英汉互译实践 大纲

英汉互译实践 大纲（通用6篇）

1.英汉互译实践 大纲 篇一

Unit 3 1.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。

In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.2 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。

The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.3社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。

Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces.4 他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。

They do not know a thing about factory work, nor about farm work, nor about military affairs.5 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。

The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts.6在全国文明礼貌月中，所有城市必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不礼貌现象。

During the National Civic Virtues Month, all the cities must clean up, and banish disarray and discourtesy.7.现在有一些值得注意的现象，比如以权谋私，化公为私。对这些事情，当然要批评和法办。

At present there are certain phenomena which warrant our attention.For instance, abusing power for personal gains, and appropriating public property for personal use.Of course, this sort of thing should be criticized and be subjected to legal punishment.8 中国人民百年以来不屈不挠，再接再厉的英勇斗争，使得帝国主义至今不能灭亡中国，也永远不能灭亡中国

Thanks to the Chinese people‟s unrelenting and heroic struggle during the last hundred years, imperialism has not been able to subjugate China, nor will it ever be able to do so.9 对外国的科学，技术，文化，不加分析地一改排斥，和不加分析地一概照搬，都不是马克思主义的态度，都对我们的的事业不利。

Neither the indiscriminate rejection of everything foreign,whether scientific, technological or cultural, nor the indiscriminate imitation of everything foreign, has anything in common with the Marxist attitude, and neither in any way benefits our cause.10 中国已成功发射了第一颗通信卫星。这颗卫星是由三级火箭推动的，一直运转正常。它标志着我国在发展运载工具和电子技术方面进入了一个新阶段。

The successful launching of China‟s first experimental communications satellite, which was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has been in operation ever since, indicates that our nation has entered a new stage in the development of carrier rockets and electronics.Unit 4 1，请把这张表填一下，填完给我。

Please fill in this form, and give it to me when you have finished.2 要提倡顾全大局。

We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.3, 吃饭防噎，走路防跌。

While eating, take heed that you do not choke.While walking, take heed that you do not fall.4 送君千里，终有一别。

Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.5 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。

A fence needs the support of three stakes;an able fellow needs the help of three other people.6 天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。It was so cold that the river froze.7 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.8理论联系实际，这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。

That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.9 天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。

With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it‟ll rain presently.10 年满十八岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。

All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election.Unit5 1 他一开口总是三句不离本行。

He can hardly open his mouth without talking shop.2 每条河流都有上游，中游，下游。

Every river has its upper, middle and lower reaches.3 他把事情一五一十地都给父母讲了。

He told his parents the whole story exactly as it had happened.4 人们利用科学去了解自然，改造自然。

People use science to understand and change nature.5 我们必须培养分析问题解决问题的能力。

We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.6 这些新型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。

These new cars are fast, efficient and handy.7多年来那个国家一直存在严重的失业现象。

For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country.8 新老干部要互相学习，互相帮助，取长补短。

Old and new cadres should learn from and help each other, to make up for each other‟s deficiencies.9 中国人民历来是用于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。

The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution.10 生也好，死也好，我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。

Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our motherland.11 我昨天没有进城，一来是因为天气不好，二来是我不舒服。

I didn‟t go to town yesterday both because of the nasty weather and the fact that I was not feeling myself.12 独立自主，自力更生，无论过去，现在和将来，都是我们的立足点。

Independence and self-reliance have always been and will always be our basic stand.3

Unit6 1 直到昨天我才知道他住院了。

I did not know that he was hospitalized until yesterday.2 我们必须清楚地了解所有牵涉到的问题。

We must get a clear understanding of this things concerned.3 他们的部队，水陆并进，及时抵达前线。

Their troops advanced by both land and water, and arrived at the front in time.4 这次大会充分发扬了民主。大家心情舒畅，生动活泼。

The conference had given full expression to democracy.The atmosphere has been lively and the delegates have enjoyed ease of mind.5 他穿过马路，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过往的车上。

