条件状语从句精品学案

条件状语从句精品学案（共8篇）

1.条件状语从句精品学案 篇一

解码 if 引导的条件状语从句 [课本链接 ] If you do, you’ll be sorry.(Unit 5, Section A [一语击破 ] if 引导的条件状语从句表示假如从句的动作发生,主句的动作就(不会发生。[解码句子结构 ] if 引导的条件状语从句位置灵活,可直接放在主句后面,也可以放在句首。放在句首时,从句后面要 用逗号和主句隔开。如: I’ll go to see you if I have time.如果有时间,我就去看你。

If it rains tomorrow, we’ ll stay at home.如果明天下雨,我们就呆在家里。[解码时态呼应 ] 在复合句中:⑴ 当主句是一般现在时或是一般将来时时;(2当主句是祈使句时;(3当主句含有情 态动词时, if 引导的条件状语从句通常用一般现在时。如: If she doesn’t come, she will be sorry.如果她不来,她会遗憾的。Have a good rest if you are tired.如果累了,你就好好休息一下。

We must study hard if we want to pass the final exam.如果想通过期末考试,我们必须努力学习。[解码同义句转换 ] 1.用 “ 祈使句 +and / or +一般将来时的句子 ” 转换。如: If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam easily.→ Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam easily.努力学习, 你将很容易通过考试。

If you don’t hurry up, you’ll miss the train.→ Hurry up, oryou’ll miss the train.快点儿,否则你就赶 不上火车了。

2.用含介词 with 或 without 的介词短语转换。如: If there is no water, fish can’t live.→ Fish can’t live without water.离开水,鱼不能生存。

2.if条件状语从句“特快专列” 篇二

【专列一】连词if的自述

我是本节车厢的列车员,大家可以叫我“如果;假设”。我是引导条件状语从句的连接词,表示主句中动作发生的条件。还是看看具体例子吧!

If you get up early, you will catch the bus. 如果你早起的话,就能赶上公共汽车。

You must see the doctor if you are ill. 如果你生病了,你必须去看医生。

【专列二】if条件状语从句的构成

构成方式为:“主句+if条件状语从句”或“if条件状语从句+主句”。在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,如主句在前,从句在后,主从句之间不用标点;如要强调从句的内容,则把从句放在主句的前面,这时主从句之间要用逗号隔开。如:

I will go to his birthday party if he invites me.

=If he invites me, I will go to his birthday party.

【专列三】if条件状语从句的时态

在一般情况下,如果主句谓语动词表示将来的意义,从句谓语动词用一般现在时表将来。常见的有以下几种:

1. 主句是一般将来时。如:

You will be late for school if you get up late. 如果你起晚了,你上学将迟到。

If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the Great Wall. 如果明天下雨,我们就不去长城。

2. 主句的谓语动词是want, hope, wish等词。如:

I hope to visit her if I’m free. 如果我有空,我希望去看望她。

3. 主句的谓语动词含can, may, must等情态动词。如:

If I finish my homework, I can watch TV. 如果我完成了家庭作业,就可以看电视。

4. 主句是祈使句。如:

Don’t forget to lock the door if you are the last one to leave.

如果你最后一个离开,别忘了锁门。

【专列四】使用if 条件状语从句的注意事项

(1)在if条件状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时时,不能够使用be going to结构,而要用will 来代替。如:

I’ll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow. 如果明天我有空,我会帮你学英语。

(2)在if 条件状语从句中不能够使用some, 而要用any 来代替。如:

If you have any questions to ask, please come to my office.

如果你有问题的话,请到我的办公室来。

拓展:if引导的条件状语从句可以转换成简单句:祈使句, and(or)+简单句。如:

If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam. (=Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam.)

如果你努力学习,你就会通过考试。

If we don’t hurry up, we’ll miss the train. (=Hurry up, or we’ll miss the train.)

如果我们不快点儿,我们就赶不上火车了。

【跟踪训练】

一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. If I run every day, I ____(be) healthier.

