英文摘要注意事项

英文摘要注意事项（8篇）

1.英文摘要注意事项 篇一

摘要

温度是生产过程中常见和重要的物理参数。在日常生活和工业生产中，人们对温度测量的要求越来越高，主要表现在测量的精度、可靠性、稳定性等方面。温度的测量直接关系到产品的质量、生产效率以及生产安全等重大技术指标。同时，测温系统的成本和便携性也越来越受到人们的关注。传统的温度测量系统中，温度测量环节是由模拟温度传感器加上高性能的运放和A/D转换器构成，然后通过单片机进行控制，因而，所需的外围器件较多，硬件成本开销很大。基于片上可编程系统PSoC因在其芯片内部集成了丰富的模拟和数字模块，使一系列的控制任务大部分都可以在芯片内部完成，而且其可动态编程配置的功能，使其具有很高的灵活性，使得控制方便且生产成本比较低，所以在工业生产控制中得到了广泛的应用。本文设计了一种以Pt1000作为温度传感器，以可编程片上系统PSoC作为核心芯片，采用片内的模拟和数字IP核资源，利用Modbus协议进行上位机通信的温度测量系统。系统拟采用公司自主研发的温度采集器，集成为高密度温度采集系统，是针对高密度、高精度的监控，以及对于存在众多热电阻的场合设计的温度测量系统。

本文首先介绍了课题研究的背景和意义，并分析了当前温度测量技术和可编程片上系统PSoC的研究现状。以可编程片上系统芯片CY8C5868AXI-LP032作为系统核心，设计了硬件电路整体结构，系统分为四个子模块，温度采集模块、放大模块、A/D转换模块、通信模块。选取铂电阻Pt1000作为温度传感器，铂电阻采用三线制接法。温度信号输入电路采用独特的电桥电路测量技术，具有没有引线电阻影响，抗干扰能力强，电桥电路与测量电路完全隔离等优点。电桥电路中输出的模拟电压经过放大后，输入至AD转换器中变为数字信号，再由处理器换算出相应温度，在硬件电路设计中对各部分子电路进行了原理和功能的介绍，其中在对Δ-ΣADC配置时，根据系统要求对其分辨率、采样率进行相关参数配置。在系统硬件设计平台的基础上，使用PSoC Creator2.0集成开发环境进行了系统软件的设计，其中包括温度信号采集、AD值与温度值的转换、温度补偿、Modbus通信协议和信息帧格式等。设计中主要针对的是实际温度值获取、温度误差补偿的设计，其中采用的主要方法是分段线性化和线性标度变换相结合的方

法。为满足PSoC与计算机的通信加入了基于Modbus的通信协议，采用RS485接口标准来完成两者之间的数据发送和接收，在PSoC内部配置了全双工通信UART的各个参数，采用CRC循环冗余的校验方式。最后对系统进行调试，以测试工程的运行情况，首先使用PSoC的专用下载工具PSoC MiniProg对系统进行下载烧写接口调试，通过Visual Basic进行通信测试，然后通过电阻箱模拟铂电阻温度测试。最后对本文的的工作进行了总结，同时对其作出进一步展望。

关键词：温度检测；PSoC；

；通信PT1000 Modbus

Abstract

Temperature is a common and important physical parameter in the production process.In daily life and industrial production, people have become increasingly demanding of temperature measurement, mainly performances in the measurement accuracy, reliability, stability and so on.Temperature measurement is directly related to the major technical indicators such as product quality, production efficiency production safety.In the meanwhile, more and more attention is paid to the cost and portability of the temperature measurement system.In Conventional temperature measuring system, the unit of temperature measurement is composed of analog temperature sensor, a high performance amplifier, A/D converter and controlled by the Single-Chip Microcomputer, Therefore, it not only needs more peripheral device, but also the hardware cost is expensive.PSoC programmable system on a chip have integrated so many analog and digital blocks that plenty of control tasks can be completed in the chip, and the capability of programming configured dynamically make it more flexible, because of controlled easily and relatively low production costs, so it is widely used in industrial production control.This paper designs a temperature measurement system with PSoC programmable system on chip as the core, which use Pt1000 as temperature sensor, make use of the analog and digital IP core resources and communication with the host computer adopting the modbus protocol.The design uses the collector temperature produced by their company, integrated as a measurement collector system of high density.It aims at a high density and high precision monitor, and can be applied to the condition with a number of thermal resistors.First, this paper introduces the background and significance of the research, and analyzes the research status of the temperature measurement technology and the PSoC programmable system on chip.The hardware which uses the programmable system on chip-CY8C5868AXI-LP032 as the core of the system designs of the entire circuit configuration.There are four subsystems, including temperature acquisition module,amplifier module, A/D converter module, communication module.Select the Pt1000 platinum resistance using three-wire connection as temperature sensors.The signal input uses a unique bridge circuit as measurement technology which has its advantages in anti-jamming capability, the impact of lead resistance, the bridge and measuring circuit isolated completely.Analog voltage from the bridge circuit is amplified and converted into digital signal, then acquire corresponding temperature through the processor, and introduce the principle and function of each subsystem in the design of hardware circuit.According to system requirements, Δ-ΣADC is configured the relevant parameters, such as resolution, sampling rate.On the basis of the system hardware design platform, using PSoC Creator2.0 integrated software development environment for the design of the system, including the temperature signal acquisition, AD value and temperature value, temperature compensation, Modbus communication protocol and message frame format.Design is mainly aimed at the actual temperature acquisition, temperature error compensation, the main method of which combines the piecewise and linear scale transformation.To meet the communication with the computer, the communication protocol based on Modbus is joined in PSoC, adapting RS485 interface standards to complete the sending and receiving data between the two, and configuring each parameter of UART of full-duplex communication inside the PSoC, using CRC cyclic redundancy check.Finally, the system is tested to check the operation of the project.Firstly, using the special download tools, PSoC MiniProg to debug the download programming interfaces, visual basic is for communication test, then the resistance box simulate platinum resistance temperature test.Finally, summarizing the work of this paper, at the same time, the further prospects are made.Keywords: Temperature measure;PT1000;PSoC;Modbus communication