While crossing the street, he looked right and left, afraid that he might run into some passing car.6 只有听党中央指挥，调动一切积极因素，才能顺利实现四个现代化。

Only by following the instruction of the Party Central Committee, and mobilizing all positive factors, can we successfully realize the four modernizations.7 丰收年多积累一点，灾荒年或者半灾荒年就不积累或者少积累一点。

Accumulate more in good years and less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail.8 所有这些成就，标志着我国全面建设小康社会道路上又迈出坚实的一步。

All of these achievements show that China has taken another solid step forward on the road of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects.9 这所大学现有计算机科学，高能物理，激光，地球物理，遥感技术，遗传工程等六个新建的专业。

This university has 6 newly established faculties, namely, Computer Science, High Energy Physics, Laser, Geophysics, Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineer.10 除陆地外，中国有470多平方公里的广大的海域，渤海，黄海，东海，南海四海相连，环绕着中国的东部和东南部海岸。

The Chinese mainland is flanked by the Bohai, the Yellow, the East China and the South China seas in the east and southeast, with a total water surface of more than 4.7 million square kilometers.Unit7 1 他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。

His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.2 工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。

Slips are scarcely avoidable when you‟re new to your work.3 会议开得冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。

The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up.4 那城市及周围的地方是不冻港和无核区。

That city and the areas around it are an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon free zone.5 他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家很生气。

His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present.6日子很快过去了，她做工作却丝毫没有放松。

The days passed quickly, but she worked as hard as ever.7 她没有同伴，独自一人坐在车厢一角动也不动。

Traveling alone, she was sitting still in the concern of the people.8 我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。

Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.9任何事物都有两点，说只有一点叫„知其一不知其二‟。

There are two aspects to everything;to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignorant of the other.10即使没有新的主意也可以，就是不要变，不要使人们感到政策变了。

It doesn‟t matter much whether we can come up with new ideas.What matters is that we should not change our policies and should not make people feel that we are changing them.11 科学家们在会上庄严地保证说；„我们决不辜负党和人民对我们的期望”.The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying, „we will for ever live up to what our Party and the people expect of us.‟

12如果分析不当，造成误解，就会变得谨小慎微，不敢解放思想，不敢开放手脚，结果是丧失时机，犹如逆水行舟，不进则退。If we fail to analyze it properly and to understand it correctly, we shall become overcautious, not daring to emancipate our minds and act freely.Consequently, we shall lose opportunities.Like a boat sailing against the current, we must forge ahead or be swept downstream.Unit8 1 旅客请在此填写„报关表‟。

Passengers are requested to fill in „Customs Declaration Forms‟ here.2刚才有人在这里讲了一些不该讲的话。

Some things were sail here just now which should not have been said.3他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。

I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.4那个男孩受了重伤，医院立即把他收下了。

The boy who was seriously injured was immediately admitted into the hospital.5采取„一国两制‟适合中国国情，并非权宜之计。

„One country, two systems‟ has been adopted to suit China‟s conditions and is not an expedient measure.6 有朝一日家庭将由安装在地下室的笑星反应堆供热。

The time will come when homes will be heated from a small reactor in the basement.7很抱歉，因为雨太大，参观博物馆得推迟到明天了。

I‟m very sorry to say the visit to the museum has to be put off till tomorrow because of the heavy rain.8请全系师生于星期三下午二时在会议室集合，听报告。

All teachers and students of the department are requested to meet the conference room at 2:00 P.m.on Wednesday to hear a speech.9如果连锁反应不受控制，一直进行下去，就会引起一场大爆炸。

If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a great explosion.10.利用一架显微镜，就可以看到集成电路被分离和被测试的情况。

With the help of a microscope you can watch the integrated circuits being separated and tested.6 11 如果资本主义在港台得不到保障，哪里的繁荣与稳定就不能维持，和平解决问题也就不可能了。

