” (三皇指伏羲, 燧人和神农, 五帝指黄帝, 颛顼, 帝喾, 唐尧和虞舜) The three August Ones and the Five Lords-legendary rulers of remote antiquity.[5]但有些则表示不确定的数量, 即虚指。如:“九死一生” (a narrow escape) , “三灾八难” (to have one trouble after another) 。在翻译这些带有数字并虚指的成语时, 如果不能准确地理解其数字的真实含义, 往往就会错译。请看下列带有数词的句子:

(1) 为了推销产品, 商家推出五花八门的促销方式。原译:The sellers use five or eight different promotions tosell their products.

(2) 这些问题盘根错节, 三言两语说不清。原译:These problems are too complicated to be explained clearlyby two or three words.

(3) 乱七八糟。原译:mess in sevens and eights

从上面的译文中可以看出, 译者完全没有弄清那些成语中数词是实指还是虚指。事实上, 例 (1) 和例 (2) 成语中的数词皆为虚指, 不能照字面意思直译, 而应采用意译。例 (1) 可改译为The sellers sell their products by using all sorts/kinds of promotions。例 (2) 可改译为These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly by a few words。例 (3) 纯属望文生义的乱译。英语也有很多带有数词的短语, 如:in twos and threes, (三三两两地) , six of one and half a dozen of another (半斤八两) 等, 翻译时完全可以借用, 只是要注意汉语的表达习惯, 有时要对数字进行稍微的调整。例 (3) 可借用英语习语be at sixes and sevens。汉语成语中的数词意义丰富, 在翻译前, 必须准确地理解成语中数词的含义, 同时还要注意东西文化的不同及英汉两种语言结构的差异, 对成语中数词的形象和喻义进行适当的取舍, 能直译就直译, 不能直译时, 要翻译其实际意义, 不能为了保留原文形象而因词害意。

1 0. 否定词。

英语和汉语在否定的表达形式上有许多差异。在汉译英时难免出现一些错误。如:

(1) 这两本书都不是英国出版的。原译:Both of thebooks are not published in England.

此句错译是因为在英语中, 否定词not与不定代词all, both, everyone, everything等一起使用, 通常表示部分否定, 而汉语意思是全部否定。正确的译文是:Neither ofthe books is published in England.

(2) 她并不是因为爱他才嫁给他的。原译:She mar-ried him not because she loved him.

此句错译是因为译者没有掌握英语中否定转移的用法。英语中有一个固定结构not…because…, 被否定的往往不是紧接在not之后的部分, 而是because之后的部分, 所以正确的译文是:She didn't marry him because sheloved him.

(3) 听到这个消息后, 没有一个人不感到惊奇。原译:Having heard the news, nobody did not feel surprised.

此句错译是因为汉语中常用“没有+主语+不+谓语”这一双重否定的结构, 而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。翻译这类句子时, (1) 可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式; (2) 也可用另一结构的双重否定式。因此, 上面的例句可以这样译:

Having heard the news, everybody felt surprised./There was nobody who did not feel surprised./There was nobody but felt surprised.

(4) 这些规章制度多不完善!原译:How not perfectthe rules and regulations are!

此句错译是因为汉语中的感叹句可用否定式, 但在英语中的感叹句不能用否定式, 可用反义词或有否定后缀的词来表示。正确的译文是:How imperfect the rulesand regulations are!

二、错误成因

造成上述错译的原因有以下几点:

1. 母语干扰。

所谓母语干扰, 是指学习者受母语影响而产生的错误, 他们往往把母语中的规则、结构套用到目标语上, 这就是迁移理论中的负迁移。学习者依赖已知的母语知识, 将母语内容转移到目标语中, 若导致错误时, 便形成了母语干扰。这类错误常出现在学生译文中句子结构和措词层面。

2. 目标语原因。

除了母语干扰外, 学习者也会由于对目标语的语言规则的错误理解或学习不全面而产生错误, 这类错误称之为语内错误。从上述许多汉语的错译可以看出, 原因在于译者对于目标语——英语, 各种词语基本概念不清, 其特点及用法掌握不全面。

3. 认知因素。

学习者的智力水平、学习动机、学习兴趣、记忆力好坏以及精神状态都会导致错误。

首先是英语基础较薄弱, 对英语的语言规则掌握不牢。另外, 由于记忆方法不当, 所学单词总记不住, 或不会运用。其次, 在翻译的过程中不求甚解, 懒于思考, 不去探究一些词和句子的深刻内涵及通篇的连贯也是出错原因所在。更甚者, 平时动笔不够, 技巧不娴熟, 翻译时边看原文边看参考译文, 不深入思考, 因此, 很难了解翻译的真谛。再次, 翻译理论知识欠缺, 在翻译的过程中往往不能理论联系实际。

4. 自卑因素。

翻译是一门很难的课程, 需要学习者有坚实的双语功底。一些学生由于汉英双语知识缺乏, 拿到翻译材料后, 总感到无从下手, 心怀畏惧, 久而久之学习动力不足, 上课消极、被动, 烦躁不安, 注意力不集中, 自卑的心理导致困难越积越多, 最终放弃翻译学习。

三、纠错技巧与策略

1. 克服心理障碍, 提高学习效率。

良好的心理状态是取得成功的保证。翻译学习者首先要保持积极的心态, 主动、认真地学习翻译知识, 上课集中精力听老师讲解有关的理论知识, 认真思考、分析归纳, 发现双语转换的规律, 课后勤于实践, 不惜笔墨, 多记忆, 多思考, 多动笔, 持之以恒, 就一定能够提高学习效率, 提高翻译水平。

2. 形成良好习惯, 巧学善用工具。

良好的学习习惯, 有利于激发学习的积极性和主动性;有利于形成学习策略, 提高学习效率;有利于培养自主学习能力;有利于培养学生的创新精神和创造能力, 使学习者终身受益。学习者首先要养成主动学习的习惯, 课前主动预习将要学习的知识;课上认真听讲, 积极思考, 主动回答问题, 勇于质疑问难;课后及时复习, 仔细归纳, 认真全面地整理笔记, 及时与他人切磋, 不耻下问。所谓巧学, 指学习者要会学习, 不要死学, 尤其是翻译学习, 对于那些翻译规则、英语词汇不能死记硬套, 要灵活运用, 具体问题具体对待, 同时, 要善于利用学习媒介, 如工具书、课外书籍、电影、电视、网上学习资料等。学习中如遇到问题, 要做到随时查阅, 及时解决, 切勿将问题堆积, 造成积重难返的局面。

