单个单词作后置定语的情况（共1篇）
1.单个单词作后置定语的情况 篇一
动词不定式作后置定语, 它与被修饰的名词中心词之间在逻辑上存主着动宾关系, 主谓关系.同位关系和动状关系四种关系。分析研究这四种逻辑关系, 我们可以找到它们是用主动还是被动的规律, 从而为学生学习不定式打下更深的基础。
一、动宾关系
1.在一个简单句中, 如果动词不定式和被修饰的名词中心词构成逻辑动宾关系, 这个不定式又可以在句子中找到它的逻辑主语, 这个不定式就应该主动式。
例如:a) Do you have anything else to say?
句中动词不定式to say的逻辑宾语是anything句中逻辑主语是可以找到you三者之间构成逻辑主谓宾关系, 所以不定式应该用主动式。
b) I have much work to do.我有许多要做的事情。 (与work有动宾关系, 与I有主谓关系)
c) Tom is looking for a room to live in.Tom在找一间住的房间。 (与room有动宾关系, 与Tom有主谓关系)
d) The teacher gave me some books to read.那个老师给我一些书去读。 (与book有动宾关系, 与me有主谓关系)
e) With his homework to do, he has to refuse his invitation. (与homework有动宾关系, 与he有主谓关系)
(to choose from与chairs有动宾关系, 与I有主谓关系) (1999.上海)
(注意:不定式与其所修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 而该不定式为不及物动词时, 其后须加上适当的介词, 构成及物动词短语。如例d和例f。不定式作定语且所修饰的名词是time, place或way时, 不定式后的介词一般要省去。如:He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱也没有地方住。)
但也有些例外, 根据不同的句意, 不定式可用主动语态或被动语态。
例a) Have you got anything to post? (post的动作执行者是主语“你”)
b) Have you got anything to be posted? (post的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”不是主语you)
2.如果动词不定式和被修饰的名词中心词能构成逻辑动宾关系, 但句子中没有哪个词能充当该动词不定式的逻辑主语, 这个动词不定式就应该用被动式。
例如:a) His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. (2010陕西卷, 19) (与book构成动宾关系且这个动作表还没发生)
b) Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one to be repaired first is the library. (2010重庆卷, 34) (与one构成动宾关系且这个动作表还没发生)
3.当不定式修饰的名词或代词为不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式主动形式与被动形式的含义有所不同。试对比:
a) There is nothing to do.无事可做。 (有“无聊感”)
There is nothing to be done.不能做什么了。 (即“束手无策”了)
b) There is nothing to see.没有东西值得看。
There is nothing to be seen.什么东西也看不见。
二、主谓关系
被修饰的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语。如:
例a) We need someone to help with the work. (someone will help with the work)
翻译:我们需要有人来帮忙干这工作。
b) She was the first person in the word to receive two Nobel Prize.
c) He was the best man to do the job.
三、同位关系
不定式与所修饰的名词指的是一回事。如:
We have made a plan to learn from Lei Feng.
A plan与to learn from Lei Feng.是同位关系
翻译:我们制定了一个向雷锋学习的计划。
4.状语关系
被修饰的名词实际上表示动词不定式动作的方式、时间等。这些名词多是抽象名词。如:
a) That's the way to do it.那样做才对。
b) I have no time to go there.我没有时间去那儿。
c) That is the only way we can imagine to reduce the overuse of water instudents’bathrooms. (2010上海卷, 40)