If the capitalist system is not guaranteed in Hong Kong and Taiwan, prosperity and stability there cannot be maintained and a peaceful settlement will become impossible.12 还设计了另外一些设备，能将噪声分解成该噪声的各种不同发音响频率，并能记录不同频率的音响度。

Other equipment has been devised which is able to break down the noise into various sounds frequencies and record the loudness at different frequencies.Unit 10 1 全世界的科学家都在寻找净化空气，防止空气收到各种有害工业废气污染的有效方法。Scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from pollution by all kinds of harmful industrial waste gases.2 一个不怕困难，百折不挠，坚持到底的科学工作者一定会在科研工作中取得光辉的成就。

A scientist will surely achieve great successes in his work if he braves all difficulties, keeps on working and perseveres to the end.3 在我们肉眼看来似乎精致不动的一杯水中，却又数不清的水分子正在进行着大量无规则热运动。

Although the water in a glass looks to be totally motionless to our naked eyes, a great deal of disorderly thermal movement of its countless molecules is going on inside.4 在中华民族的几千年的历史中，产生了许多的民族英雄和革命领袖。所以，中华民族又是一个有光辉革命传统和优秀历史遗产的民族。

During the thousands of years of recorded history, the Chinese nation has given birth to many national heroes and revolutionary leaders.Thus the Chinese nation has a glorious revolutionary tradition and a splendid historical heritage.5 这些曾经转战南北，身经百战的精兵强将为发展祖国的钢铁事业，今天有在这里精心设计，精心施工。他们勇敢地克服了一个又一个的困难，艰难地攀登了一个又一个新的台阶。Today, in order to develop the country‟s iron and steel industry, those veterans, who have fought countless battles, are doing meticulous design and construction work.They have bravely overcome many obstacles one after another and climbed up against difficulties and hardships to new steps again and again.6 我们不但要有一个农林牧副渔布局合理，全面发展，能够满足人民生活和工业发展需要的发达农业，还要有一个门类齐全，结构合理，能够暗组社会消费和整个国民经济发展需要的先进工业。

We not only need a developed agricultural system with a rational distribution and all-round development of farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery, meeting the needs of the people‟s life and expanding industry, but also an advanced system which is complete in range and rational in structure and which meets the needs of consumers and the expansion of the whole national economy.7 改良人类现有生存条件与创造新的生存环境相结合的原则，现实性和未来的或然性相结合的原则，以及科学高度专门化和科学互相依赖相结合的原则，是受过科学学和未来学理论思想熏陶的科学家在研究工作中所必须遵守的。

Scientists imbued with the theories of scientism and futurology should follow three principles in their research work, namely, the combination of improving present existing conditions of human beings with creating their new existing environment, the integrating of reality with future probability, and the linking of a high level of scientific specialization with scientific interdependence.Unit 11 1 活到老，学到老。

One is never too old to learn.2 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

How can you catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger‟s lair? 3 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。

While there is life, there is hope.4 以其人之道，还治其人之身。

Deal with a man as he deals with you.5 屋内悄无一 人，只听见钟在滴答滴答地走。

No one was in the room;only the ticking of a clock could be heard.6 突然钻出一只狗，追着她咬，几乎把她吓糊涂了。

Suddenly a dog began to chase after her, scaring her almost out of her wits.7 一有问题就去解决，不要等问题成堆了才去做一次总解决。

Whenever a problem crops up, tackle it right away;don‟t let problems pile up and then try to settle them at one go.8 厂里有一条制度，每天夜里各单位都要有一名干部值班。

It is the rule in this plant that there must be one cadre on night duty in each unit.8 9 认识落后，才能改变落后。学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。

Backwardness must be recognized before it can be changed.One must learn from those who are more advanced before he can catch up with and surpass them.10 当然，随着实践的发展，该完善的完善，该修补的修补，但总的还要坚定不移。