3. 重视自主学习, 夯实双语基础。

大学生的自主学习能力, 不仅有利于大学生主动驾驭自己的学习活动, 而且有利于激发自己的主观能动性和创新精神。翻译学习很适合自学、自练。学习者首先要加强课外阅读, 多多阅读中英文名著, 认真体会名家文章中的遣词造句, 摘抄一些佳句进行模仿, 以丰富自己的双语知识。另外, 学习者还应多研究名家的译文。

4. 加强理论学习, 注重翻译实践。

一些翻译学习者对翻译理论的认识不足, 认为翻译理论枯燥、乏味, 学了没用, 在翻译实践中还是不会用。因此, 对翻译理论学习不感兴趣, 也不重视。还有一部分人急功近利, 希望在短期内了解一些翻译的基础理论, 掌握一些翻译技巧, 就能马上“译功倍增, 一展身手”。翻译理论无用论和翻译功利论对翻译学习者都是极其有害的, 要想学好翻译, 必须认真、系统、深入地学习翻译理论知识, 用理论指导实践。有了理论知识, 如不加以实践, 理论就变得毫无价值。因此, 翻译学习者一定要重视翻译实践, 无论学习任务多么繁重, 每天要抽出一定的时间, 练习双语的互译, 只要功夫深, 铁杵磨成针。翻译水平的提高不是一朝一夕所能成就的, 需要坚持不懈的努力, 积少成多, 集久成习。

总而言之, 翻译学习是一个艰苦而漫长的过程, 不仅要求学习者具备一定的双语基本功, 广博的知识, 更需要学习者具有虚心好学的心态、坚忍不拔的毅力和孜孜以求的精神, 多记忆、多对比、多思考、多动笔, 持之以恒。只有这样才能切实提高自己的翻译水平。

参考文献

[1]Randolph Quirk.A Grammar of Contemporary English Lon-don:Langman, 1972.

[2]杨丰宁.英汉语言比较与翻译[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2006.

[3]王治奎.大学汉英翻译教程[M].济南:山东大学出版社, 2005.

[4]张学英, 张会.汉英——英汉习语大全[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2005.

3.浅析汉译英谐音字词翻译 篇三

关键词：汉译英;谐音;翻译

汉语文学语言中存在大量运用谐音字词的现象，极富特色，尽现汉语之美，而涉及古典文学的文学语言更为明显。所谓谐音，就是利用汉字同音或近音的条件，用同音或近音字来代替本字，产生辞趣。汉语中谐音字词非常多，远超过英语。具有相同音韵的汉字组合起来会形成独特而奇妙的文字效果，而相比较而言英语变化组合就要单调得多。因此在汉英互译过程中，汉语翻译为英语就更困难。汉语文学语言中的谐音字词翻译可以从可译度和不可译分别讨论。

一、谐音字词的可译度

汉语文学语言中的谐音的翻译能够使非汉语语境阅读者准确认知文学作品的语境效果。其可译度即在语言学角度考虑翻译原文时的保证最佳程度的翻译等值。由于汉英语中谐音字词数量的严重不对等，译者应考虑到文学作品中谐音字词的等效论处理（扈启亮，2009;51）和显化与隐化处理（生旭，2014;133），借此可以提高文学作品的可译度。面对电视，街头和各种广告载体上丰富多彩的广告画面，人们从广告中得到的视觉享受实际上就是社会高端领域的具体场景再现。广告中的人，广告中的物，广告中的动态变化都是建立在普通老百姓生活之上的典型代表，从广告中管窥社会发展，是目前比较独特的社会人文发展研究方向。

金隄的等于原则首先要求传达原文的精神实质，同时也要求译文具有与此相适应的风格韵味，在文学翻译中尤其如此。文学作品强调传神，是由文学的艺术性决定的，而艺术意境、风格韵味是它感动读者、传递作者信息的主要手段。

比较《红楼梦》三个英译本（杨宪益译、霍克思译与扈启亮译）可以讨论谐音翻译的可译度。

例（1）杨译：Just then the chief treasurer Wu Hsin-teng and the manager of the granaries Tai-Liang energed from the counting-house with five other stewards.

例（1）霍译：The clerk of stores Wu Xin-deng， a man called Dai-Liang who was foreman at the granary and five other foreman were just at that moment coming out of the counting-house together and...

例（1）扈译：Just then the clerk of stores Mr. Mindless and the manager of the granaries Mr.Grain-steal emerged from the counting-house with five other stewards.

原文給出的信息是：银库总领是吴新登，仓上头目是戴粮。根据上下文语境和人物性格特征：“吴新登”谐音为“无心登”记之意，“戴粮”谐音为“带粮”即为往外带粮之意。杨与霍并未将谐音意义翻译传达出来。其可译度明显不高，在考虑运用等效论后，扈的译文：“Mr. Mindless”含心不在焉，无所事事，无心登记之意;“Mr. Grain-steal”有假公济私，往外偷带粮食的意思。可译度上升，译文与原文在信息交流上产生了近似的效果。

例（2）杨译：“The monkey being light of limb stands on the top-most branch. Its the name of a fruit. ” Chia cheng knew of course that the answer was lichee①， but he deliberately gave wrong answer and had to pay several forfeits before he guessed right and received a prize from his mother. （脚注①：Homephone for “ stand on a branch. ”）

例（2）霍译：“The monkeys tail reaches from tree- top to ground. Its the name of a fruit.” Jia zheng knew that the answer to his hoary old chestnut was ‘ a longan（ long un）， but pretended not to， and made all kinds of absurd guesses， each time incurring the obligation to pay his mother a forfeit， before finally giving the right answer and receiving the ladys prize.

