英语四级13年12月真题

英语四级13年12月真题（8篇）

1.英语四级13年12月真题 篇一

Part I Writing

A 【标准版】

Man and Computer

Ever since the birth of it, the computer has largely changed human being’s life and there has been a hot debate about its effects on humans.Undeniably, computers have taken the place of humans in many areas and it seems that computers begin to think like man, but this does not necessarily lead to the danger that man will think like computers.The reasons, in my opinion, are as follows.Firstly, when computers release human from repetitive tasks, humans themselves can spend more time on creative works, such as scientific research, which require imagination and

cannot be completed by computers.Meanwhile, thanks to computers, humans get more spare time with their friends and family, which enhances their happiness.Moreover, even though computers can work automatically, the

premise is that the program, which is written by humans, has been installed in it.In conclusion, humans, unlike computers, have creative ability, emotional

desires and social bounds.Thus, I don’t think that there will be the danger that man will begin to think like the computer.【高分版】

Man and Computer

It is believed that the computer is bringing the world into a brand new era.At the time the computer was invented, scientists, marveling at its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle.Nowadays, the function of the

computer is no longer confined to calculation;it permeates people’s daily lives and has become an inseparable part of human society.People become so heavily dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine the life without computers.Therefore, some people are worried that “The real

danger is not that the computer will think like man, but man will think like the computer.” Their concern does make sense.Indeed, some people spend such a

long time working on computers that they have few interactions with people in real life.According to a research, too many hours in front of a computer may lead to a poker face and interpersonal isolation.This fact should arouse our attention, because unlike computers, human beings are social creatures that need emotional connections with others.Yet, it is also unnecessary for us to be overwhelmed by the negative impacts of computers.After all, we humans are intelligent and will be able to figure out better ways to make improvements.本次六级作文的题目是人与电脑，对“真正的危险不是电脑开始像人一样思考，而是人开始像电脑一样思考。”这句话发表自己的观点。题目不算新，一般考生对此都比较熟悉，所以对考生来说难度不大。写好这篇作文，需要抓住两点，一是紧跟题目要求，即对这句引言做出评论，二是在评论的基础上要亮出自己的观点。

范文第一段首先 陈述电脑自发明以来对人们生活的深刻的影响，从而为第二段内容的陈述奠定基础。

第二段第一句话先自然地过渡，引出题干中的引言。对引言作出评价：这样的担忧确实不是空穴来风。然后用例子证明现代生活中电脑已经对人们的思维和习惯带来的负面影响。呼吁大家引起重视，因为人毕竟不同于电脑，是有情感需求的。

最后一段是一个转折，提出对于电脑对人的影响也不用太悲观，因为人毕竟是有智慧、有主观能动性的，一定会想出改善不足的方法。这样的转折使作者的观点更全面、有说服力。B【标准版】

On Maintaining Trust

Trust is the most frequently used word when we are talking about interpersonal relationships.However, it is hard to build trust but easy to destroy it.Therefore, how to build and maintain trust is very important for us.In my opinion, some factors play a primary role in it.First comes honesty.There’s an old saying in Chinese: once bitten, twice shy.Thus, never lie to your partners.If they find out you’re lying or cheating, the existing trust will be broken.Once broken, it’s always hard to rebuild it.Promise-keeping is the second one.If you always break your promise, you will not be trusted by others any more.Another important aspect is attitude.People with good attitude are always welcome.They show their good manners, patience, modesty, willingness to communicate and, most important of all,sincerity to others, which contributes greatly to eliminating apathy and coldness.There are, still, other influential factors.However, from my perspective, honesty, promise-keeping and good attitude stand out among them.【高分版】

On maintaining trust

Trust is a key strategy for building effective relationships with the people we come into contact with, including our team members, peers and customers.If you want to have a positive influence over anyone or anything, you need to earn trust first.As the level of trust develops, however, there will be situations and incidents that shake the foundations that have been built.Therefore, maintain trust is even more important.There are several keys to maintain trust.First is integrity.You need to remain honest and morally upright.The second is stick to your words.If you say you would do something, then do it, otherwise never say it.For once you break your promises, you can hardly reestablish it.Trust is built and maintained by many small actions over time.Trust is telling the truth, even when it is difficult, and being truthful, authentic, and trustworthy in your dealings with other people.Only by maintain trust can one make real achievements and enjoy a rewarding life.