2.英文摘要注意事项 篇二

①英文摘要须在中文摘要修改的基础上进行撰写, 内容应与中文摘要一致。

②英文摘要应与中文摘要中的格式一致, 必须包括目的、方法、结果及结论四部分。

③英文摘要的文字应注意语法严密、准确, 符合英文科技语言的语法习惯。字母拼写正确无误, 大小写、正斜体、上下角标明确, 同时附3~5个关键词 (Key words) 。

④英文摘要中应尽量少用缩略语, 需要时, 必须在该缩略语第一次出现时注明全称。

3.文章英文摘要 篇三

Being More Open-minded, More Realistic and Less

Eager for Self-Proclaimed Schools:A Speech at the

2008 China Opera Forum

Iput forward three sentences to encourage the work of the newly founded China Opera Society. First is to be more open-minded. Chinese opera has transformed from the ″Unitary Era″ to the ″Pluralistic Era″ since the opening up and reforms. Since the name of our organization is called ″China″ Opera Society, thus the society should belong to the whole nation, and should be a non-governmental academic organization for the sake of all the Chinese opera artists. It is therefore necessary to recognize in this present age of pluralism the pluralistic orientation of opera concepts, opera thoughts, opera tastes, opera styles and opera forms, with more open-minded outlook covering all the opera workers with various ideas and opinions, so as to truly unite them all and bring their enthusiasm and originality into full play. Such a society would become a home for everyone, where one would work under its direction. Otherwise, a less open-minded society would only unite few artists.

Second is to be more realistic, i.e., to do those more important things that the society is capable of doing. What should we do then? Today＇s forum is one example. Its purpose is to discuss in very serious manners what achievements have been made for Chinese operas, what other issues we should deal with, what their origins are, and how to deal with them, etc. This is what we call ″being realistic″. Such academic discussions should never be despised as they are of great value to the development of opera art.

Under the current difficult situation for Chinese opera where many of the opera houses are turning into enterprises, various issues arise, such as how to transform the opera theatres, what benefits such transformation would bring to the growth of opera production. In my opinion, the aim of such reforms is nothing but as follows: 1) to produce more operas of higher level. Once the reforms succeed, I＇m sure there will be more good productions. 2) to bring up more opera talents through reforms, such as outstanding playwrights, composers, actors and directors; 3) to improve the living and working conditions of opera workers. The success of the reforms depends wholly on these three elements. If after the reforms the workers＇ salary is reduced, no good productions are created, or good talents are leaving because of less interest in opera, then such a reform is by no means successful.

The third sentence is to be less eager for self-proclaimed schools. In the process of preparing for the 2008 China Opera Forum, I heard that someone wanted to write an ″Opera Proclamation″ and proposed the idea of ″Chinese opera school″, to which I expressed my disagreement then.

Do we need the so-called ″Chinese opera school″? I said yes, but not now. Chinese opera artists should have such an ambition, but it is still too early to proclaim it as the condition is not yet ripe for claiming such a school or trend whether in terms of the objective condition that restricts the opera development in China or the subjective condition that is related to opera artists themselves.

We can not proclaim ourselves the ″Chinese opera school″, but rather, it should be an honour offered to you by others or later generations for your achievements as it is supposed to be a scientific conclusion or recognition of any contribution by the Chinese opera art in the history of world opera. Only when we have produced outstanding operatic works of high artistic level with truly Chinese geographic and ethnic characteristics and with representation of the modern times, and when our works are not only welcomed by Chinese audience, but also enjoyed and admired by our foreign counterparts and audience in all different countries, can we say that our ″Chinese opera school″ matures and can be referred to as such by our foreign colleagues, just like the Russian school of music.

A Music Critic Should Be a Good Finder of

Better Music

The first point is, in my view, that a music critic must have a correct criterion of value assessment for such a music form as symphony. Here lies the issue of how to define symphony. In the first place, I think the concept of ″symphony″ should be divided into two aspects： the ″broad″ sense and the ″narrow″ sense of symphony. In the broad sense, all the music performed bya orchestra or symphony orchestra can be called symphony. Just as what we can hear in some of our symphony promotion events, Johann Strauss＇s works such as his waltzes occupy an important position in the genre. And to me, the authentic works of great importance in the field of symphony should be those ″symphonic″ music pieces of great importance, just like symphonies of Beethoven, Shostakovich or Mahler, rather than those small pieces or light music pieces performed by orchestra bands.