原文给出的信息是：贾母说了一个谜语：“猴子身轻站树梢。——打一果名”;贾政已知谜底是“荔枝”，故意乱猜，罚了东西才猜着，也得了贾母的东西;谜底是“荔枝”，又因“荔枝”与谜面“立枝”谐音。此处，对于谐音的处理，杨将“荔枝”直译为“lichee”，并通过脚注说明：lichee与stand on a branch是同音字。事实上，两者并不同音，按照原文并不能猜中谜底，此译文无法传递谐音意义以及原文信息。而霍则是将“猴子身轻站树梢”进行再加工，修改成为“猴子站树梢，尾巴垂到地面上”，同样是“打一果名”。顺着他修改的思路，谜底不再是“荔枝”（lichee又作litchi），而是“龙眼”（longan）。霍克斯利用longan与long un “谐音”（‘un是one的方言变体）构成双关，一指龙眼，一指“猴子尾巴很长”。这种译法体现出了原文的修辞效果，也达到了等效论处理的效果。

二、谐音字词的不可译

英语属于印欧语系，而汉语属于汉藏语系，两者在语言系统完全不同，各自都有许多无法在另一种语言中找到对等语的表达方式。谐音字词具有一定的不可译性（陶纯芝，2007;145），属于语言的不可译性的一类。谐音由于在翻译时找不到语言转换的通道，因此也就不能达到默契，无法传达出原语境中的隐含意义，如果硬为翻译后添加注释则为繁琐不美。

如：“清风满地难容我，明月何时再照人”。“清”暗寓清朝;“明月”表示明朝，诗句有讽刺清朝统治，怀念明朝的意味。“莲子心中苦，梨儿腹内酸”。“莲”谐“怜”;“梨”谐“离”。又如著名语言学家赵元任曾经写过《施氏食狮史》一文：“石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时时适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。是时，适施氏适市。氏视是十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。石室湿，氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，氏始试食是十狮。食时，始识是十狮，实十石狮尸。试释是事。”这些几乎都是不可英译的。

三、结语

翻译三难：信、达、雅。这也是对译者最高的要求。谐音字词的翻译无疑是对信达雅标准的挑战。译者往往能达到“信”的要求，也能兼顾三分之二的“达”，而在“雅”的方面就无法顾及到了。翻译汉语语言文学作品中的谐音字词需要译者深厚的汉英文化底蕴，尤其是对中国传统文化理解领悟有着极高的要求。谐音字词只是汉语语言文学中一部分，如何运动翻译工具灵活翻译是新时代译者所面临的的极大挑战。而如何解决这个问题也关乎到中华文化尤其是传统文化能否对全世界发扬成功的关键所在。

参考文献：

[1]陶纯芝.论英汉互译中的不可译因素[J].湖北广播电视大学学报，2007，10.

[2]扈启亮.等效论与《红楼梦》中谐音的翻译[J].长沙铁道学院学院（社会科学版），2009，6.

4.汉译英翻译赏析 篇四

1.她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。

This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round.2.西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。

The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.3.但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。

But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.4.一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。

From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.5.袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”

“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!” said Aroma.“I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6.要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。

Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made.7.为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？

Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me?

8.只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养的时候，我才感到寂寞。

I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up.9.中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。

The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world.10.我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。

We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production.11.你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。

You talk as if it were very simple.Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12.中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。

China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony.13.中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。

Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country.14.阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！

Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!” 15.“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”，这就是说，群众有伟大的创造力。

The old saying, “Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang, the master mind,” simply means the masses have great creativity.16.其实中年是人生盛华的开始，不应贪婪，不应享受。

In fact, middle age represents the prime of one’s life, allowing no greed or self-indulgence.17.潘一堂没儿没女，但很爱穷人的小孩。

Pan Yitang, though with no family of his own, liked the children of the poor very much.18.父亲死后，张大力两手空空，欠了一身债，地主逼着他当了长工。

The father’s debt was finally passed on to the son.Zhang Dali then was forced to work as a hired hand for the landlord to pay it off in part.19.展出的所有作品都出自这个村的农民之手。他们粗糙的手描绘出幅幅美好的画卷。

All the beautiful works on display are painted by the farmers with their own hands that are used to do farm work.20.要形成一种制度，确保领导班子年轻化、知识化、专业化。

A system should be instituted to ensure that a younger, better-educated and more professional leadership is maintained.21.他走进屋里，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。

He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.22.其实世界上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。

Actually there were no roads on the earth to begin with, but when many men pass one way, a road is finally made.23.人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房。

When anyone among the people breaks the law, he/she too should be punished.24.浙江历史悠久，文化灿烂，是中国古代文明的发祥地之一，是中国传统手工技艺与民间美术大省。

Zhejiang, a province of traditional handicraft and folk art, is one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilization with its time-honored history and brilliant culture.25.一个说：“这孩子将来是要死的。”他于是得到一顿大家合力的痛打。

Another, however, is given a sound beating by the whole family for saying, “The child, like all humans, will eventually die.”

26.采菊东篱下，在这里，确是可以悠然见南山的；大概把“南”字变个“西”或“北”，也没有多少了不得吧。

An ancient Chinese poet by the name of Tao Yuanming says in one of his famous poems, “Plucking chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge, I calmly view the southern hills.” I might as well substitute “southern” with the word “western” or “northern” in the line.27.去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着，去来的中间，又怎样的匆匆呢？

Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming;yet in between, how swift is the shift, in such a rush? 28.像今晚上，一个人在这苍茫的月下，什么都可以想，什么都可以不想，便觉得是个自由的人。

As it is tonight, basking in misty moonshine all by myself, I feel I am a free man, free to think of anything, or of nothing.29.我们必须坚持社会主义道路，坚持人民民主专政，坚持共产党领导，坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。

We must adhere to the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the Communist Party’s leadership, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thoughts.30.那件令人不快的事件，已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。

There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.31.我们的教育方针，应该使受到教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。

Our educational policy should enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.32.杭州是长江三角洲地区的大城市，是浙江省的政治、经济、文化、科技中心。

Hangzhou, a metropolis situated in the Yangtze Delta, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological center of Zhejiang Province.33.澳门问题的圆满解决，是中葡两国关系史上的一个重要里程碑。

The successful settlement of the Macao issue marks an important milestone in the annals of Sino-Portuguese relations.34.我们国家大、人口众多、经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。