Of course, as the reform progresses, some of these policies should be improved or amended as necessary.But we should keep firmly to our general direction.11港内水域宽阔，水深浪静，万吨轮船通行无阻，5万吨轮船可以乘潮自由进出。

In its inner harbor, the broad and wide seawater is calm and deep.Vessels of 10000 tons can enter or leave the port with ease and 50000-ton freighters can call at or depart from the port with the flood tide.Unit 12 1.我厂生产的112 和 145电冰箱，造型美观，质量可靠，噪音小，好电少，使用方便安全。

The refrigerators of 122 and 145 liters manufacture by our plant are noted for their graceful styles, reliable quality, low noise, low power consumption, easy operation and safety.2.当前我们迫切需要有一股装备优良、人员齐备、按照安全保护原则、本着一丝不苟精神建立起里的先进核能实验室。

A well-equipped and well-manned nuclear-energy lab is badly needed at present.Such a lab, of course, must be advanced in technology and built in accordance with the principle of security and protection as well as in the spirit of meticulous discretion.3.本厂已有35年身缠丝绸服装的历史，其产品远销全球50多个国家和地区。完全真丝，质量上乘，做工精细，款式新颖，光滑柔和，耐洗耐晒，永不褪色，舒适高雅，女士必备，如欲购买，尽快联系。

We have been engaged in silk garment trade for 35 years.The products find a ready market in 50 countries and regions.They are made of high quality pure silk, soft and smooth, an easy fit in the latest style.Fast to washing and sunlight, the silk garment is a must for ladies of good taste.Send today for more information.4.本厂产品质量稳定可靠，深受用户欢迎。从1979年以来，获纺织部和省市奖的产品共达84种。我们将遵循“质量第一”、“用户至上”的原则，热忱地为用户服务。

Our product has a stable and reliable quality and is widely accepted by customers.Of all the products produced by the mill,84 sorts have been awarded prizes of various kinds by the Ministry of Textile Industry, the province and the municipality respectively since 1979.Strictly adhering to the principle of “Quality First” and “Customer First”, we will offer best service to our customers.9 5.知识分子是工人阶级中掌握科学文化知识较多的一部分，在改革开放和现代化建设中有着特殊重要的作用。能不能充分发挥广大知识分子的才能，在很大程度上决定着我们民族的盛衰和现代化建设的进程。

Intellectuals are member of the working class who has a better scientific and general education than others.They have an especially important role to play in the reform, the opening up and the modernization drive.Whether we do or not give full scope to their abilities will determine, to a considerable degree, the prosperity or decline of our nation and the success or failure of the drive of modernization.6.历史业已证明，人类对资源的认识、开发和利用，以及利用资源制造生产工具的能力，是社会生产力发展水平的重要标志，也在一定程度上决定了一定的社会基本结构和发展形态。

History has proved that men‟s understanding of natural resources and his tpping and utilizing of them, as well as his capability of making tools of production to make use of these sources, are very important signs to indicate the developing level of social productive forces.And to some extent, these, too, have decided the basic structure and developing pattern of a given society.7.信息技术是在微电子、计算机和现代通讯基础上发展起来的一门高科技，具有信息采集、传输、处理和信息服务等一系列功能。现今已能在一片8英寸的芯片上集成5亿个电子元件，其宽度仅为0.2503微米；微机的信息处理速度已达每秒近亿次以上；计算机虚拟技术将大大拓宽信息技术应用的范围。

Information technology is a hi-technology developed on the basis of micro-electronics, computer and modern communication technology, with the function of information collection, transmission, procession and service, etc.Nowadays 500 million electron elements can be integrated on a chip of 8 inches, each with width of merely 0.2503 micron;the processing speed of the computer may be as fast as nearly 100 million times per second ；the virtual technology of the computer will greatly widen the scope of the application of information technology.8.提高我国的科技水平，必须坚持独立自主、自力更生的方针。但是，独立自主不是闭关自守，自力更生不是盲目排外。科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。我们不仅仅因为今天科技落后才需要向外国学习，即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也还要学习人家的长处。

In order to raise China’s scientific and technological level we must persist in the policy of independence and self-reliance.But independence does not mean shutting the door to the world, nor does self-reliance mean blind opposition to everything foreign.Science and technology are part of the wealth created in common by all mankind.It is not just today, when we are scientifically and technologically backward, that we need to learn from others.Even after we catch up with the most advanced countries, we shall have to learn from them in areas where they are particularly strong.