The second point is that a music critic must have a high level of professionalism. Criticism on symphony composition differs from media promotions or deliberate sensationalization. It ought to be true words of the professionals with high-level expertise and serious research. Any criticism by laymen may mislead the readers, and therefore would never hold water.

As known to all, symphony composing requires extremely high-level expertise, and it is still developing further with the change of the times. Critics, and, in particular, young scholars dedicated to music criticism, must keep learning professional knowledge before being able to deal with those technically new compositions. Without sufficient knowledge of the new stuff, your writings would fail to get to the point. As composition techniques can be infinite, one should never blame those seemingly strange new techniques as a kind of show-off. It is certainly wrong to show off one＇s techniques as it is commonly seen in some of the modern music works which are often regarded as rubbish stuff, but even in some of the traditional music pieces or those composed in the traditional ways, one may find the same kind of rubbish works in large quantity with much emptiness. Among the traditional music pieces, only a few can remain as classics over the ages. Modern techniques are emerging with the change of the times. However, any exploration into new styles and new techniques is bound to be experimental or even risky, usually aimed at new content and means of expression, and therefore should not be denied at easy disposal. Technique is innocent, and thus should not be blamed. It is definitely deemed to develop as the times go.

The third point is that, if popularization of symphonic music is our great ideal, criticism is then the very bridge linking the profound and beautiful symphony with the general public. For many lovers of symphony, it is only after having read wonderful comments that their interest in symphony is aroused and that, under the guidance of the criticism, they enter the concert halls to enjoy the symphonic music. Taking Beethoven as an example, many people learn about Beethoven and his music from books or talks by critics before they go to listen to his music. In this sense, persuasive criticism on symphony may produce great influence on the public. Symphony critics should play an important role in the divine work of popularizing symphony among the public. Here I want to stress that for criticism, professionalism and popularization are two aspects complementary to each other. Criticism for the purpose of popularization should no doubt be easily accessible to the public, but it must be based on accurate academic orientation, or in other words, it should be both professionally profound and easily accessible to the reader. On the other hand, if it lacks academic ″profoundness″, criticism aimed only at simple understanding and popularization may sometimes be misleading as a result.

4.中英文摘要 篇四

作者姓名：段小洁

论文题目：单壁碳纳米管的AFM操纵、形变及相关拉曼光谱研究

作者简介：段小洁，女，1980年2月出生，2002年9月师从于北京大学刘忠范教授，于2007年7月获博士学位。

中文摘要

对形变碳纳米管（CNTs）的研究，包括研究其在应力存在下的结构演化、应力对其各种光电性质及电子能带结构的影响等，不仅对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，还对相关理论的发展有巨大推动作用。本论文发展了对表面上单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）的原子力显微术（AFM）可控操纵方法，基于此AFM可控操纵，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为，以及SWNTs在扭转和拉伸两种形变下的共振Raman光谱特征。主要成果包括：

1.发展了对表面上SWNT的AFM可控操纵方法；

通过对操纵过程中针尖运动路径的合理设置、SWNT上操纵位置和针尖下压距离的选择，可以向SWNT中引入各种类型的应力。SWNT中产生的应力由其和基底间的相互作用力保持。发展了基于Si的AFM氧化的SWNT纳米焊接术，以增加AFM操纵的可控性。当对表面有SWNT的基底Si进行AFM氧化时，新生成的SiOx会对SWNT进行包覆，从而可以将SWNT在氧化点有

效的固定到基底表面。而且SWNT的存在会对Si基底的AFM氧化有明显的增强作用，相同条件下，表面有SWNT的Si氧化后产生的SiOx，比没有SWNT时更多，这种增强作用有利于对

SWNT的焊接固定。焊接的强度可以通过改变氧化偏压、针尖运动速率（氧化时间）等进行调节，提高氧化偏压、降低针尖移动速率有利于增强纳米焊接的强度。空气中热氧化实验和拉曼光谱的表征均证明，此焊接过程对SWNT的化学结构无明显影响。在某些点对SWNT进行焊接固定后，AFM操纵引入的形变的大小和分布可以被有效地控制，从而大大增加AFM操纵的可控性。

采用更强的AFM氧化条件，可以实现SWNT和Si的同时氧化，从而可以在任意位点对SWNT进行切割。结合AFM纳米切割、焊接和操纵等操作，可以构筑各种复杂形状的SWNTs，体现

了AFM作为纳米工具箱的作用。

2.研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为；

通过选择合适的操纵位点、被操纵的CNT片段长度、操纵路径并优化针尖下压距离，可以严格控制弯曲CNT的角度，这样通过AFM操纵对同一CNT的可控弯曲，获得了一系列弯曲角度逐渐增大的CNT。CNT被操纵以后，与基底相互作用力会有明显减小，这使得CNT的有效弯曲区域，位于与基底只有vdW相互作用的被操纵部分，在AFM表征下表现为固定部分和被操纵部分的交点。有效弯曲部分与基底间仅有vdW相互作用，其长度在整个弯曲过程中几乎保持不变。