Agriculture advance in so vast a country, with such a large population and backward economy as in China, requires above all mobilizing the initiative of farmers to work hard and self-reliantly.35.她的脸色苍白而带光泽，仿佛大理石似的；一双眼睛又大又黑，在黯淡的囚房中，宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。

Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell.36.他们一窝蜂地挤拢来，每人盛一碗，就四散地蹲伏或者站立在路上和门口吃。（They crowded strenuously around like a swarm of bees, each ladling out a bowl of meager porridge, and then scattered, having their meals by crouching or standing at the pathway or the doorway.37.每条岭都是那么温柔，虽然下自山脚，上至岭顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可谁也不孤峰突起，盛气凌人。

All the ridges were so amiable, and none of them stood above the others with arrogance though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.38.突然，在我们头顶五六丈的上空，发出一声可怕的霹雳，闪电像利剑一样直插下来，天空被彻底吹裂了，震碎了！

All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunderclap about fifty feet directly above our heads, and a bolt thrust downward like a sharp sword.The sky was brought into pieces.39.成千上万的人涌进医院，瞻仰这位伟大影星的遗容。

Thousands of people flocked to the hospital to pay their respects to the remains of the great film star.40.从严冷枯黄的北方归来，看到展现在我眼前的青山碧水，红花绿叶，使我惊讶而欢喜。

Having returned from the bitterly cold drab North, I was amazed and delighted when being greeted by the charming scenery of green mountains and emerald rivers as well as red flowers and verdant leaves.41.这小小的花生豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴，把他们的果实悬在枝上，鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望而发生羡慕之心。它只把果实埋在地底，等到成熟，才容人把它挖出。（许地山：《落花生》)While nice-looking apples, peaches and pomegranates hang their fruit on branches and win people’s instant admiration with their brilliant colors, tiny little peanuts bury themselves underground and remain unearthed until they’re ripe.(魏志刚译）42.古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道、授业、解惑也。（韩愈：师说）Ancient scholars certainly had teachers.A teacher is one who passes on the truth, imparts knowledge and solves puzzles.(戴抗选、谢北魁译）

43.默默的计算着，八千多个日子已经从我手中溜去；像针尖上的一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流水里，没有声音，也没有影子。(朱自清:匆匆）

Counting up silently, I find that more than 8, 000 days have let slip through my fingers.Like a drop of water falling off a needle point to the ocean, my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace.（魏志成译）

44.三个人品字式坐下，随便谈了几句。

Three people sat down facing each other and began casual chatting.45.可是青年人热烈的求知欲望和好高骛远的劲头，管它懂不懂，她还是如饥如渴地读下去。（杨沫：《青春之歌》）

Yet her youthful craving for knowledge, her aspiring spirit, made her read on eagerly whether she understood it or not.46.他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。

He was thirty-six, with his youth having passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned.47.任时光荏苒, 我的爱永不会老去。

As the time turns the page, my love won’t age at all.48.他走出门，消失在夜色中，就像一滴雨归于大海。

He went out and melted into the night like a raindrop returning home to the sea.49.我的内心充满了害怕和喜悦，但我已经准备好了。Feelings of fear and joy overwhelmed me but I was ready.50.Peter 香烟选料上乘，有了它，走遍天下，您都能吞云吐雾，快活不已。Rich choice tobaccos make Peter the international passport to smoking pleasures.51.西湖笼罩在迷人的夜色中。

A glamour was cast over the West Lake.52.这几年医学领域进展神速。

These years have witnessed tremendous progress in medical field.53.美式足球激起了大家对它的狂热。

The American football excites tremendous enthusiasm.54.这个城市属地中海气候，夏天炎热，冬天凉爽。

This city enjoys a Mediterranean climate with hot summers and cool winters.55.所有这一切都让人感到古代的和谐气氛。All this suggests ancient harmonies.56.尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。

Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan.57.他理应受到人们给他的一切称赞。

He merited all the praise which had been given to him.58．他沉浸在这一景点带来的回忆当中。

He drank in the memories recalled by the scene.59．历史洪流回旋跌宕，川流不息，人类社会走向进步的趋势势不可挡。

As history surges forward like an unstoppable torrent，human society evolves toward progress with an irresistible force.60.你问得我很难为情。I was embarrassed by your question.61.反恐的范围定不下来。

The definition of anti-terrorism hasn’t been agreed upon.62.中英相距遥远，但两国人民友好交往不断增多。

Despite the great distance between China and Britain, friendly exchanges between the two peoples have been on the rise.Or: Although China and Britain are far apart, there have been increasing friendly exchanges between our two peoples.63.2001年9月11日，早上八点钟刚过一会儿，一架飞机撞上了纽约世贸中心大楼。

A little after 8 o’clock on the morning of Sept.11, 2001, a plane hit the World Trade Center Tower in New York.Or: It was a little after 8 o’clock on the morning of Sept.11, 2001 when a plane hit the world Trade Center Tower in New York.64.我正要睡觉，电话铃响了。

I was going to sleep when the telephone rang.65.要花多年的时间努力练习，才能说一口流利的英语。

It takes years’ efforts to practice before you could speak fluent English.66.我正要过马路，一辆汽车冲着我开来。

I was going to cross the street when a car sped toward me.67.中国政府正试图通过倡导道德、公正和廉洁的儒家思想来解决经济高速发展带来的社会问题。

Chinese Government is promoting the Confucian values of ethics, fairness, and honesty, seeing it as a way to address/solve the social problems that have emerged as a result of the accelerated economic growth.68.我的法语，看报很吃力。

With my present level of French, I can not read French newspaper easily.69.展望未来，我们可以满怀信心地说，推动东亚经济和社会发展达到新的水平，已经具备了良好的条件。

Looking ahead, we can say with full confidence that sound conditions have been ready for East Asia to raise its economic and social development to a new level.70.世事皆利弊并存。/有利则有弊。

It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.71.他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，全然不考虑什么谨慎不谨慎。

Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence.72.这小子真不中用，只会帮倒忙。

This useless guy is always more of a drawback than a help.or: The guy is good-for-nothing, for he can only make things worse.73.如果这个问题不解决,势必影响两国的关系。