2.英语四级13年12月真题 篇二

1986年, 著名的法国学者Dan Sperber和英国学者Deirdre Wilson在《关联性:交际与认知》 (Relevance:Communication and Cognition) 一书中提出了“关联理论”[1]。该理论认为:人的认知以最大关联为准则, 而语言交际则以最佳关联为取向。每一种明示的交际行为都应设想为该交际行为本身具备最佳的关联性。任何一个交际行为都传递着最佳相关的假定或期待, 听者总是以最小的认知努力来获得最大的语境效果, 并以此推导说话者的交际意图。在语言交际过程中, 要确定说话者的会话含义, 听者需要寻找话语与语境之间的最佳关联, 也就是要找到对方话语同语境假设的最佳关联, 通过推理得出话语的隐含意义, 达到交际的目的。

按照国家教育部颁发的《大学英语教学大纲》 (修订本) 的要求听的能力是:对题材熟悉、句子结构不太复杂、基本上无生词、语速每分钟为130~150词的篇幅较长的会话、谈话、报道和讲座, 能掌握其中心大意, 抓住要点和有关细节, 领会讲话者的观点和态度。而大学生听力理解主要测试学生获取口头信息的能力, 要求学生能理解主旨大意, 能掌握重要事实和细节, 能推导出说话者的隐含意义、交际功能、观念、态度等, 也即通过听到的话语推导出隐形说话者的含义。

二、关联理论与听力教学

H.G.Widdowson[2]提出听力理解包括两层:听力理解意味着对句子意义的辨识, 即辨认出接收到的信号与有关语言的语音和语法系统之间的关系, 意识到它们构成句子, 而后获得句子的意义;听力理解是对句子在交际中的功能及其价值的一种认知活动。Rost[3]等学者提出了将关联理论应用到听力教学中, 可见听力理解的过程也是一个明示推理的过程。听者依据所听到的信息的基础上结合相关的语言文化情境推导出隐形说话者的意义, 在回答问题的时候推导出与问题最具关联性的答案。听力理解是在限定的时间内完成对录音的理解, 可见短时间内提高学生寻求最佳关联性的能力显得十分重要。

三、关联理论分析2013年12月英语四级考试第一套试卷[4]

传统听力教学都是教师讲解单词, 重复放录音, 对答案, 学生做了大量的练习听力仍然上不去。关联理论给听力教学的启示就是寻找关键词, 建构相关的语境信息进行推理, 完成对录音材料的理解。在实际指导学生的听力教学过程中, 可做到以下几点:

(一) 学会推理, 推导出说话者的言外之意

大学英语四级要求学生具有理解明确或隐含信息进而推理的能力, 常见的提问方式如短对话第2题what do we learn about the conversation?或第3题what does the woman imply about Jeff?者听了录音后会在大脑中构建相关的图式。F.C.Bartlett在《记忆》一书中指出, 图式是对过去经验的反映或对过去经验的积极组织, 是学习者记忆中的已有信息对新信息发生作用的过程, 即如何把新信息充实进学习者知识库中的过程[5]。当感官记忆触及某种概念信号时, 认知机制的记忆搜索功能就自动地在长期记忆中激活该图式的空位, 进而激活整个图式, 完成信息的处理。在听力理解的过程中, 学生最好先预读相关的选项在大脑中构建相关的图式, 在听到内容后就刺激大脑中存在的图式, 听到问题后就可以迅速判断哪个选项具有最佳关联性, 选出正确的答案后也是完成明示推理这一交际过程的理解。如:听力第二题的选项:

(A) They are on a long trip by car.

(B) They are stuck in a traffic jam.

(C) They are used to getting up early.

(D) They are tired of eating out at night.

选项均以they开头, 其中的on a long trip by car, a traffic jam, getting up early和eating out at night表明此对话可能与开车相关。

(二) 帮助学生建立动态的认知语境

关联理论认为在言语交际中, 听者对语境的假设是以概念表征的形式储存在大脑中, 用来处理新信息的认知语境。在听力过程中, 听者凭借逻辑信息、百科信息和词汇信息在认知语境中做出假设。这种方法对长对话和短文的理解效果显著。以第一则长对话为例:

9: (A) To look for a job as a salesperson

(B) To have a talk with Miss Thompson.

(C) To place an order for some products.

(D) To complain about a faulty appliance.

10. (A) The person in charge is not in the office.

(B) The supplies are out of stock for the momen.

(C) They failed to reach an agreement on the price.

(D) The company is re-cataloguing the item.

11. (A) 0743, 12536 extension 15.