通过记录弯曲“点”在弯曲角度逐渐增大过程中的高度变化，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的结构演化和屈曲行为。发现不同CNTs在弯曲过程中，表现出“突变”和“渐变”两种屈曲模式，分别对应于弯曲“点”高度的突跃、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的直接转化，和弯曲“点”高度的逐渐增大、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的逐渐转化。“渐变”屈曲导致一系列屈曲过渡态的出现。“突变”多发生于小直径管，而“渐变”更常见于大直径管。通过对CNTs的层数和厚度等的估算，发现一般情况下，“渐变”屈曲模式的CNTs比“突变”模式的CNTs具有更大的厚度直径比。对“突变”屈曲模式的CNTs，临界屈曲角度随CNTs直径的增大而减小。

分子动力学模拟发现，（1）所研究的CNTs中，SWNTs均为“突变”屈曲模式，而双壁和三壁管均采取“渐变”屈曲模式；（2）“渐变”屈曲过程对应弯曲角度逐渐增大时，多壁管从最外层到最内层的逐渐屈曲，和各管层屈曲程度的逐渐增加，这是由其多层结构导致的各层壁屈曲行为的不同步，和管壁间vdW相互作用对屈曲的阻碍造成的，这说明MWNTs的多层结构是导致其“渐变”屈曲的主要原因；（3）基底的vdW相互作用对CNTs的屈曲行为没有明显影响。从导致两种屈曲模式的机理考虑，除直径外，CNTs的层数对其屈曲行为也有重要影响，这预示了在CNTs的力学性质中，存在不同于传统尺寸效应的双尺寸效应，即直径和层数共同决定CNTs力学行为。

本工作利用AFM可控操纵，在实验上几乎全程观察了CNTs在弯曲过程中的结构演化和屈曲形成过程，其所揭示的两种屈曲模式的形成规律，不仅对大量存在的CNTs形变的理论工作提供了支持和参考，一定程度上填补了实验上的空白，还对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，3.研究了扭转和拉伸形变下单根SWNTs的共振Raman光谱行为；

AFM操纵可以向超长SWNT中同时引入扭转和拉伸应力，由于拉伸形变比扭转形变的传输距离更远，在操纵点附近扭转和拉伸两种形变同时存在，距离操纵点较远的区域，只有纯拉

伸形变存在。扭转形变的产生证明了SWNT在AFM操纵下滚动的发生。

扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs拉曼模振动频率的变化。研究发现：（1）扭转形变下，RBM变大，位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模振动频率发生较大的红移，而其他在1590 cm-1～1560

cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生轻微的蓝移，振动频率发生红移的G模的位移量，一般远远大于发生蓝移的G模的位移量；（2）拉伸形变下，RBM和G+(E2(g))模振动频率不变，而在1590 cm-1～

1560 cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生明显的红移。（3）不同Raman活性模对形变的敏感度不同，扭转形变下，RBM、位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模比其他G模更敏感，而在拉伸形变下，其他G模却具有更高的敏感度。这与形变导致的发生变化的C-C键是否与各模的原子位移模式相关联有关；（4）通过对SWNTs中形变量大小和Raman频率对形变变化率d/d地计算，发现RBM振动频率对扭转形变的变化率d(RBM)/dt，随SWNTs手性角的增大几乎线性增大。

某些SWNTs中，扭转形变导致的对称性破缺还会导致Raman模的分裂或新模的出现。按照预测，这种分裂或新模的出现最可能发生在锯齿形和椅形SWNTs中。扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs共振拉曼振动模强度的变化，这体现了形变对SWNTs电子跃迁能Eii的影响。根据

共振拉曼理论和RBM峰的IAS/IS，可以计算扭转和拉伸形变对Eii影响的方向和大小。

应力对SWNTs共振Raman光谱的影响一直是人们关注的重要问题，本工作首次在实验上研究了扭转形变下SWNTs共振Raman振动频率和强度的变化。利用AFM操纵在单根SWNTs水平上的研究，可以排除不同直径和手性带来的平均效应，从而有利于揭示SWNTs的本征性质。对拉伸和扭转形变在同根SWNT中的比较，也为理解不同应力对SWNTs拉曼影响的不同提供了有利条件。

4.AFM操纵引入的应力沿SWNT管轴分布的分析和调控，及SWNTs相关力学性质的比较；分析了超长SWNT中，AFM操纵引入的应力的传输和分布，由于SWNT与基底间摩擦力的存在和AFM操纵后应力的部分驰豫，扭转和拉伸应力沿SWNT管轴都呈“”形分布，应力分布的各特征量，如应力的最远传输距离、最大应力点的位置和最大应力值、应力线性分布的斜率等，决定于AFM针尖施加到SWNT的力的大小、SWNT的剪切模量或弹性模量、以及SWNT与基底间摩擦力的大小；通过控制AFM操纵和采用图案化基底，对SWNT中应力的大小及分布进行了调控；通过比较不同SWNTs的应力分布特征量，在单根SWNT水平上，研究比较了它们的各力学参量，如剪切模量、杨氏模量，以及与基底间摩擦力的相对大小。各力学参量对SWNTs的直径无单调关系，说明了SWNTs手性对力学性质的影响。