If this problem remains unsolved, it tends to harm the relationship between our two countries.or: Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries.74 她这样一会儿一种情绪，叫汤姆时而灰心，时而高兴。These alternation of her mood were the despair and joy of Tom.75.他用手肘在人群中开了条路。He elbowed his way through the crowd.76.母亲去世后，他不得不肩负了许多责任。

He had to shoulder a lot of responsibility after his mother died.77.犯罪后他认为自己是安全的，但实际上警方已经跟踪他好几个星期了。

After committing the crime, he thought he was safe, but the police dogged his steps for weeks afterwards.78.你可要保持清醒。我担心你被他性感迷人的样子冲昏了头脑。

You need to keep a straight mind, and I’m afraid her sexy looks have clouded your vision.79.现在这些高考改革方案隔靴搔痒，根本解决不了问题。

The reform plan on college entrance examination is merely symbolic and can hardly solve the problems.80.现在中央的一系列规定，既有利于公务员的身体健康，也杜绝了“饭桌上的腐败”。The regulations that has been issued by the central government not only benefited the health of civil servants but also help root out the corruption at dining tables.81.看淡点，不要老觉得天要塌下来的样子。万事总有一条归路，要娶妻生子，就是一条人生的大路啊。

Take things easy.It’s not the end of the world.Everything in life has a destination, and marriage and progeny is one of them.82.只是不怕死，并不够叫作勇敢。勇敢的人是有冷静的理智，正确地下了判断，长久地坚持自己的行动的。

You may have faced death, but that’s not enough for courage.Courage is action sustained through reason and judgment.83.我们大家都应该尽全力把这匹害群之马弄回来，他闯下的祸够大了。

We should all work together to bring the black sheep back to the fold, he has done enough damage.84.他满眼沉重的悲痛，颜色较前些天更暗淡，脸上的胡须也长深了，却依然强打着精神。His eyes were heavy with mourning, looking even more weighed down than before.He had a stubble by then, but he was trying to keep up his spirits.85.你应该乐观，你必须做一个顶天立地的汉子。任何事情都没有太晚的时候，你要大胆，大胆，再大胆。

You should have confidence and take on the world as a man.Nothing is ever too late, what you need is courage, courage and more courage.86.我在年青的时候也曾经做过许多梦，后来大半忘却了，但自己也并不以为可惜。

When I was young I, too, had many dreams, most of which I later forgot.But I see nothing in this to regret.87.真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。

True fighters dare face the sorrows of humanity, and look unflinchingly at bloodshed.88.然而造化又常常为庸人设计，以时间的流驶，来洗涤旧迹，仅使留下淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀。

But the Creator’s common device for ordinary people is to let the passage of time wash away old traces, leaving only pale-red bloodstains and a vague pain.89.梅雨潭闪闪的绿色招引着我们；我们开始追捉她那离合的神光了。

The flashing green of Plum Rain Pool was beckoning to us, and we set out to seize its elusive splendor.90.她又不杂些儿尘滓，宛然一块温润的碧玉，只清清的一色——但你却看不透她。It is unmixed, too, with any dust or dregs, remaining one whole sheet of enchanting turquoise, a single, translucent color—yet one you cannot see through.91.我看见他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大马褂，深青色棉袍，蹒跚着走到铁道边，慢慢探身下去，尚不大难。

I watched him in his black cloth cap and jacket and dark blue cotton-padded gown, as he waddled to the tracks and climbed slowly down—not so difficult after all.92.曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。As far as eyes could see, the pool with its winding margin was covered with trim leaves, which rose high out of the water like the flared skirts of dancing girls.93.微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。

The breeze carried past gusts of fragrance, like the strains of a song faintly heard from a far-off tower.94.树色一例是阴阴的，乍看像一团烟雾；但杨柳的丰姿，便在烟雾里也辨得出。

All the trees were somber as dense smoke, but among them you could make out the luxuriant willows.95.我提着这灵巧的小桔灯，慢慢地在黑暗潮湿的山路上走着。

I took the little lamp ingeniously created with orange skin and made my way up the dark and wet path.96.夜是漆黑的一片，在我的脚下仿佛横着沉睡的大海。

The night was pitch-dark as if I was standing on a slumbering sea.97.是烟是雾，我们辨识不清，只见灰蒙蒙一片，把老大一座高山，上上下下，裹了一个严实。

A grey haze, like smoke or mist, was shrouding the whole great mountain from head to foot.98.烟卷头三点火星在闪烁发亮，大风把小土屋里淤积的燠闷吹光了,大雨给小土屋里灌满清新的凉气。

The sparks from the tips of our cigarettes twinkled and glowed.The blustering wind had dispelled the oppressive heat that had accumulated inside the hut, which was now full of cool, refreshing air.99.你用不着客气，任何一个蒙古包都是你温暖的家。

You need not hesitate to make any one of the yurts your home for the night.100.日出后的草原千里通明，这时最便于发现蘑菇。

When the sun lights up the whole grassland it is the best time to look for mushrooms.101.他们看起来似乎很平凡、很简单的哩，既看不出他们有甚么高明的知识，又看不出他们有丰盛细致的感情。

There seems to be nothing extraordinary about them.To all appearances they have not much learning nor any great sensitivity.102.我肚里饿，身上冷，跌了几跤，手掌也擦破了。Hungry, cold, I tripped and fell, scraping my hands.103.真不知道一个堂堂佛教圣地，怎么会让一个道士来管。

I have no idea how a sacred shrine of Buddhism could fall into the hands of a Taoist.104.洗了澡出来，房间和走廊里寂寥无声。

I emerged from the bath only to find the room and corridor deserted.105.我立即深深地感到它那种不屈于误解、寂寞的生存的伟大。

I began to recognize and respect the greatness of its stoicism in the face of misunderstanding and lack of appreciation, and the strength of its forbearance in the face of a vast and eternally lonely, solitary existence.106.她有时仿佛孤独了一点，爱坐在岩石上去，向天空一片云一颗星凝眸。

Sometimes, as if disinclined for company, she sat all alone on a rock staring raptly at a cloud or star in the sky.107.这世界有的是你们小伙子分上的一切，应当好好地干，日头不辜负你们，你们也莫辜负日头！

The world belongs to you youngsters.Just do your best and it won’t let you down.But don’t let the days go by in vain.108.黄昏照样的温柔，美丽和平静。但一个人若体念到这个当前一切时，也就照样的在这黄昏中会有点儿薄薄的凄凉。