2. If you ____(not eat) healthily, your body won’t be well.

3. If you sleep well, you ____(feel) better.

4. If you ____(relax), you’ll sleep better.

5. Do more exercise, and it will make your mind and body ____(work) better.

二、选择填空。

1. We won’t wait for you ____ you can’t come here on time.

A. ifB. unlessC. whenD. until

2. If he ____ harder, he will catch up with us soon.

A. studyB. studiesC. will studyD. studied

3. Please buy some stamps for me if you ____ the post office.

A. passB. will passC. passedD. passes

4. Daniel ____ to see his grandma if he ____ free tomorrow.

A. will comes; will beB. comes; is

C. will come; isD. comes; will be

5. I’m waiting for my friend. ____, I will go swimming alone.

A. If he is comingB. If he won’t comeC. If he will comeD. If he doesn’t come

三、汉译英。

1. If you are active, ____(你会有更多的能量).

2. ____(如果你每天少吃糖,去公园散步的话), you’ll lose some weight and become healthier.

3. If she eats more fruit, ____(她会更健康).

4. ____(如果我迟到的话), don’t wait for me.

5. If you hurt yourself, ____(可能会花费很长时间康复).

6. 如果你能说好英语的话,你就可以容易地与外国人交谈。

___________________________________________________

7. 如果你对人好,人们也会对你好。

___________________________________________________

8. 如果学生不对考试如此担心的话,他们会更开心的。

___________________________________________________

[Key: 一、1.will be2.don’t eat3.will feel4.relax5.work

二、1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D

3.英语状语从句 篇三

（一）时间状语从句

例题 I didn’t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.A.unlessB.untilC.whenD.since 分析 时间状语从句在复合句中作状语，表示主句动作发生的时间。引导这种从句的词有after, before, as, when, while , till , until, since, once;连接副词immediately 等；起连接作用的短语as soon as, by the 不能用形容词such.例如：

● Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.4.so+ adj.(adv.)+that+从句●The boy is so old that he can go to school.5.so + adj.+ a(an)+单数名词

●He is so good a student that we all like him.time, hardly…when, no sooner…than等。例如： ● I was writing a letter when he came in.● She did not go to bet until she(had)finished her homework.● It is nearly six years since we began to learn English.● Once you begin, you must go on.● By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left.时间状语从句中谓语动词的时态用法，应注意下面两点： 1． 要用一般现在时替代一般将来时，例如： ● I’ll let him know when he comes.2.要用一般过去时替代过去将来时，例如： ●He said he would wait here until I came back.例题的意思是：“直到你说明怎么办之后，我才设法把这件事做好。”根据题意，须由until 引导此例的时间状语从句，所以正确答案应为B。

（二）地点状语从句

例题 When you read the book , you’d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.A.at whichB.at whereC.the place whereD.where

分析 地点状语从句在复合句中作状语，表示主句的动作发生的处所或方向，这种从句通常用连接副词where，wherever(无论在哪里，无论到哪里)引导。例如： ● Where there is oppression, there is struggle.例题的意思是：“你看书时，最好在有问题的地方做一个记号。”此复合句中的从句是个地点状语从句，须用连接副词where 引导，所以正确答案应为D。

（三）结果（程度）状语从句

例题 She told us _____story that we all forgot about the time.A.such an interestingB.such interesting aC.so an interestingD.a so interesting

分析 结果状语从句在复合句中作状语，表示主句的动作所引起的结果。这种从句由such…that, so…that, so that等引导。其用法举例如下： 1． Such +a(an)+(adj.)+单数可数名词+ that+从句

● He left in such a hurry that he forgot to lock the door.2.such+(adj.)+复数可数名词+从句

●He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.3.such+(adj.)+不可数名词+that+从句

●He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term exam.在“such+ adj.+ n.+that+ clause”这个结构中，其中名词由many, much, few, little 修饰时，须用副词so,例题中的结果状语从句由“such+ an + adj.+单数可数名词+that”引导。属于第一种情况，所以正确答案应为A。

（四）目的状语从句

例题 I hurried____ I wouldn’t be late for class.A.sinceB.so thatC.as ifD.unless 分析 目的状语从句在复合句中作状语，表示主句的动作发生的目的。这种从句用连词so that, in order that 等引导。目的状语从句的谓语动词中常有情态动词may/might, can/ could, will/ would 和should.例如：