(B) 0734, 38750 extension 15.

(C) 0734, 21653 extension 51.

(D) 0734, 62135 extension 51.

根据选项中place an order, salesperson, supplies are out of stock, price, re-cataloguing the items及11题的电话号码可预测出该对话是打电话订购的事。Sperber和Wilson认为, 对话语理解起重要作用的是建立在听话者的一系列假设基础上的认知语境, 因为听话者需利用一系列语境假设来处理由说话者的话语建立的新假设, 并从新旧假设的关系中推导出话语的含义。学生在看到选项后先建立一系列旧的语境假设, 再根据听到的内容建立新的假设, 其推理的过程就是从隐形说话者提供的新假设和已经处理过的旧假设中推导出说话者的含义。学生作为听者, 其任务就是正确理解听力材料, 努力获知其中的关联性, 推导出会话含义。

(三) 帮助学生拓宽认知语境, 提高听力理解能力

在上述长对话中, 9的问题是what is the man’s purpose in making the telephone call?通常来说, 打电话者会在打电话的开头时就表明打电话的目的或原因, 如果学生了解这一点, 选项后就是快速定位到答案为C。也就是说, 如果学生通过选项构建认知语境后, 再根据听到的内容和选项就能找出最具关联性的答案。

四、结语

综上所述, 关联理论是指导从认知的角度探索言语交际的总原则, 而听力理解过程是一个寻求意义、预测、推理和证实的过程。在听力教学中运用关联理论, 得出听力理解也是一次言语交际的构成, 也是一次寻求最佳关联以获得最大语境效果的过程。将关联理论模式引入大学英语四级听力中, 不但有理据可行, 而且实践意义也很大, 使得学生在预测过程中有效地建构自己的认知语境, 创造关联性的链接, 快速准确地调动学生捕捉最具关联性的信息, 使得听力效果得到显著的提高, 促进我国英语听力教学的发展。

摘要：关联理论认为听力理解的过程就是一个言语交际的过程, 为了提高学生的听力水平, 教师应重视培养学生运用此理论。本文以2013年12月英语四级考试第一套为例讨论如何在听力教学中引入关联理论, 使学生建立听力材料和已有知识之间的联系, 使学生充分利用认知语境、语境假设和最佳关联提高听力水平。

关键词：关联理论,听力,认知语境,最佳关联

参考文献

[1]Sperber, D.&Wilson, D.Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M].Oxford:Blackwell, 1986/1995.

[2]Windowson H.G.Teacing Language as Communication[M].London:Oxford University Press, 1978.

[3]Rost, M.Teaching and Researching Listening[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2005.

[4]王长喜.大学英语四级考试——王长喜点评历年真题[Z].北京:学苑出版社, 2014.

3.英语四级13年12月真题 篇三

四级翻译技巧例析

本次四级考试的多套试题中共出现了四道段落翻译题。要在段落翻译部分拿到高分，考生不仅要有良好的英语基础，还要掌握常用的翻译技巧。下面笔者以本次考试的真题为例，具体讲解如何在翻译中运用这些技巧。

1 选用恰当的时态和语态

在汉译英的过程中，时态的选取和语态的确定是考生容易出错的环节。汉语中讲述过去的情况时译文必须使用过去时，讲述现在的情况时译文必须使用现在时。在真题段落中，过去和现在往往交错出现，因此考生必须灵活自如地转换时态。此外，汉语中主动句多，英语中被动句多。同时，汉语中有些句子看似为主动的形式，其主语和谓语之间却是被动的关系，考生必须仔细分析逻辑关系，在英语译文中使用恰当的语态。

例1：相传，中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶，并用来治病。在明清（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）期间，茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（beverage）之一。

参考译文：Legend has it that a Chinese emperor discovered tea over 5000 years ago and used it to cure diseases. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties， teahouses abounded in China. Tea was spread to Japan in the 6th century but not until the 17th and 18th centuries was it introduced to European and American countries. Today， tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.

点评：这段话中的时间状语较多，有“五千多年前”“明清期间”“六世纪”“十七、十八世纪”和“如今”。考生在翻译时需要注意使用正确的时态，讲述现在的通常情况要用一般现在时，讲述过去的通常情况要用一般过去时。此外，“饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美”这句话表面看是主动语态，但主语“饮茶”和谓语“传到”在逻辑上是被动关系，因此在翻译时要注意使用被动语态。

2 合并译法

汉语是意合的语言，英语是形合的语言。这就意味着汉语中会有大量的短句并用，这些短句靠意思连接在一起，中间可以没有任何连接词；英语句子则如参天大树，枝叶之间都有脉络、有衔接。在汉译英时，考生要利用英语的从句、非谓语动词结构、短语等形式将汉语中的短句合并译为英语中的长句。这种翻译技巧可以称为合并译法。

例2：许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。

参考译文：Many westerners choose coffee while Chinese people tend to choose tea.