Dust is as tender, lovely and tranquil as ever.But anyone brooding over the evening scene is bound to have a faint sense of desolation.109.月光极其柔和，溪面浮着一层薄薄白雾，这时节对溪若有人唱歌，隔溪应和，实在太美丽了。

In the tender moonlight a fine white mist was floating above the water.A perfect time for two lovers to sing to each other across the stream.110.日子平平地过了一个月，一切人心上的病痛，似乎皆在那份长长的白日下医治好了。Another month slipped quietly by and aching hearts seemed to heal in the long summer days.111.黄昏时天气十分郁闷，溪面上各处飞着红蜻蜓。天上已起了云，热风把两山竹篁吹得声音极大，看样子到晚上必落大雨。

It was a close, stifling evening.Red dragon-flies were skimming low over the water.Clouds gathered in the sky and a sultry wind made the bamboos creak and grown.A storm was brewing.112.她开了大门，到外面去站了一下，耳听到各处都是虫声，天上月色极好，大星子嵌进透蓝天空里，非常沉静温柔。

She opened the door and stood in front of the hut for a while, listening to the insects all around.The moon was bright, the clear blue sky was inlaid with brilliant stars.It was all unbelievably quiet and lovely.113.时候变了，一切也自然不同了，皇帝已不再坐江山，平常人还消说！

Times change and everything with them.If even the emperor had been dragged off his golden throne, what vicissitudes must be the fate of lesser mortals!114.桥不仅方便了大家的生活，同时也是沟通、理解、友谊的象征。

A bridge not only makes life more convenient, it could also be a symbol of communication, understanding and friendship.115.历史是现实的根源，任何一个国家的今天都来自昨天。

For any country in the world, the past always holds the key to the present, and the present is always rooted in the past.116.刚开始工作的时候，尤其要注意不能出现原则性问题。

It’s of particular importance to avoid crucial mistakes at the beginning of your career.117.爱国主义教育要求我们在这个时候要化悲愤为力量。

To be patriotic, we need to turn grief into strength at this very moment.118.醉卧美人膝，醒掌天下权，这不就是小白穿越者的幻想么。

To sleep in the arms of beauties, and to wake with the power to rule the planet.Isn’t that a common illusion woven by vulgar writers who fake a life into the past? 119.逻辑学是一门艰奥的学问，不是普通人都能行的。Logic is a field too obscure to be mastered by a person of average intelligence.120.接下去要真抓实干，力争保质保量完成任务。

5.历年考研英语二级翻译真题汉译英 篇五

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

6.汉译英翻译赏析 篇六

In China, as with any culture, there are rules and customs that surround what is appropriate and what is not when dining, whether it is in a restaurant or in someone’s home.Learning the appropriate way to act and what to say will not only help you feel like a native, but will also make those around you more comfortable, and able to focus on you, instead of your interesting eating habits.同其他国家文化一样，在中国，无论是在餐馆还是在家，用餐时也有很多禁忌。适当了解一些中国的餐桌礼仪，不仅能让你更加入乡随俗，融入其中，而且能让别人注意到你，而不是你特别的用餐习惯。The customs surrounding Chinese tables’ manners is ingrained with tradition, and some rules are not to be broken.Failing to understand and follow all of the rules could result in offending the chef and ending the night in an unfavorable way.有些餐桌礼仪是随着传统延续下来的，是决不能违反的。如果不了解这些餐桌礼仪并且破坏了这些规矩，到时可能得罪厨师，扫兴而归哦。

7.层次翻译法在汉译英视角下的建构 篇七

关键词：层次,翻译法,逻辑,汉语,英语

到目前为止, 有关翻译方法的文章大多数是围绕传统的翻译方法, 如“增译法、减译法、重译法、分译法、词序调整法、词类转换法”等等进行探讨。与此不同的是阎德胜 (1994) 从层次翻译法的角度探讨了这一翻译法在俄汉翻译中的应用。他指出:文章的层次多种多样, 所运用的翻译技巧也不相同, 一般来说, 多从逻辑立层、逻辑补层、逻辑组层和逻辑顺层这四个方面来探讨翻译技巧。层次翻译法就是根据原作上下文的逻辑分析与逻辑综合, 查明篇章结构内部大小不同的逻辑层次, 按照这些逻辑层次的用语需要来探讨各种语言结构的合理翻译手段。受此启发, 我们试从汉语与英语句子差异的角度来探讨层次翻译法在汉译英中的应用。

1 汉英句子差异的研究

从过去的有关句法方面的汉英对比的学术文章中, 学者们的研究角度逐渐从结构走向思维, 从微观走向宏观 (潘文国, 2002) , 在汉英句子对比研究上得出了许多非常有见地的结论, 如:“树式结构”对“竹式结构”, “焦点视”对“散点视” (申小龙, 1988) , “形态律”对“逻辑律” (潘文国, 1997) , “三分法 (SVO) ”对“二分法 (话题-评论) ” (马秉义, 2000) 等等。从前人的观点可以得出汉英句子的主要差异是下面几点。

1.1 用词层面

英语常用名词, 且通过动词的派生、转化、弱化和虚化等手段, 采用非动词的形式 (如名词、介词、形容词、副词等) 表达动词的意义, 因而叙述呈静态;汉语则倾向于多用动词, 具体表现在动词连用, 用动词 (词组) 充当各种成分, 动词重复或重叠等, 因而叙述呈动态 (连淑能, 1993:104-127)

1.2 表达层面

汉语和英语两种语言逻辑思维有许多不同之处。英语句子的逻辑表达大体上有三种类型:逻辑“缺层”、逻辑“跳层”、逻辑“并层” (张伯敏, 1997:110) 。

1.3 语序层面

英语是分析型、综合型的语言, 因此语序既有固定一面, 又有灵活的一面而汉语时分析型的语言, 因此语序比较固定, 在语言的组织中, 需要有一根线将一个个语音语义串起来, 即逻辑, 由人的思维逻辑决定语音语义团块安排的先后次序, 遵守“逻辑律”, 具体表现有时序上的先后律、空间上的大小律、心理上的重轻律和事理上的因果律 (潘文国, 1997:257-276) 。