2.英汉互译实践 大纲 篇二

我觉得翻译同样也是一门艺术,好的翻译绝对不是把原文的一字一句生搬过来进行罗列,而最主要的是要传达原来文章的神韵。翻译并不是生搬硬套,它也讲究技巧,而且很多时候并不只局限于某个词语在字典中所列出的意思,而是需要结合语境语义,选择恰当的译入语与之对应,这也就要求我们不但要有一定的英语能力,同时更要具备较强的汉语语言功底。在对比研究不同语言体系在语言文字单位上普遍的、典型的特点和差异的基础上,灵活运用各种翻译转换法,如移位、替换、加词、减词等,准确、完整传达话语信息。

翻译需要做到消息的不改变性。它应该达到的效果是让读者对原文和译文的理解一致,忠实性是翻译的基本原则。翻译时需要考虑的有语义、语法、文化等方面,毕竟每个国家都有不同的语言习惯和表达方式。我认为要成为一个好的翻译者,需要注意以下几点 :

一.词汇量

有人说过,没有词汇,你什么也做不了。可见词汇的重要性。当然,没有词汇,你什么都无法表达,什么都无法传递。词汇的掌握量直接决定了语言水平的高低,没有词汇就难以交流。试想一个人只有限定的词汇,写出来的东西也无法高级到哪去的。所以掌握一定量的词汇是必须的。

二.语义

语言中常见的现象就是一词多义,越是常见的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配。同一个词在不同的上下文中,可能会有不同的意义,一定要注意原文中的“微言大义”。

(一)要注意用词的准确性。

尤其是将中文译成英文时,由于英文单词译成中文会出现多个单词对应相同的中文含义,导致中译英时选词出现偏差,反之英译中同样也存在类似问题。

(二)注意不能重复。

比如中文讲究工整对仗,文采华丽,因此用词常伴有很多同义重复现象。如“欢天喜地”,“洁白无瑕”等,而英文就注重上下文的对应和逻辑的合理性。它强调客观简洁,层次清楚,最忌的是重复、累赘。

三.语法

语法关系到句子的构造和形式,翻译过程主要是以最佳方式利用两种语言在句子结构层面的可比性,克服两种语言在句子结构层面上的不可比性的过程。

要想翻译的好,就得好好掌握一门语言的语法规则。这个的做好也需要付出努力与实践,需要理解与识记。语法就是把你的意思连贯起来,给它穿上好看的外衣。我认为掌握好语法也可以让你的语句更高级,让你的翻译更漂亮。

四.文化

一个国家或地区的语言,往往受到文化、宗教、价值观念、教育等的影响。不同的语言不可避免地带有各自文化的痕迹。翻译是跨文化的交际,在翻译过程中只有充分考虑到各国语言的不同风情,才能提高读者的接受性,也才能实现翻译的交流作用。

翻译里需要注意文化匹配,要了解一个国家的文化习惯。所以在研究翻译的领域时,一定要多关注、多了解一种语言的文化,这样你才能真正地进入一种语言。才能真正做到交流,达到效果,才能被译入语的读者接受和认可。

所以翻译不仅仅是将一种语言的汉字换成另一种,它需要注意用词准确,语法正确,文化符合。翻译也是一门技术,要想掌握它,我们得从每天做起。它是一个积累的过程,不是一天两天就能做好的。