关键词：单壁碳纳米管，AFM操纵与加工，形变，屈曲，共振拉曼光谱

AFM Manipulation, Deformation and Related Raman Spectroscopy of

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Duan Xiaojie

ABSTRACT

The study on deformed carbon nanotubes(CNTs), including the study of their structure evolution and properties change under strain, is important not only for the application of CNTs in composite materials, strain sensors, nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices, but also for the development of related theory.In this thesis, we have developed controlled atomic force microscopy(AFM)manipulation techniques for single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)on surfaces.Using this controlled AFM manipulation, the buckling behavior of CNTs under bending, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial strains, have been studied.The main results are listed as followings:

1.Controlled AFM manipulation techniques for SWNTs on surfaces have been developed By defining proper tip path, manipulation position on SWNT, and choosing optimal tip pressing distance, different kinds of deformation can be induced into SWNT.The deformation is stabilized by the interaction between SWNTs and substrate.To get controlled AFM manipulation, a new kind of nanofabrication---nano-welding has been invented based on the AFM oxidation of Si substrate.When the Si substrate with SWNT on top of it is oxidized by the AFM tip, the newly formed SiOx will grow around the tube, effectively fixing that site of SWNT onto the Si substrate.The existence of SWNT can enhance the oxidation of Si.With same oxidation condition, more SiOx can be produced with the presence of SWNT than the case where there is no SWNT.This is helpful for the fixing.The intensity of the welding can be modulated by changing the oxidation voltage and the tip moving speed.With higher voltage and slower tip moving, stronger welding can be obtained.From the thermal oxidation of SWNTs in air and the Raman characterization, it was found that this nano-welding has no obvious influence on the chemical structure of SWNTs.Together with this nano-welding, the magnitude and distribution of strain induced into SWNT by AFM manipulation can be well controlled.Both SWNT and Si can be oxidized when using stronger oxidation condition(much higher voltage and lower tip moving speed), thus the SWNT can be cut at well defined position.Combining this AFM cutting, nano-welding and manipulation, complex SWNT-based structures can be constructed, proved the function of AFM as a nano-toolbox.2.The buckling behavior of CNTs under bending has been studied

By choosing proper manipulation site on SWNT, the length of the fragment which is being manipulated, manipulation path, and optimal tip pressing distance, the angle can be well controlled when SWNT is bent by AFM manipulation.Based on this controlled bent of CNT by AFM manipulation, A CNT with a series of different bending angles has been obtained.The interaction between manipulated SWNT fragment and substrate is largely decreased after the manipulation.And the effective bending region is located at the fragment where Only vdW interaction exists between it and the substrate.It appears as the cross point between the fixed SWNT part and

manipulated SWNT part in the AFM image.Only vdW force exists between the effective bending region and substrate, and its length keeps constant when changing the bending angle.Through recording the height change at the effective bending region when changing the bending angle gradually, The structural evolution and buckling behavior has been investigated under the bending.Two distinct „abrupt‟ and „gradual‟ buckling modes have been revealed in different CNTs.For the „abrupt‟ buckling mode, the height of the bending „point‟ has a sudden increase, and an abrupt transition from the uniform bending to buckling happens.While the „gradual‟ mode corresponds to a gradual increase of the height at the bending „point‟, with a gradual transition from uniform bending to buckling.The „gradual‟ buckling results in a series of buckling intermediate formation.„Abrupt‟ buckling mode is mostly found for small diameter CNTs, while for large diameter CNTs, the „gradual‟ mode is more common.Through the estimation of the wall numbers and thickness of CNTs, it was found that the CNTs with „abrupt‟ buckling mode has smaller thickness diameter ratio than the CNTs with „gradual‟ buckling mode.The critical buckling angle decreases with the increase of CNT diameter for the „abrupt‟ buckling mode.The buckling behavior has also been investigated by molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.It was found:(1)for all the CNTs studied, the SWNTs have “abrupt” buckling mode, and double and three walled CNTs take “gradual” buckling modes;(2)the “gradual” buckling corresponded to the process that different tube walls of MWNTs buckled at different bending stages, and the buckling degree of individual tube walls gradually increased along with the bending strain increase.This is caused by the unsynchronization of the buckling for different walls caused by the multi-shell character, and the retarding of buckling by the inter-wall vdW force.The study on the formation of the two buckling modes found that the multi-shell structure of MWNTs accounts for the “gradual” buckling modes;(3)The MD studies also proved that the vdW interaction with substrate has no remarkable effect on CNTs buckling behavior.The study on the buckling mechanism suggests that except for the diameter, the wall number also determines the buckling behavior.This means for the mechanical properties of CNTs, a special “dual-size” effect may exists, that is, both the size and the thickness determine the CNTs mechanical behavior.By using controlled AFM manipulation, the work here observed the structural evolution and buckling formation almost in the whole bending process.The founding about the two buckling modes, not only provides support and reference for the relevant theoretical study, fills the gap between theory and experiment, but also is important for the application of CNTs in composite materials, nanoelectronics and NEMs, and strain sensors.3.The resonance Raman spectroscopy of individual SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial

strain has been investigated

The AFM manipulation can induce both torsional and uniaxial strains into the ultra-long straight SWNTs.Because the longer propagation distance of uniaxial strain than the torsional strain, only pure uniaxial strain exists at region far from the manipulation point.While at region close to the manipulation sites, both the two strains happen.The formation of torsional strain suggested the rolling of SWNT under the present AFM manipulation.Both uniaxial and torsional strain can change the Raman vibrational frequency.It was found that:

(1)the RBM and G-band spectra responded differently to the two types of strains.Under torsional strain, RBM frequency RBM was found to upshift and one of the modes assigned to E2 symmetry in the G+ band, which occurs at ~1600 cm-1(G+(E2(g))), downshifted significantly, whereas the rest G

modes located in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are slightly upshifted.The redshift of the(G+(E2(g)), ismuch larger that the buleshift of other G modes;(2)Under uniaxial strain, RBM and G+(E2(g))do not have noticeable response and the rest of the G modes in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are downshifted.(3)Different Raman modes have different sensitivity to both strains.RBM and G+(E2(g))is more sensitive to torsion than other G modes.Whereas under uniaxial strain, other G modes have larger sensitivity than RBM and G+(E2(g)).This is related to the correlation between the C-C bond change and the atom vibrational displacement of different modes;(4)The

calculation on the strain magnitude and frequency shift of Raman modes per strains d/d found that, under torsional strain, d(RBM)/dt nearly linearly increased along with the increase of the tube chirality angle.G-band was found to split into multiple sub-bands in some cases, presumably due to broken symmetry induced by torsion.This splitting is most likely found in zig-zag and armchair SWNTs.Both the uniaxial and torsional strains can change the intensity of resonant Raman peaks.This is originated from the influence of strains on electronic tranision energy Eii.From this change, the

modulation direction and magnitude of strains on the electronic transition energy of SWNTs can be calculated.The influence of strain on the resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs has drawn much attention recently.The work here firstly experimentally studied the torsional strain effect on resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs.And the study in the single SWNT scale by AFM manipulation can exclude the average effect originated from different diameter and chiraligy.This helps to reveal the intrinsic property of SWNts.The comparison of uniaxial and torsional strain for same SWNT, also benefit the understanding of the influence of different strains on SWNTs.4.The analysis and modulation of strain distribution along SWNTs axis, and the comparison

of related mechanical parameters of different SWNTs

5.英文论文摘要 篇五

法律论文摘要英文翻译

商业特许经营“冷静期”条款之法律探析

Legal Research on the“Cooling off Clause” in Commercial Franchise

标题中，分析通常说“Analysis of”, 研究则说“Researchon”或者“Study on。标题尽量不要使用动词短语，更不能使用疑问句!要尽量将其名词化。

摘 要

Abstract

固定说法，只有这一个

国务院颁布施行的《商业特许经营管理特许条例》(以下称“《特许条例》”)第十二条规定，特许人和被特许人应当在特许经营合同中约定，被特许人在特许经营合同订立后一定期限内，可以单方解除合同。

The Regulation onthe Administration of Commercial Franchises (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulation”)was promulgated by the State Council in . Article 12 of the Regulation regulates “The franchiser and thefranchisee shall stipulate in the franchise contract that the franchisee mayunilaterally rescind the contract within a certain term after the franchisecontract has been concluded.”

首先要学会断句。汉语常用长句，将意义整合于一体，一句话表达很多意思。英语则首先强调逻辑和意思清晰，如果说不清楚，则一句话表达一个意思。如上例。

此处，生词不再一一解释，感兴趣者可以自学，但建议学会“以下简称”的正确说法。

学界将这一条款称为“冷静期”条款，即在特许经营合同订立后赋予被特许人在一定期限内享有单方面解除合同的权利，这是冷静期制度在我国商业特许经营领域的首次立法尝试，亦是参考了国外关于冷静期的立法例。

This article is generally called the “Cooling off Clause” inthe law research field, which means after the binding of the franchisecontract, the franchisee shall be entitled to dissolve the contractunilaterally in a certain period. This is the first legislative establishmentof “Cooling off Rules” in domestic commercial franchises domain. It is also ademonstration of referencing international legislations in commercialfranchises.

此处译者不完全赞同原作者的陈述。因为个人感觉此处陈述是对前述的重复。

但为保证摘要顺利翻译，和帮助作者实现摘要目的，译者需要站在作者角度，“替作者发声”，对本句进行必要的阐述。

同样，此句汉语过长，需要进行内容上的断句。同时译者需要对汉语句中的主要信息做出准确判断，将其归入英语句中的主句，而将次要信息归入从句及附加成分中。

该用被动语态的.地方一定要用。不要全文主动语态到底。

另外，关于新生术语，需要进行准确定义。因为大多新生法律术语，均源自美国，故需要从英文法律网站中进行查找。此处推荐搜索引擎bing.com和北大法宝。

该条款体现了对处于相对弱势地位的被特许人利益倾斜性的立法保护，以实现特许经营双方缔约能力上的实质平衡，达到追求契约实质公平的民法原则。

This clause offers a legislative protection on thefranchisee in the weak position and the interest balance in order to maintainthe substantive balance between the two parties in the contract and achieve thefundamental principle of equality in civil law.