1.4 结构层面

英语的句子结构常式为“三分” (SVO) 汉语的句子结构常式为“二分” (话题句=话题与+评论语;实事句=实事语+动作语) 。英语句子视点固定, 以动词为中心搭起固定框架, 以“形”役“意”, 是以整驭零的封闭式“树式”结构;汉语句子视点流动, 以意义的完整为目的, 以“意”统“形”, 是以零聚整的开放式“竹式结构”。

2 层次翻译法在汉译英中的建构

2.1 逻辑立层

汉语句子里述题的最大特点是习惯于大量使用动词, 动词基本按时间顺序安排;英语句子里述题的最大特点则是只注重一个 (或几个) 中心谓语, 其它成分则由各种关系词相连。在汉译英时, 我们要从原文句子的外形束缚中解放出来, 根据英语译文句子的需要, 另外成立一个或几个逻辑层次。

如:她做实验时心不在焉, 几乎引起化学药物爆炸。

Her absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.

析:原文使用两个动词, 而汉译英时, 根据英语译文的需要, 将“her absent-mindedness”当作主语, 另外成立一层关系, 将后面的谓语动词“caused”与之密切联系起来, 这完全符合英语语言表达的习惯要求。

如:你的工作取得了很大的成绩, 但不能因此而骄傲自满。

You have made good progress in your work, but you should not get conceited and arrogant.

析:原文通过“你的工作”建立主语这一层含义, 译文则跳出这个框架束缚, 按照英语主谓必须密切相关的习惯, 灵活改用“you”为主语一层, your work置于介词in之后, 充当介词宾语一层。

2.2 表达差异———逻辑补层

汉语是主题显著的语言, 它所突出的是主题而不是主语。在汉语篇章中, 某些句子的主语是往往省略的, 有时还一定得省略, 否则文字不顺畅。英语句子各成分之间的关系则要明晰, 以免句子结构混乱, 影响意义的传递。因此, 在进行汉译英时, 就必须灵活地运用逻辑补层法对原文语义进行补足, 使译文表达完整。

如:热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作, 建立发展贸易关系。

Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts. (陈宏薇, 1998:191)

析:原文的主语应该是“我们”, 此处被省略掉, 这不仅反映了汉语重主题而非重主语的语言特点, 同时还反映了汉民族喜欢以主人的姿态欢迎客人的这一文化特征。由于英语是主语显著的语言, 故译者在译文中将主语补出, 但补出的主语不是原文的被省略的“我们”而是原文中的宾语“客商” (customers) 。这是完全符合西方文化的习惯要求。

2.3 语序差异———逻辑组层

语序指句子成分的排列次序, 它体现了词语 (符号) 之间的关系, 是言内意义在句法层的突出表现。语序反映语言使用者的思维模式。由于汉族和以英语为母语的民族是不同的民族, 其思维方式也不尽相同, 语言表达顺序也就存在差异。

2.3.1 定语位置差异

汉语中定语常置于名词前, 在表示大小、地点的概念时往往把较大的地点作定语, 放在较小的地点名词之前;而在英语的定语由单词充当时才置于名词前 (特殊情况下要置于名词后) , 而由词组或从句充当时则要放在名词后, 往往较小的地点名词置于较大的地点名词之前。因此, 在进行汉译英时, 运用逻辑组层法就可以消除不必要的误解。

如:世界上最大的都市有日本的东京, 美国的纽约, 英国的伦敦和中国的上海。

The largest cities of the world are Tokyo, Japan;New York U.S.A.;London, England;and Shanghai, P.R.C.

析:原文中的定语“日本的”、“美国的”、“英国的”、“中国的”是大的地点, 放在较小的地点名词之前, 但是英语译文则恰恰相反, 且两者之间只用逗号隔开即可。若译者不了解汉英此类定语的位置差异, 则有可能造成不必要的歧义。

又如:他有重要的事情要告诉你。

He has something important to tell you.

析:原文中的定语“重要的”, 放在它所修饰的名词“事情”之前;译成英语时important修饰something, 却必须放在其后。如果译者不懂得英语中的此类不定代词的定语位置要求, 则很有可能会出现误译。

2.3.2 状语位置的差异

汉语的状语位置往往处于主语之后, 谓语之前。 (除了为加强语气置于主语前外) ;而英语的状语位置较灵活, 若是由单词构成的则根据需要放在句首、动词之前、组动词与动词之间或放在句末, 而较长的状语则往往放在句首或句末。

李芳通常骑自行车上学。

Li Fang usually goes to school by bike.

析:汉语中的状语通常置于动词之前, 而英语的频度副词可以放在被修饰的动词之前, 也可以放在句首。

小强早晨起得很早。

In the morning Xiao Qiang gets up very early.

析:汉语时间状语“早晨”放在动词之前, 英语的时间状语In the morning要放在句首或句末。

在一系列表示时间或地点的状语连在一起使用时, 汉语习惯按从大到小、从宽到窄、由远及近的顺序排列, 而英语则大体与汉语相反。

如:他家住浙江杭州西湖路192号。

He lives at 192 West lake Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.

析:汉语表示地点的状语按从大到小的顺序排列, 而英语则按从小到大的顺序排列。

2.3.3 叙事与表态的差异

在汉语中, 句子的叙事部分通常在句首, 表态部分在句末。而英语往往相反, 即表态部分在句首, 叙事部分在句末。

如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册, 不胜感激。

It would be appreciated if samples and or brochure could be soon forwarded to us.

析:显而易见, 汉语的叙事部分在句首, 表态部分在句末, 译成英语时, 则要按照译文的语言表达习惯调整顺序。

2.4 结构差异———逻辑顺层

汉语句子是以零聚整的“竹式”结构, 其脉络往往靠词组的铺排来体现, 形式上以排偶句或排偶与散句互相交错, 讲究“气韵”, 重句子结构的一致性, 有时为了这种一致性不惜冒重复啰嗦之嫌。而英语是以整驭零的封闭式“树式”结构, 其主语是谓语陈述的对象, 是句子的核心。因而, 在汉译英时要尽量使译文做到词与词、句与句以至段与段的语言形式顺着一个方向、一个角度进行安排, 务使上下一致, 和谐自然 (阎德胜, 1994:52) 。

到去年年底, 我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。

By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and small-sized vessels.