3.小学常用短语英汉互译 篇三

1.绕口令2.去郊游3.玩得开心

5.因...而发笑6.看

8.明天见9.我们的学校10下课后11.放学后 12.去看电影

13.电脑游戏14下午好 15.在沙发下面

16.在冰箱里面17.打开窗18.学习语文

19.野餐20.寻找21.好消息

22.坏消息23.在操场 24.在周一早上

25.听见26.吃药27.当心，小心

28.车站29.等候30.红灯停

31.绿灯行32.黄灯等 33.左转

34.直走35.右转36.下棋37.思考/想 38.看一看39.醒来40.出现41.笔友42.宠物商店

44.鞋店45.长城

48.have to

49.just do it50.use

56.speak to57.stay at home

4.英汉互译的网名 篇四

lonely 孤独

°Distance

Review 旧爱

凉兮Armani。

空景 Sadnestつ

après 后来

Need-不需要

Faith(信念)

悦过水oAnael

Bury.(埋葬)

寻找爱 Looking

Emtion (感情)

温唇°sunshine

_▲Crazy、扯淡ゃ

Fickle°(薄情)

burial.(葬礼)

Amice丶回忆说晚安

Alone“孤独

devil°心碎

a偷腥的.猫 Gen

Amor、安于命

Toxic、茴忆

Dying 逝去

Sunny°刺眼

Fairy°好菇凉

Animai°情兽

Demon、微光

Sandm。旧颜

Deep sea.深海

Nightmare噩梦

格调 Momentb

Lonely(孤独)

A lie.(谎言)

Extremeb虐心

冷夜色cheeks

爱囚 Ragingc

A lie.(谎言)

mine - 不配

Feeble。苍白

Excel、流年碎

baby ?你好吊

Fairy°好菇凉

凉兮 Armani。

Amourr暮念

Charm 猫姬 S

三寸执念丶mello

Black 黑色

Amourr暮念

你是我的VIP。

Sunny°刺眼

Kiie丶素颜灬

5.小学英语5B期末英汉互译 篇五

设计人：万巧云审核人：陆利亚、何祖宝

1.在星期四_______________ 2.上一堂英语课________________

3.新学期 ________________4.三个星期____________________

5.星期六早上_____________6.怎么样____________________

7.an interesting subject___________ 8.at once____________

9.the first lesson______________ 10.Social Science________

11.eleven minus nine_________12.tell me______________

13.在星期三_____________14.感觉生病了_________________

15.重感冒________________ 16..和Helen通话________________

17.这个星期__________________ 18.午饭后___________________

19.take some medicine_____________ 20.a bad cough___________

21.a telephone call______________ 22.see a doctor__________

23.这个学期_______________24.许多动物邮票______________

25.做衣服_________________ 26.在星期三上午________________

27.去购物__________________ 28.集邮__________________

29.take photos_____________ 30.make dresses for my doll______

31.every day_______________32.show your stamps to us________

33.一封电子邮件_____________ 34.住在一个小镇上___________

35.跑得快 _________________36.跳得高 __________________

37.游泳游得好 ______________ 38.从星期一到星期五__________

39.surf the Internet ___________ 40.sit quietly _____________

41.write carefully _____________42.speak English loudly____

43.在星期二下午______________ 44.放学后 __________________

45.摸你的头 __________________ 46.听我说 _________________

47.左右转动六次______________ 48.上一节体育课 ___________

49.cook nice food_____________ 50.stay in bed ______________

51.sing loudly _______________ 52.your left arm ____________

53.lie on one’s back_____________54.follow the orders______

55.do some exercise____________ 56.lift up your right hand__

57.吃午饭__________________58.6：30 _________________

59.确实很忙___________________ 60.值日 __________________ 61.7：15______________________ 62.hurry up________________