● He is working hard so that he may pass his examination.例题中有一个目的状语从句，所以正确答案应为D。

（五）条件状语从句

例题_____he comes, we won’t be able to go.A.WithoutB.UnlessC.ExceptD.Even 分析 条件状语从句在复合句中作状语，表示主句的动作发生的条件、假定等。条件状语从句通常由连词if, unless和起连接作用的短语so/ as long as(只要)，so far as(就…)，suppose(that)(假定)等引导。例如：

● If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home.● He will not come unless he is invited.● Suppose he is absent, what shall we do?

● As long as we don’t lose heart , we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.例题的选项中只有unless 可以引导一个条件状语从句，所以正确答案应为B。

（六）让步状语从句

例题 _____, he doesn’t study well.A.As he is cleverB.He is as cleverC.Clever as he isD.As clever he is

4.时间状语从句时态 篇四

A. when 分句前面的分句使用过去进行时。如：

He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. 他正笑着的时候，门突然开了，他妻子走了进来。

B. when 分句前面的分句使用 was （were） about to， was （were） on the point 等。如：

We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们刚要出发就开始下雨了。

C. when 分句之前的分句用过去完成时，其中 sb had hardly / scarcely /barely … when 已成为固定词组。如：

(1) We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang. 我们刚刚入睡，铃声就响了起来。

5.where状语从句 篇五

常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

一般来说，有工厂的地方空气污染就严重。

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

无论你去哪里，你都应该努力工作。

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的.句型，例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.

在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed.

他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

You should have put the book where you found it.

6.高考英语状语从句语法 篇六

状语从句可修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。

表示：地点、时间、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、行为方式、比较等。

as, when, while的区别

while用于时间较长时，强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比;

as用于发生时间较短时，表示一边、、、一边、、、的意思;

when可以表示从句动词的动作在主句动词的动作“之前”或“之后”发生。

表原因的状语从句，since作“既然”解时

Since everybody is here, let’s begin.

Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened. 因为

表示目的、结果的状语从句

so that; so…that都可以引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，区别在于：

1. 当它们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常有can, could, may, might, will, would等词;

2. 而当引导结果状语从句时则没有上述这些词，而且从内容上看主句和它们引导的结果状语从句有因果关系，主句为因，从句为果。

I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. 目的

He ran slowly so that I caught up with him. 结果

He always studies so hard that he may make great progress. 目的

He always studies so hard that he made great progress. 结果

表示比较的状语从句

no more than 只不过(嫌少的意思)

not more than 不多于(客观的说明)

I have no more than two apples. 嫌太少了

They have learned no more than two thousand words. 才学了词，太少了。

7.条件状语从句精品学案 篇七

状语从句

状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、结果、条件、让步等八种。

一、时间状语从句：

引导词有after，before，as，once，since，till，until，when，whenever，while，as soon as，the moment/minute…（一…就），the time,the day,every time,next time,each time，by the time of，no sooner…than（一…就），hardly…when（一…就）．例如：

Each/Every time he comes here,he will drop in on me.

每次他来这儿他都顺便看我．

He was ill last time I saw him.上次我见到他时他病了．

No sooner had she heard the news than she cried.她一听到这个消息就哭了．

[辨析]when与while

when引导的从句动词可以是延续性的或短暂性的，while引导的从句中动词必须是延续性的；在“be…when…”句式中when表“at that time(就在这时)”意，这样用的when不能换为while；while有时并不表示时间，而表示对比，意“而”、“却”，when无这样的用法。例如：When I got home I found the door locked./While(或When)we were working in the fields,it suddenly began to rain./He was wandering through the streets when a bike hit him./His pencil is red,while mine is yellow.

[辨析]till与until

一般情况下可以互换，但until可以位于句首，till则不能。例如：

Until it stops raining，the children cant go out.雨停了，孩子们才能出去．

＝Not until the rain stops can the children go out.