点评：原文的两个短句是对比关系，在翻译为英语时可以用连词while进行连接。

例3：“结”在中文里意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚，中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和辟邪。

参考译文：Since the “knot” symbolizes love， marriage and reunion in the Chinese language， Chinese knots are exchanged as gifts or used as decorations to bring good luck and drive away evil spirits.

点评：原文的两个汉语短句之间虽然没有连接词，但暗含因果关系，考生可以用表示因果关系的连词来连接两个句子，如since、as、because等。

3 词性转换

汉语表达较为动态，英语表达较为静态。这意味着汉语中动词使用较多，而英语常常用名词、形容词、介词等来表达动词的含义。因此在汉译英时，词性转换也是一个重要的翻译技巧，汉语中的词性与英语译文中的词性未必要完全对应。词性转换主要是将汉语中的一些动词转译为英语译文中的名词、形容词或介词，使英语句子合乎语法，表达更为地道。

例4：信息技术（Information Technology）正在飞速发展。

参考译文：Information Technology is undergoing rapid development.

点评：原句中的动词短语“飞速发展”转译为名词短语rapid development，表达更为地道。

例5：但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。

参考译文：However， good cooking has one thing in common， and that is the consideration of color， smell， taste and nutrition.

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点评：本句中，动词短语“考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养”对应前面的名词“共同点”，因此考生在翻译时要将“考虑”转译为名词形式，以符合英语句子的语法规范。

4 主语选择和语序调整

汉语句子重主题，英语句子重主语。这就意味着在汉译英时，汉语句子的主语未必要作英语译文句子的主语。考生在翻译时首先要确定好译文句子的主语和谓语，然后按照英语表达习惯将定语和状语调整到合适的位置。主语选择、语序调整也是汉译英考查的一个重要技巧。

例6：烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。

参考译文：Cooking methods and ingredients vary greatly in different parts of China.

点评：原句的主语是“差别”，译文如果仍以“差别”作主语会有头重脚轻的问题，而且中式英语痕迹较重。如果以“烹饪技术和配料”作主语，将“差别”译为动词vary，句子结构就会比较平衡，表达效果较好。

例7：不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。

参考译文：Whatever the response， it is good that Information Technology has aroused the attention of people in general.

点评：原句的主语是“信息技术引起广大人民的重视”，这个主语太长，直接翻译的话不符合英文表达习惯。考生可以用形式主语it替代，将真正的主语用that引导的名词性从句来表示，放到句尾。

四级翻译真题及参考译文

下面笔者给出本次考试出现的四道段落翻译题的原文及译文，供考生参考。

很多人喜欢中餐。在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术，精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大，但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既美味又健康。

参考译文：Many people love Chinese food. In China， cooking is regarded not only as a technique， but as an art. Carefully prepared Chinese food is delicious and pleasing to the eye. Cooking methods and ingredients vary greatly in different parts of China； however， good cooking has one thing in common， and that is the consideration of color， smell， taste and nutrition. Since food is essential to health， a good cook always tries to strike a balance among cereals， meats and vegetables. Therefore， Chinese food is both tasty and healthy.

“你要茶还是咖啡？”是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。相传，中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶，并用来治病。在明清（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）期间，茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（beverage）之一。茶是中国的民族饮品，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。

参考译文：“Tea or coffee？”—this is a question diners are often asked. Many westerners choose coffee while Chinese people tend to choose tea. Legend has it that a Chinese emperor discovered tea over 5000 years ago and used it to cure diseases. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties， teahouses abounded in China. Tea was spread to Japan in the 6th century but not until the 17th and 18th centuries was it introduced to European and American countries. Today， tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Tea is the national drink of China and an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.

中国结（the Chinese knot）最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚，中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和辟邪。这种形式的手工艺（handcraft）代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。

参考译文：The Chinese knot was invented by craftsmen in China， and， after hundreds of years of improvement， has become an elegant and colorful art and craft. In ancient times， Chinese knots were used to record events， but now they are mainly used for the purpose of decoration. Since the “knot” symbolizes love， marriage and reunion in the Chinese language， Chinese knots are often exchanged as gifts or used as decorations to bring good luck and drive away evil spirits. Handed down from generation to generation， this form of handcraft has become increasingly popular in China and the rest of the world.