63.brush my teeth______________ 64.join us _______________

65.have a lot of rest_______________ 66.get better___________

67.have breakfast ______________ 68.a football game_________

69.在夜晚____________70.在周末________________

71.访问中国_________72.去爬山_____________

73.谈论__________________74.有相同爱好_______

75.向她学英语_________76.喜欢运动______________

77.每个星期________78.watch cartoons_________

79.a big grasshopper________80.他的阿姨_________

81.of course______________82.catch insects____________

83.上下跳___________84.spend her weekends________

86.双脚并拢_______

87.the English club___________88.diffferent countries_____

90.来自美国________________

6.英汉互译中的文化因素 篇六

关键词：翻译,英汉互译,文化

英语和汉语有不同的文化背景,人们的思维模式和风俗习惯不尽相同。优秀的翻译家也是文化大师。他能同时将两种语言文化运用到如鱼得水。翻译是语言学习的最高要求。对于大学生而言,我们虽然不敢奢求他们在将来都能成为翻译家,也必须以翻译家的标准严格要求他们。只有这样才能使他们真正体会到两种语言的不同,从而进一步掌握英语这门语言。

一、翻译的本质

什么是翻译?圣经的创世纪第11章是这样说的:当时人类联合起来兴建巴别塔,希望能通往天堂。为了阻止这一计划,上帝要人类说不同的语言,使人类相互之间不能沟通,计划因此失败。人类自此各散东西,便有了不同的语言和种族。[1]这才出现了翻译。这个故事告诉了我们翻译的交际本质。许鈞认为翻译活动具有“社会性”、“文化性”,进而指出了“翻译的符号转换性”、“翻译的创造性”和“翻译的历史性”。他对翻译的定义是:“翻译是以符号转换为手段,意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。”[2]从传播学角度来看“翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动,它的本质就是信息的传播”。[3]而原型理论认为“翻译本质上是通过目的语原型重建原语的活动,而最佳样例(即最接近原语原型的样例)可视为翻译的标准”。[4]图里的描写翻译研究认为,翻译中的社会文化维度会改变译者的认知系统,这样就会使译者在翻译中采取不同的策略,从而也就会产生出截然不同的翻译作品,也即翻译功能决定译品的形式,而译品的形式又决定了翻译的策略。[5]中国翻译词典对翻译是这样下定义的:“翻译是两个语言社会(language-community)之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步,它的任务是要把原作品中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象,完好无损地从一种语言中移注到另一种语言中去。”[4]78从以上种种对翻译定义和本质的阐述中我们可以看出翻译是一种跨文化的交际活动。要在两种语言之间建立桥梁,必须采用文化这一纽带。

二、英汉互译的潜在因素——文化

不同的民族在语言上各不相同,文化上也有很大差异,但不论哪种民族都共同生活在这个世界上,改造自然,征服自然。每个人都有喜怒哀乐,都需要吃穿住行。这些共性使人们彼此连结在一起,也在深层次上反映了人们的共同能力,决定着跨文化信息交流的可能性,也即翻译的可实现性。[6]

我们可以通过许多社会现象认识到各民族文化之间的相通性,也即一种语言表达的意义可以用另一种语言表达出来。我们所用的归化翻译法就是以文化的相通性为根据的。其目的就是在译入语中找到与原语相对应的词。如习语to put on the dog(摆架子),Every dog has his day(人人都有得意日),to keep one's head above water(奋力图存)。这些习语在内容上是一致的,反映了不同民族语言和文化之间的相通性。原文的意义在译文中保持了原貌,文化内涵在效果上是对等的。总之,文化的共同性带来了翻译的可能性。[7]