二、地点状语从句

引导词有where，wherever.例如：

Ill go wherever the people want me to go.(wherever＝to any place where)

He works where his grandfather fought.(where＝in the place where)

Where there is a will,there is a way.(Where＝In the place where)

三、原因状语从句

引导词有because,since,as,now(that)(既然)

回答以why提出的问题时，只能用because,而不能用as等。

since＝now(that),表“既然”意，表示已知的或明显的原因，由此加以推论。例如：

Now that/Since you are free today,you may have a rest at home or go out for a walk.

for 是一个并列连词，用来连接两个并列句，引导的句子是对前面一句话的内容的推测或补充说明。例如：It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet./The day has broken,for the birds are singing.(这两句中的for都不可换为because或as,since等。)

四、目的状语

引导词有so that,in order that,that,in case（免得，以防）。目的状语从句谓语常含有can/could/may/might/will/would等情态动词。例如：

He ran as fast as possible in order that he could catch the bus./Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.请明天再提醒我一下，以免我忘记。

五、方式（或比较）状语从句

引导词有as,as if,as though,than,as/so…as,the more…the more.例如：

Tom is not so/as tall as John./It looks as if it is going to rain./He runs faster than I.

注：as…as既可用于肯定句，又可用于否定句，so…as只能用于否定句。

六、结果状语从句

引导词有so…that,such…that,so that.例如：

1. He works so hard that he makes great progress in his studies.

2. Its such a difficult problem that nobody can work it out.

3. Theres not any noise here so that I feel very comfortable.

第3个例句中so that从句不是目的状语从句，从结构上看没有can,may等情态动词，从意思上看I feel very comfortalbe是Theres not any noise的结果．

七、条件状语从句

引导词有if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that,in case（如果）等，从句的时态用一般现在时（含现在完成时），一般过去时（含过去完成时）分别代替一般将来时和过去将来时。例如：

If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there./He said he would not go back home unless he had achieved a lot./Ill study so long as. Im alive./In case he come,let me know.如果他来的话，告诉我一声。

If 引导的条件句可以是真实性条件句，也可以是非真实性条件句（用于虚拟语气）

八、让步状语从句

引导词有though,although,even if,even though,as,whoever,whatever,

however,no matter＋what/who/when/…等。例如：

Though/Although he is ill,he still goes to school./She started her experiment,even though she had little money./Whatever you found,you must turn it in./However hard he worked,he hardly made any progress.

as 作“尽管”意时，一般将其句中的表语放在句首，例如：Young as he is,he knows a lot.＝Although he is young,he knows a lot.若表语为名词，冠词要省略，例如：

Child as/though he is,he has remembered a lot of English words.(此句中though不可换为although)

although或though不能与but同时出现在一个复合句中，但是“Although/Though…，(and)yet…”句式却是正确的。例如：

Although it is raining heavily,yet they are repairing the bridge.

状语从句考点分析

1.If you go to Xian,you will find the palaces there more magnificent than

commonly .(上海高考)

A.supposing B.supposed C.to suppose D.suppose

析：than后实际上是一个比较状语从句的省略式，其完整形式是than they are

commonly supposed.所以答案为B.

2.We wont give up we should fail ten times.(NMET)

A.even if B.since C.whether D.until

析：观察题干，空白处应填一表“即使”之意的词，故应选A.

3.－What was the party like?

－Wonderful.Its years I enjoyed myself so much.(NMET)

A.after B.when C.before D.since

析：答话者既然说“Wonderful”,那么后面的话必然是对此作进一步的补充说明，

只有选D项才能表达“我多年未曾这么开心过了”意思。注意这儿的since从

句中谓语动词enjoyed是延续动词，该句相当于I havent enjued myself so

much for years.

4.John plays football ,if not better than,David.(NMET)

A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as

析：if not better than是插入语，可将其撇开，这时空白处要填as well as才

能与David相连接，D项在此不可用(so…as只能用于否定句)。A、C两项皆少

as，故答案为B。

5.If we work with a strong will,we can overcome any difficulty, great it

is .(NMET)

A.what B.how C.however D.whatever

析：观察题目，可知空白处要填一词与great合表“无论多大”意。而however＝

no matter how,与great一起正好表此意，其余项都不能表这意思。故答案为

C。

6.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill,especially Father was

away in France.(NMET)

A.as B.that C.during D.if

析：首先可以排除C，因为during是介词，不能引导从句。B项that,D项if 都

不能引导原因状语，故只能选A、as表“因为”。

7.She thought I was talking about her daughter, ,in fact I was talking

about my danughter.