信息技术（Information Technology）正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。

参考译文：Information Technology is undergoing rapid development. Chinese citizens attach more and more importance to Information Technology， and some schools have even made it a compulsory course. Opinions differ as to the trend. Some believe it is unnecessary and students should be taught the traditional courses. Others consider it imperative， because China should march with the times. Whatever the response， it is good that Information Technology has aroused the attention of people in general.

经过新的四、六级考试的洗礼，考生应洞察段落翻译题的传统文化走向，掌握更多的中国传统文化术语。同时，考生也要勤加练习，熟练掌握各种翻译技巧，这样在考试时才能斩获高分。关于本文中提到的翻译技巧以及其他实用翻译技巧的具体讲解，考生可参考本文作者的《14天完美攻克四六级新题型之汉译英》一书（本书详细介绍：http：//www.dogwood.com.cn/book/cet4/1534.html），该书在2013年12月14日的四、六级考试中成功命中五个真题主题，适合考生备考2014年四、六级考试。

4.英语四级13年12月真题 篇四

A 【标准版】 Man and Computer

Ever since the birth of it, the computer has largely changed human being’s life and there has been a hot debate about its effects on humans.Undeniably, computers have taken the place of humans in many areas and it seems that computers begin to think like man, but this does not necessarily lead to the danger that man will think like computers.The reasons, in my opinion, are as follows.Firstly, when computers release human from repetitive tasks, humans themselves can spend more time on creative works, such as scientific research, which require imagination and cannot be completed by computers.Meanwhile, thanks to computers, humans get more spare time with their friends and family, which enhances their happiness.Moreover, even though computers can work automatically, the premise is that the program, which is written by humans, has been installed in it.In conclusion, humans, unlike computers, have creative ability, emotional desires and social bounds.Thus, I don’t think that there will be the danger that man will begin to think like the computer.【高分版】

Man and Computer

It is believed that the computer is bringing the world into a brand new era.At the time the computer was invented, scientists, marveling at its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle.Nowadays, the function of the computer is no longer confined to calculation;it permeates people’s daily lives and has become an inseparable part of human society.People become so heavily dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine the life without computers.Therefore, some people are worried that “The real danger is not that the computer will think like man, but man will think like the computer.” Their concern does make sense.Indeed, some people spend such a long time working on computers that they have few interactions with people in real life.According to a research, too many hours in front of a computer may lead to a poker face and interpersonal isolation.This fact should arouse our attention, because unlike computers, human beings are social creatures that need emotional connections with others.Yet, it is also unnecessary for us to be overwhelmed by the negative impacts of computers.After all, we humans are intelligent and will be able to figure out better ways to make improvements.B【标准版】

On Maintaining Trust

Trust is the most frequently used word when we are talking about interpersonal relationships.However, it is hard to build trust but easy to destroy it.Therefore, how to build and maintain trust is very important for us.In my opinion, some factors play a primary role in it.First comes honesty.There’s an old saying in Chinese: once bitten, twice shy.Thus, never lie to your partners.If they find out you’re lying or cheating, the existing trust will be broken.Once broken, it’s always hard to rebuild it.Promise-keeping is the second one.If you always break your promise, you will not be trusted by others any more.Another important aspect is attitude.People with good attitude are always welcome.They

show their good manners, patience, modesty, willingness to communicate and, most important of all, sincerity to others, which contributes greatly to eliminating apathy and coldness.There are, still, other influential factors.However, from my perspective, honesty, promise-keeping and good attitude stand out among them.【高分版】

On maintaining trust

Trust is a key strategy for building effective relationships with the people we come into contact with, including our team members, peers and customers.If you want to have a positive influence over anyone or anything, you need to earn trust first.As the level of trust develops, however, there will be situations and incidents that shake the foundations that have been built.Therefore, maintain trust is even more important.There are several keys to maintain trust.First is integrity.You need to remain honest and morally upright.The second is stick to your words.If you say you would do something, then do it, otherwise never say it.For once you break your promises, you can hardly reestablish it.Trust is built and maintained by many small actions over time.Trust is telling the truth, even when it is difficult, and being truthful, authentic, and trustworthy in your dealings with other people.Only by maintain trust can one make real achievements and enjoy a rewarding life.快速阅读答案：