析:原文的主语“我部”并不是句子的最重要的信息。因而, 为了使句子的中心突出, 在译成英语时将“contracts and agreements” (合同和协议) 安排在主语的位置, 这样做也是符合西方人重物质的心理文化的要求。

长飞公司严格执行自上而下的一条线管理和自下而上的一条线汇报制度, 确保了公司高效率快节奏的运转。

The strict management and report system have been carefully enforced, which ensures Changfei Corporation to run efficiently.

析:原文的主语是“长飞公司”, 句子用了主动语态, 而译成英语后主语换成“the strict management and report system”, 句子改用被动语态。这样既能令句子的重点信息突出, 又能保证句子行文的简洁、流畅、自然。

3 结束语

汉语和英语句子在词汇、语序、结构和表达这四个层面上的差异必定造成汉语和英语在安排和逻辑层次上的区别。因此, 在汉译英中运用层次翻译法是可行的。由于句子生成的过程中都会涉及词汇、语序、结构和表达这四个层面, 所以, 在汉译英时上述四种组织逻辑层次的方法很有可能要同时运用, 这主要取决于英语行文和表达的需要。此外, 在汉译英的实践中, 译者应该注意积累多种经验模式, 深刻理解并掌握原文中的各种逻辑层次, 从而在实际运用中灵活掌握、灵活运用层次翻译法。

参考文献

[1]陈宏薇.汉英翻译基础[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1998:183-191.

[2]连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1993:104-127.

[3]杨自俭.英汉语比较与翻译[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.

[4]潘文国.汉英语对比纲要[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社, 1997:257-276.

[5]潘文国.汉英对比研究一百年[J].世界汉语教学, 2002 (1) :60-84.

[6]申小龙.中国句型文化[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社, 1988.

[7]阎德胜.层次翻译法[J].外语研究, 1994 (2) :50-54.

8.汉译英翻译赏析 篇八

【关键词】翻译 语境 选词

一、引言

在做汉英翻译时，语言语境是首先要考虑的语境因素。英汉两种语言属于不同语系，在语言的表达方式上存在着很大的差异。如果在翻译过程中，把汉语句子中的词性、句式照搬过来，则英语译文就会带有中国腔，显得不伦不类，使外国读者不易理解或根本无法理解，甚至曲解原文的意义。一般说来，在大学英语四六级翻译中的错误往往出现在词语层面。

二、语言语境与汉译英选词

语言语境和词汇意义是紧密联系的，语言语境影响着词汇意义，词汇意义的确定很大程度上要依赖于语言语境。特定的语言语境确定词语的特定意义，只有当词语翻译准确时，由词语构成的短语、句子、段落、语篇的翻译才能够准确。

1.辨析词义和正确选词。汉语中的一个词有时候会对应英语中的几个词，词的正确选择首先取决于对原文词义的确切理解，而对原文词义的确切理解又取决于对原文上下文的推敲，如“国家”这个词在英语中对应的词有state，nation，country，land，government。但是这几个英语词的意思又各有区别。

（1）state的意思是长期占有一块固定领土，政治上结合在一个主权政府之下的人民的实体；一种特定形式的政府、政体或政治上组织起来的社会。用马列主义的语言说就是国家机器，国家的统治机构。列宁在《国家与革命》中说“国家是统治阶级的工具”，这里的“国家”就是这个意思。例：法西斯国家/ 在中国，铁路属于国家 /国家大事 /国家机密 /我们的权利受国家保护 /国家安全

（2）nation的意思是由一个民族或多个民族组成并且具有或多或少确定的领土和一个政府的人民的共同体。例：这是个英雄的国家 /新近独立的国家

（3）country和land的意思是由人民共同体所占据的土地。例：这个国家有几条大河 /他曾在许多国家居住过 /美丽的国家。

（4）government的意思是国家机器当中的一部分，即国家机器当中的行政机构。例：国家行为 /国家法令

2.词的搭配。汉语的一大特点就是笼统性很强，汉语动词的搭配能力就很强，比如：看报纸，看问题，看电影，用英文表达就需要用不同的的动词： read newspaper， view the problem， go to the movie，正是由于这种词语搭配的差异，导致很多学生在做翻译的过程中经常会出现词语的搭配错误。如：

（1）吸烟有害对你的身体有害，不要向他学习。

Smoking is harmful for your body. Dont learn from him.

汉语中的“学”，直接对应的是英文中的“learn”， 但是“learn”通常情况下用作学习某种具体的技能，如“学习讲英语”，英文表达为“learn to speak English”， 而“学习榜样”则对应的是“follow ones example”。

Revised： Smoking is harmful for your body. Dont follow his example.

（2）有必要教授学生一些美国历史的知识。

It is necessary to teach students a little knowledge of American history.

“教授知识”的英文表达是“impart/pass on to knowledge”，而不能说“teach knowledge”。同样，汉语中，可以说“学习知识”，但是对应的英语不能说“learn/study knowledge”，而应该是这样的搭配：acquire/gain/pursue knowledge。

Revised： It is necessary to impart students a little knowledge of American history.

跟动词一样，汉语中的形容词很多情况下都比较笼统，搭配能力很强，如“浓”，可以是浓茶，浓墨，浓烟，而英语则根据不同的事物有不同的形容词翻译为：strong tea，thick ink， dense smoke。

3.注意词的单复数。英语中有些单词单复数表示不同的意义，学生在做翻译的过程中应注意恰当使用词的单复数。如：这家新的协会已经开展活动了。

翻译为：

× The new association has started its activity.

√ The new association has started its activities.

activity表示“活力”（the state of being active）時，是不可数名词，但表示“活动”（something that is done or is being done， esp. for interest or education）时，是可数名词，当指有组织或有安排的活动时，常用作复数形式。

三、结论

在做汉译英翻译的过程中，选词的准确性至关重要，学生在学习的过程中要养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。在翻译过程中特别要注意区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景。只有这样才能保证译作体现原文风格。

参考文献：

[1]樊勇前.名词单复数表示不同的意义[J].英语自学，1996（6）.

[2]郭建辉，朱毅恒.翻译中的语境问题[J].广西师范学院学报，2009.