翻译时不必完全字对字直译，如“体现”不一定就要说“reflect”。只要意思表达准确，到位，就不一定要拘泥于字对字。

然而该冷静期条款在司法实践中却出现了认定标准不统一，权利性质无法界定，法官裁量不一等问题，从而引发适用上的混乱。

In the legal practice, however, an inconformity of the regulation has appeared,such as, the inconsistent standards, the unjustifiable definition of therights, and judges` subjectivediscretion etc.

真的高手，不总是以“however”开头，原因不解释。

列举时“such as… ”开头，“etc.”结尾。

本文将从阐述冷静期的概念及国外相关的法律规定开始，剖析《特许条例》第十二条的立法意图与理论基础，着重分析被特许人单方面合同解除权的权利性质、行使方式、行使的法律后果、滥用合同解除权的限制，排除约定和没有约定单方面合同解除权的应如何处理等问题，从法学理论的角度全面、深度地阐述冷静期制度。

This paper first introduces the concept of Cooling off Rules and therelevant regulations in the world. By analyzing the theoretical foundation andlegislation intent of the Cooling off Clause (Article 12) in China, the nature of therights of unilaterally rescinding the contract by the franchisee, the means andconsequences of such performance, the restrictions of the abuse of the right torescind the contract, the exclusion agreement and the non-consensus on the ofunilaterally contract rescinding are respectively and thoroughly discussed inthe paper from the perspectives of legal theories.

此处同上，注意术语翻译的准确性。

借鉴国外关于冷静期制度的立法经验，尤其是澳大利亚在特许经营领域的法律规定，针对界定被特许人单方解约权之性质及行使方式，科学规定“冷静期”长短及起算点，明确“冷静期”期限及法律后果，设置防止权利滥用之条款等内容进行体系化的一整套制度设计，提出完善我国商业特许经营领域冷静期立法的设想，使其更加科学、合理，更具司法操作性，促进我国商业特许经营的健康发展。

The author suggests exploiting the legislative experience in the world onthe Cooling off Rules, especially the successful legal practice inAustralia. The nature and means of the right of the unilaterally contractrescinding should be seriously stipulated. A reasonable calculation of thelength of “Cooling-off” period, the statute of limitations, and the legalconsequences should be regulated clearly and confirmatively. A set ofregulation designs to prevent from the abuse of the Clause should also besystematically built. The author also offers some possible improvements on thisfield with the intention of upgrading its practicality and advancing thewell-rounded development of domestic commercial franchises.

此汉语长句，共有8个逗号，这在英语中几乎是无法想象，因此译者必须进行按意义进行断句，故英语分成5句处理。

第一句汉语以“借鉴……”开头，属于无主句，没有主语的句子，这在英语中绝对不能接受，故在翻译时要加上主语“the author suggests……”。

同时注意主被动语态的合理运用。提示：被动语态是处理无主句的好办法。

最后一句还是无主句，依上例进行处理。

关键词 商业特许经营，冷静期，合同解除，契约自由，实质公平

Key Words: commercial franchise, cool off period, contract rescinding,freedom of contract, substantive equality

关键词，建议采用较为正式的说法“Key Words”，同时个数不要超过五个。

随附：作为一名合格的译者，不能只给出单语版，而应出具双语版和目的语单语版，以供客户进行proof reading。同时，最好给出参考链接，著名翻译的出处和参考理由，以供客户进行鉴定。

参考链接

Regulation on the Administration of Commercial Franchises[Effective]

商业特许经营管理条例 [现行有效]

en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=5873&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c9%cc%d2%b5%cc%d8%d0%ed%be%ad%d3%aa%b9%dc%c0%ed%cc%f5%c0%fd

FindLaw.com Cancelinga Sale: The Cooling-Off Period

consumer.findlaw.com/consumer-transactions/canceling-a-sale-the-cooling-off-period.html

百度百科

baike.baidu.com/link?url=73B-HocyY7nvN0z1nxrBdZKACJR1hi9NmHMDxEDeZ3hJ-F1zHu0Fp4HYSacuc15IDt6LSECoQg1I6E5w5bOB-K

博士论文英文摘要

THE AGENDA SETTING OF USER GENERATD CONTENT (UGC) IN SELECTED POPULAR SOCIAL MEDIE

abstract

Nowadays, Agenda setting of social media (China Sina Weibo)influences the publicopinion in China. The aimd of this research is to rivse the classical theory of agenda-setting under new media (UGC) context.The apply research focuses on current new situation of China UGC in reality (China view and international view).This thesis (done through virtual observation fieldwork and other aiding

methods) proposes a hypothesis of agenda setting of User Generated Content (UGC)

of social media is determined entirely by the public through two stages: individual

posting and the number of forwarding (N times). It revises the classic agenda setting

theory in a new context of social media. It is a theoretical and methodological breakthrough for social media study. In addition, the application of second levelagenda setting of this study uses framing comparative analysis on the UGC agenda in

Malaysia and China using Mandarin language regarding flood event. The findings show not only China but Malaysia UGC are also different from traditional media

6.英文摘要的论文 篇六

Thus, we can not blindly consume a large amount of capital to maintain or improve its quality and yield. This paper makes an attempt to explores and optimize the development of the titanium industry, through inside and outside observation and association. In this paper, flotation tests are conducted to compare the original pulp titanium ore with Polyacrylamide and that without on the concentrate grade yield of titanium concentrates.