1.There is no access to television in its rooms.2.Time away from all electronic gadgets

3.It is our greatest misery in life

4.We will not know what to do with our own lives

5.They help people understand ancient wisdom

6.When people think deeply, their neural processes are slow

7.live without modern transportation

8.have some distance from it / the world.something useful

10.what is essential

11.She can lend the man a sleeping bag.12.Karen can take her to the airport.13.He can’t afford to go traveling yet.14.The man has to find something else to eat.15.Present a new letter of reference.16.He declines to join the gardening club.17.Many people do not appreciate modern art.18.Bob cannot count on her vote.19.The health hazard at her work place.20.Transfer her to another department.21.Their requirements may be difficult to meet.22.Try to help her to get it back.23.In the preparatory phase.24.He behaves in a way contrary to his real intention.25.Both can succeed depending on the specific situation.The size of the objects shown.27.Girls seem to start reasoning earlier than boys.28.It may simulate scientists to make further studies.They talk at an early age.30.The new security plan for the municipal building.31 Whether the security checks would create long queues at peak hours.32.Confrontational

He used to work as a miner in Nevada.34 To cut their living expenses.35 Optimistic.36.potentially

37.experienced

38.gasp

39.dizzy

40.fatigue

41.constant

42.adverse

43.precautions

44.Your body needs to get used to a high altitude before you climb to a even higher one.45.When you reach your top height, do like activities rather than sleep too much.46.Don’t risk injury or death because of over-confidence or lack of knowledge.47.others

48.similar to peers.49.a good listener

50.They seek professional help

51.a normal reaction

52.The robotic industry has benefited from the economic recession.53.Moving production to other countries.54.They compete with human workers.55.They beat humans in precision.56.It will be applied in any field imaginable.57.They had to tighten their belts.58.Improving China’s social security system.59.A healthy savings rate promotes economic prosperity.60.When Beijing mentions in public the huge debts America owes China.61.To urge the American government to cut defictis.62.with

63.zone

64.relatively

65.vulnerable

66.researchers

67.like

68.prime

69.critical

70.experience

71.production

72.felt

73.length

74.toll

75.close

76.while

77.exceed

78.where

79.intensify

80.to

81.shifts

82.was said to be based on a true event

83.disperse customers’ attention to its quality

84.could not have been delayed by the traffic jam

85.to be treated as the disabled

5.英语四级13年12月真题 篇五

Part ⅠWriting(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Digital Age.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:1．如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛的使用，例如„„2．数字化产品的使用对人们的工作、学习、生活产生的影响。Digital Age ___________________________________________________________________________ Part ⅢReading Comprehension(40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Women in 2011 made no significant gains in winning more top US business jobs, according to a study, but the head of the study said women are poised to make36in the year ahead.The number of women who were board directors, corporate officers or top earners at Fortune 500 companies remained37unchanged, said the study by Catalyst, a nonprofit group that38opportunities for women in business.The percentage of companies with women on the board of directors was 15.1 percent this year, compared with 14.8 percent in 2010, Catalyst said.Also, the percentage of corporate officer positions39by women was 15.7 percent in 2011 and 15.4percent in 2010, it said.The percentage of top earners in 2011 who were women was 6.2 percent, compared to 6.7percent in 2010, it said.The research on the Fortune 500 companies was40on data as of March 31, 2011.The slight changes in the numbers are not considered41significant, Catalyst said.Nevertheless, given the changes in U.S.politics, the future for women in business looks more42, said Ilene Lang, president and chief executive43of Catalyst.“Overall we’re44to see change next year,” Lang said.“When we look at shareholders, decision makers, the general public, they’re looking for change.”

“What they’re basically saying is, ‘Don’t give us45of the status quo(现状).Get new ideas in there, get some fresh faces, ’” she said.A)officerB)changesC)basedD)positionsE)moreF)promisingG)businesslike

H)surveyingI)essentiallyJ)stridesK)promotesL)statisticallyM)confusedN)heldO)expecting

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How Marketers Target Kids

A)Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents’ buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future.Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.B)Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income.As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids.Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids:

Pester(纠缠)Power

C)Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy.“Pester power” refers to children’ ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy.Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.D)According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—“persistence” and “importance”.Persistence nagging(a plea, that is repeated over and over again)is not as effective as the more sophisticated “importance nagging”.This latter method appeals to parents’ desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.The Marriage of Psychology and Marketing