然而人们生活在不同的地域、时代。一定的地域和时代造就了不同的民族文化和个体文化。文化差异不仅表现在语言、衣着、饮食等表层上,更多地表现在深层次的观念、价值、交际规则等方面。因此不同的文化在语言中积累起来的差异性将使译文无法表达原文的意义。这也即翻译的不可译性。地域文化的差异对翻译造成的影响如to carry coals to Newcastle可以翻译为“多此一举,画蛇添足”。从字面上看,译文传达了原文的意思,实际上其深层次的文化内涵相去甚远。纽卡斯尔是英格兰东北部泰恩河畔的一个港口城市,主要的煤炭出口中心。它的地理位置引出了这句话。而画蛇添足是汉语中的一个成语故事。除此之外还有民族文化的不同,如将burn one's boats翻译成“破釜沉舟”,前者出自古罗马凯撒大帝:公元前49年,他带兵渡过庐比根河时,下令焚舟,表示不获胜而宁死的决心。原语整体为Cross the Rubicon and burn one's boats.后者出自楚霸王项羽:他“引兵渡河,皆沉船,破斧甑,烧庐舍,持三日粮,以示士卒必死,无一还心。”由于文化差异的客观存在,译者只能采取灵活变通的方法,尽量避免文化的遗失。

三、英语教学中应该渗透文化的因素

英语教学的目的是为了培养学生具有较强的阅读能力,一定的听和译的能力以及初步的写和说的能力,使学生能以英语为工具,获取专业所需要的信息,并为进一步提高英语水平打下较好的基础。总体来看,主要目的是提高学生使用英语的能力。使用英语这门语言的能力也包括使用英语所蕴含文化的能力。学习语言离不开翻译的帮助,翻译不可避免地带有文化的因素,因此在英语的教学中应该渗透文化的因素。在英语教学中我们可以从多角度、多层次渗透文化的因素,如词、词组、句子、习惯性表达、背景知识的介绍等方面,以此来消除文化差异给学生带来的干扰。

从词汇方面来看,英语中除了一部分核心词汇外,很多词汇常常带有特定的文化信息。如由于审美观和风俗习惯的不同,动物和颜色所承载的喻义可能相去甚远。有些动物或颜色形象,在原句中含有丰富的语用意义,在译入语中却没有或者是相反,也就不能产生等值的联想意义。如红色(red)在中国往往与喜庆、吉祥联系在一起,是褒义词,比如开门红、又红又专等。但红色在西方人的概念里却往往与死亡、流血、危险有关,比如to be in the red(透支),to catch someone red-handed(当场捉获)。再如狗(dog)这一动物,在中国更多地让人联想到不好的东西,如狗仗人势、狗腿子等。但对于西方人来说狗是人们的宠物和亲密的伙伴。比如a lucky dog(幸运儿),love me,love my dog(爱屋及乌)等。这方面的例子不胜枚举,我们在大学英语的教学中应该时不时地渗透这方面的知识,以使学生对英汉语词汇有深入透彻的掌握。

从表达形式来看,主要指语言结构、习语、成语的不同。英语中很多习语与基督教有关,来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话,如God helps those who help themselves(上帝帮助自助的人)、Achilles' heel(唯一致命弱点)、meet one's Waterloo(一败涂地)等。汉语中的习语多与佛教有关,或出自中国的历史,如借花献佛(borrow sth.to make a gift of it)、东施效颦(crude imitation with ludicrous effects)、叶公好龙(pretend to like something which one really fears)等。在讲解这些习语典故时,应该结合中西不同的历史文化,使学生真正掌握两种语言与文化。

另外,在讲解具体的课文和语句时,会涉及到英语国家的历史、社会和自然环境,我们也要向学生详细的讲解,以使他们在理解课文和语句时心中有数。如在讲解the Old World(欧洲大陆)时,可以向学生讲述一下其与the New World(美洲)的区别,以及西方历史中与这一部分有关的内容。

参考文献

[1]郭建中.文化与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版总公司,1999.

[2]许鈞.翻译论[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2003.

[3]熊莉,张建佳,译.一种跨文化的信息传播[J].湘南学院学报,2005,(3).

[4]李和庆,张树玲.原型与翻译[J].中国科技翻译,2003,(2).

[5]苗菊.翻译准则——图瑞翻译理论的核心[J].外语与外语教学,2001,(11).

[6]金隄.等效翻译探索[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版总公司,1999.