In this process, the consumption of drugs, the recovery rate of , equipment utilization, the amount and cost of polyacrylamide (PAM) are all considered to determine whether it is a ptimization program to add Polyacrylamide to the original flotation pulp of titanium ore.

Finally, we reach a conclusion through relevant data .In the experimental process, in principle,

we do not change the original flotation process and the relevant parameters.

7.关于中英文摘要的书写要求 篇七

摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论的解释, 简明确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有自明性和独立性, 并拥有与一次文献同等量的主要信息。即不阅读全文就能获得必要的信息。通常中文摘要以不超过400字为宜。应以第三人称的语气书写。不要使用“本文”、“作者”、“我们”等作为陈述的主语。

摘要一律采用四要素式, 即: (1) 目的 (objective) :简要说明研究的目的, 说明提出问题的缘由, 表明研究的范围和重要性。 (2) 方法 (methods) :简要说明研究课题的基本设计, 使用了什么材料和方法, 如何分组对照, 研究范围及精确程度, 数据是如何取得的, 经何种统计学方法处理。 (3) 结果 (results) :简要列出研究主要结果和数据, 有什么新发现, 说明其价值及局限。叙述要具体、准确。并需给出结果的置信值、统计学显著性检验的确切值。 (4) 结论 (conclusion) :简要说明经验证、论证取得的正确观点其理论价值或应用价值, 是否可推荐或推广等。英文摘要的内容与中文摘要的内容大体相一致, 英文摘要四要素的小标题应根据实际情况确定单复数。

在英文摘要内容前仍需附英文文题、作者单位 (包括邮政编码) 及作者姓名。中、英文摘要具体书写格式同前。敬请广大读者、作者周知, 并遵照此要求投稿, 力求杂志更加规范化、标准化。

8.英文摘要 篇八

Education Institutions

Xie Xiaoshan and Zhu Zulin

Using the research instruments of questionnaire survey， interview and literature review， this study set out to analyze factors influencing blended teaching quality at higher education institutions. In light of the findings in relation to teacher， student， teaching support system， teaching outcomes and its evaluation， specific measures are discussed with the aim of maximizing the positive impacts of these factors and minimizing their adverse effects on blended teaching quality.

Keywords： higher education institution； blended teaching； teaching quality； influencing factors

A New Approach to Distance Education for Corporate

Training： A Case Study

Li Wenfei

With the advancement and popularization of information technology （IT） and network technology， IT-mediated professional training is in increasing demand. As a provider of corporate training in Guangzhou， South China， Guangzhou Radio and Television University （GZRTVU） has offered IT-mediated training since 2010. GZRTVU provides its training courses via a specially-designed website in an attempt to develop a new approach to distance education for corporate training， including learning support， learning resources development and learning management. It is found that the sustainability of distance education for corporate training depends on whether the training courses can cater both for corporate requirements and employees’ learning needs.

Keywords： distance education； corporate training； IT-based training

An Analysis of the Guiding Principles of Modern Community Education

Wang Hong and Yang Dong

Guiding principles for community education come from community education practice. Informed by the development of community education in Shanghai， it is argued that there is a close non-linear relationship between community education and external factors such as economic development， social construction and educational development and that key issues influencing community education include such internal factors as demands， leadership， specialized institution， staff， learning resources， informatization， and socialization.

Keywords： community education； development； guiding principle

e2M2：An Assessment Tool for E-education Informatization

Based on Maturity Model

Li Qing， Wang Yu， Gou Xuerong， and Liu Hongpei

Despite the rapid progress of e-learning in higher education， a scientific system to evaluate the informatization of education institutions is yet to be developed. This article presents an assessment tool based on maturity model. The development of such a tool is informed by the survey results of education informatization at 12 online education schools and feedback from expert reviews.

Keywords： education informatization； assessment index； online education； maturity

Creating a Virtual Learning Community for Normal University

Students and In-service Teachers

Zhao Chengling， He Qing， Wan Liyong and Liao Weiwei

This article reports on an attempt to establish a virtual learning community for normal university students and in-service teachers so that the two cohorts could learn from each other to improve their competence in educational technology. It first analyzes the status quo of educational technology training for normal university students before proposing a model for these students and in-service teachers to form a virtual learning community. It then elaborates on the possible benefits that such a virtual learning community may bring about. Findings from a case study， covering interview feedback， participation， and social networking， serve as empirical evidence of the feasibility of such a community. Suggestions are discussed in relation to the establishment and development of virtual learning communities of this kind.

Keywords： educational technology competence； normal university student； in-service teacher； membership heterogeneity； virtual learning community

The Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process in

Web-enhance Course Evaluation

Wang Yajie

The theory of analytical hierarchy process （AHP） is used in the study to construct the evaluation system of Web-enhanced course. The relative indexes on Web-based course effect are studied and the hierarchy model is established. MeanWhile， the different evaluations of experts are treated seriously in building the matrix based on the comparative of every two factors at different levels. The Weights of these factors in the Whole evaluation system of Web-enhanced course are get through processing data of matrix. The implementation in Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture shows that the Web-enhanced course evaluation system is objective and scientific.