E)To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick.With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages.Using research that analyzes children’s behaviour, fantasy’ lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.F)The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S.mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association(APA)urging them to declare the practice unethical.The APA is currently studying the issue.Building Brand Name Loyalty

G)Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of “brand” marketing in her 2000 book No Logo.According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name.By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages.It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen.H)Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships.According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots.Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos.While fast food, toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.Buzz or Street Marketing

I)The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter(杂乱)

in young people’s lives.Many companies are using “buzz marketing” —a new twist on the tried-and-true “word of mouth” method.The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it.Buzz, or “street marketing”, as it’s also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive(难找的)teen market by using trendsetters to give them products “cool” status.J)Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young “Net promoters” use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users.Commercialization in Education

K)School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not anymore.Budget shortfalls(亏空，差额)

are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials.L)Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products.A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system.Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1)sponsored educational materials;2)sup

plying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility;3)advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds;4)contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal;

5)sponsoring school events.The Internet

M)The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children.It’s part of youth culture.This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives.Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision.Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated.Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising.Marketing Adult Entertainment to Kids

N)Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them.In a report released in 2000, the U.S.Federal Trade Commission(FTC)revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.O)The FTC studied 44 films rated “Restricted”, and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under

17.Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching.The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.Mature rated video games are advertised in youth magazines;and toys based on “Restricted” movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.46.Guilt can affect parents’ spending decisions because they don’t have enough time for their kids.47.The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.48.School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.49.The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.50.For this generation of young people, the Interact is a daily and routine part of their lives.51.According to Kidfluence, “persistence nagging” is less effective than the more sophisticated “importance nagging”.52.According to a report released by the U.S.Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children.53.Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.54.A group of U.S.mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids.55.According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Like most people, I’ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am.Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I’m treated as a person.Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables.As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances.One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned(示

意)me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon(勤杂工)by plenty of people.But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults.Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college.Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper.From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me.I assumed this was the way the professional world worked—cordially.I soon found out differently.I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name.Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie.The mistake was immediately evident.Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.My job title made people treat me with courtesy.So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips.The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others’ needs.Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant.I’m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I’ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want.I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.56.The author was disappointed to find that ________.A)one’s position is used as a gauge to measure one’s intelligenceB)talented people like her should fail to get a respectable jobC)one’s occupation affects the way one is treated as a personD)professionals tend to look down upon manual workers

57.What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph?A)Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.B)People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.C)Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances.D)Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all.58.How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19?

A)She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals.B)She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon.C)She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.D)She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.59.What does the author imply by saying “...many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant”(Line 3, Para.7)?

A)Those who cater to others’ needs are destined to be looked down upon.B)Those working in the service industry shouldn’t be treated as servants.C)Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.D)The majority of customers tend to look on a servant as a server nowadays.60.The author says she’ll one day take her clients to dinner in order to ________.A)see what kind of person they areB)experience the feeling of being servedC)show her generosity towards people inferior to herD)arouse their sympathy for people living a humble life

Passage Two

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.What’s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A $7.3 million diamond ring.A trip to Tanzania to hunt wild animals.Oh, and income inequality.Sure, some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality for years.But increasingly, centrist and right-wing billionaires are starting to worry about income inequality and the fate of the middle class.In December, Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S.News & World Report, which lie owns.“Our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating, ” lamented(哀叹)the

117th-riehest man in America.“Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder.Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row.” He noted that “Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy.”Wilbur Ross Jr.has echoed Zuckerman’s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class Americans.“It’s an outrage that any American’s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage, ” said the former chairman of the International Steel Group.What’s happening? The very rich are just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy.Given the recent change of control in Congress, the popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California’s governor to offer universal health care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.It’s possible that plutocrats(有钱有势的人)are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory(没收性的)tax policies.But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’t keep plutocrats up at night.They can live with that.No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it’s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad.For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that’s the real nightmare.61.What is the current topic of common interest among the very rich in America?

A)The fate of the ultrawealthy people.B)The disintegration of the middle class.C)The inequality in the distribution of wealth.D)The conflict between the left and the right wing.62.What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckerman’s lamentation?