A．whom B．where C．which D．while

析：空白处需填一个表示转折对比的连词，while可表“而”、“却”意，故答案为D.

8. I admit his good points I can see his bad ones.

A.when B.as C.while D.before

析：若选A、B或D，admit应改为admitted，can应改为could,因为when,as

表示“当…的时候”before表“在…之前”，通常涉及过去某时发生的动作、情

况．此题选C，while在此不表“当…的时候”意，而表“虽然、尽管”意。全

句意思是“尽管我承认他的优点，我还是看到他的缺点”。

状语从句专练

1. I get to Pairs,Ill call you up at the airport.

A.Since B.While C.Once D.Altough

2. the headmaster comes, we wont discuss this plan.

A.Unless B.If not C.Except D.Whether

3.Bill must have been away from the office. how many times I phoned

him,nobody answered it.

A.Whatever B.No matter C.In spite of D.Though

4.I had been to Beijing long you visited it.

A.before B.till C.after D.when

5. ,he is good at drawing.

A.To be a child B.A child as he is

C.As a child D.Child as he is

6.Dont be discouraged you have fallen behind others.

A.whether B.as if C.even if D.however

7.We can get there on time the car doesnt break down.

A.while B.as long as C.so that D.even if

8.The vase on the left is than the one on the right,and not .

A.more nicer；so expensive B.much more better；as expensive

C.nicer；as expensive D.better；such expensive

9.It wasnt long he joined the job.

A.that B.before C.until D.and

10.These planes can fly than the old ones.

A.as fast three times B.three times as fast

C.three times fast D.three times faster

11. had the bell rung the students took their seats.

A.Hardly；when B.No sooner；when

C.Hardly；than D.No sooner；then

12. many times，but he still couldnt understand it.

A.Having been told B. Though had been told

C.He was told D.Having told

13. we have come,lets stay and enjoy it.

A.For B.As C.Because D.Since

14.Youd better do you are required.

A.like B.which C.that D.as

15. that none of us could follow him.

A.He spoke very fast B.So fast he spoke

C.Too fast he spoke D.So fast did he speak

16.Ill start early, it may be dark.

A.however B.whether C.if D.though

17. the baby fell asleep the room.

A.After；did the mother leave B.Not until；did the mother leave

C.Not until；the mother left D.Soon after；the mother had left

18. the day went on,the weather got worse.

A.With B.Since C.As D.While

19.He cant have gone out, the light is still on.

A.because B.since C.as D.for

20.I was walking along the river I heard a cry for help.

A.while B.since C.when D.as

21.We shouldnt do that dangerous experiment the teacher is with as.

A.if not B.if C.unless D.as long as

22.He has little education he is unable to find a job.

A.such；that B.so；and C.so；that D.such；and

23.The soldier was wounded， he pushed on.

A.for B.and C.so D.yet

24.The full letter reads follows.

A.like B.as C.that D.which

25.Will you go our motherland needs us most after graduation?

A.that B.where C.in which D.to the place which

26.This is a revision paper.When you do it,youd better make a mark you

have questions.

A.where B.the place C.as if D.since

27.Water power station are built big water falls.

A.where there are B.where there have

C.which has D.which are

28.I am sure Ill meet kind－hearted man I go.

A.where B.to the place where C.wherever D.the place

29.She is so good at playing table－tennis that she can hit the ball she

wants it to go.

A.the place where B.that C.in which D.where

30.It was his mother came in to prepare his lessons.

A.not until；did the boy begin B.until；that the boy began

C.until；did the boy begin D.not until；that the boy began

状语从句专练答案：

1－5 C A B A D 6－10 C B C B D 11－15 A C D D D

16－20 D B C D C 21－25 C C D B B 26－30 A A C D D

常用动词搭配（一）

△含break词组：

1.break away from 摆脱、逃掉、改掉、断绝来往。

例：The little boy broke away from his mother and ran away.

2.break down 损坏、身体衰弱。例：The car broke down.

3.break in 闯入、插嘴。vi.例：Dont break in when others are speaking.

4.break into 闯入、打断，突然开始。例：They broke into the house.

5.break out 爆发、发生。例：A quarrel broke out between them.

△含call词组：

1.call for 叫（某人），接（某人），要求、需要。

例：Ill call for you tomorrow morning.

2.call in 召集、召来。例：Wed better call in a doctor.

3.call on/upon 访问、探望（某人）、号召。例：I called on him yesterday.

4.call at 访问、探望（某处）。例：I hope to call at your office some day.

5.call up 给…打电话、使人想起。例：The picture calls up scenes of my childhood.

△含catch词组

1.catch/take/get hold of 握、抓住。例：He caught hold of the pigs ear.

2.catch sight of＝see 看到、发现。例：The little girl cried as soon as she

caught sight of her mother.

3.catch up with 赶上。 例：He tried to catch up with his classmates.

△含come词组

1.come along 一起来，来到、快点。例：Come along,or well be late.

2.come back 回来，恢复知觉、复活、被回忆起来。例：When he came back he found

himeself tied to a tree.

3.come down 下来，下降、跌价。例：I dont think the price of meat will come

down.

4.come in 进来。vi.

5.come on/upon 快点、赶快、进展、进行、偶遇。

6.come out 出来、出版。例：The magazine comes out weekly.

7.come to 到达、谈到、涉及、合计、总计。

8.come up 走过来、走近、长出、发芽。例：The seeds hasnt come up yet.

△cost，spend，pay，take

1.cost 句型：sth. cost money/time；sth.cost sb. time/money/劳力

2.spend句型：表“花费时”：sb.spend time/money on sth./(in/on)doing sth.

表“度过时”：sb.spend time 等＋介词＋场所、活动等。

例：We spent two hours in a pleasant talk yesterday.

3.pay句型：pay sb.(money),pay(money)for sth, pay sb.for sth,sb.is paid

词组：pay off 付清，pay back 归还、偿还、报答，pay attention to 注意

4.take句型：1)sth.takes time/money/energy

例：The journey will take two days.

2)sth.takes time/money/energy to do

例：The work took us three hours to finish.

3)It takes(sb.)time/money/energy to do sth.

take词组：

1)take…away.拿走、移动

2)take back 收回、撤消

3)take care of 照顾、注意

4)take down 记下、写下、取下

5)take off 脱去、起飞

6)take place 发生、举行

7)take up 提出，从事，占（时间、地点等）

例：take up a problem 提出一个问题， take up the struggle 从事斗争，

take up much room 占很多地方

8)take…out 取出、拿出

△含do 词组

1.do some cleaning/washing/shopping/…打扫卫生／洗东西／买东西／…

2.do ones lessons/homework 做功课／做作业

3.do wrong 做坏事、犯罪

4.do sb.good/harm/wrong/a favour＝do good/harm/wrong/a favour for sb.

对某人有益／有害／冤枉／帮忙

5.do away with 取消、废除

6.do ones best 尽力、努力

7.do well in 做得好，在…方面取得好成绩

8.do with 对付、处理，与…相处。例：He is difficult to do with.他很难处。

9.have sth.to do with 与…有关

10.do something/nothing 采取措施／未采取措施

8.状语从句巩固练习题 篇八

1. ________ we gave him something to eat, he would save it up for his little sister.

A. Whatever B. However

C. Whenever D. Whichever

2. Hard-working though he was, ________ there was never enough money to pay the bills.

A. / B. and

C. but D. therefore

3. Much hard ________ he tried，he flailed to catch up with the first runner.

A. although B. as

C. while D. when

4. I got in touch with Charles ________ I received his letter.

A. when immediately B. soon

C. immediately D. suddenly

5. We were just ________ calling you up ________ you came in.

A. about; when B. on the point of; while

C. on the point of; when D. on the point of; as

6. Most of his great novels and plays were not published or known to the public ________ his tragic (悲剧) death in 1786.

A. even before B. ever since