A)Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare.B)The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt.C)The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth.D)The majority of Americans benefit little from the nation’s growing wealth.63.From the fifth paragraph we can learn that ________.A)the very rich are fashion-consciousB)the very rich are politically sensitive

C)universal health care is to be implemented throughout AmericaD)Congress has gained popularity by increasing the minimum wage

64.What is the real reason for plutocrats to express solidarity with the middle class?A)They want to protect themselves from confiscatory taxation.B)They know that the middle class contributes most to society.C)They want to gain support for global economic integration.D)They feel increasingly threatened by economic insecurity.65.What may happen if the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods?

A)The prices of imported goods will inevitably soar beyond control.B)The investors will have to make great efforts to reallocate capital.C)The wealthy will attempt to buy foreign companies across borders.D)Foreign countries will place the same economic barriers in return.Part ⅣTranslation(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You shoul

6.英语四级13年12月真题 篇六

Part III Listening Comprehension

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and2 long conversations.At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C)and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11.W: This crazy bus schedule has got me completely confused.I can’t figure out when my bus to Cleveland leaves?

M: Why don’t you just go to the ticket window and ask?

Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?

12.W: I really enjoyed the TV special about drafts last night.Did you get home in time to see it?

W: Oh, yes, but I wish I could have stayed awake long enough to see the whole thing.Q: What does the man mean?

13.W: Airport, please.I’m running a little late.So just take the fastest way even if it’s not the most direct.M: Sure, but there is a lot of traffic everywhere today because of the football game.Q: What do we learn about the woman from the conversation?

14.W: May I make a recommendation, sir? Our seafood with this special sauce is very good.M: Thank you, but I don’t eat shellfish.I’m allergic to it.Q: Where does this conversation most probably take place?

15.W: now one more question if you don’t mind, what position in the company appeals to you most?

M: Well, I’d like the position of sales manager if that position is still vacant.Q: What do we learn about the man?

16.M: I don’t think I want to live in the dormitory next year.I need more privacy.W: I know what you mean.But check out the cost if renting an apartment first.I won’t be surprised if you change your mind.Q: What does the woman imply?

17.M: You’re on the right track.I just think you need to narrow the topic down.W: Yeah, you’re right.I always start by choosing two boarder topics when I’m doing a research paper.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

18.W: This picnic should beat the last one we went to, doesn’t it?

M: Oh, yeah, we had to spend the whole time inside.Good thing, the weather was cooperative this time.What do we learn about the speakers from the conversation?

Long Conversation

Conversation One

M: When I say I live in Sweden, people always want to know about the seasons.W: The seasons?

M: Yeah, you know how cold it is in winter? What is it like when the days are so short?

W: So what is it like?

M: Well, it is cold ,very cold in winter.Sometimes it is cold as 26 degrees below centigrade.And of course when you go out, you’ll wrap up warm.But inside in the houses it’s always very warm, much warmer than at home.Swedish people always complain that when they visit England, the houses are cold even in the good winter.W: And what about the darkness?

M: Well, yeah, around Christmas time there’s only one hour of daylight, so you really looks forward to the spring.It is sometimes a bit depressing.But you see the summers are amazing, from May to July in the North of Sweden the sun never sets.It’s still light in the midnight.You can walk in the mountains and read a newspaper.W: Oh, yeah, the land of the midnight sun.M: Yeah, that’s right, but it’s wonderful.You won’t stay up all night.And the Swedes makes most of it often they started work earlier in summer and then leave at about 2 or 3 in the afternoon, so that they can really enjoy the long summer evenings.They’d like to work hard, but play hard, too.I think Londoners work longer hours, but I’m not sure this is a good thing.Q19: What do we learn about the man from the conversation?

Q20: What do Swedish people complain about when they visit England in winter?

Q21: How does the man describe the short hour of daylight around Christmas in Sweden? Q21: What does the man say about the Swedish people? Conversation Two

W: What kind of training does one need to go into this type of job?

M: That’s a very good question.I don’t think there is any, specifically.W: For example, in your case, what was your educational background?

M: Well, I did a degree in French at Nottingham.After that, I did careers work in secondary schools like the careers guidance people.Here is in the university.Then I went into local government because I found I was more interested in the administrative side.Then progressed on to universities.So there wasn’t any plan and there was no specific training.There are plenty of training courses in management techniques and committee work which you can attend now.W: But in the first place, you did a French degree.M: In my time, there wasn’t a degree you could do for administration.I think most of the administrators I’ve come across have degrees and all sorts of things.W: Well, I know in my case, I did an English literature degree and I didn’t really expect to end up doing what I am doing now.M: Quite.W: But you are local to Nottingham, actually? Is there any reason why you went to Nottingham University?

M: No, no, I come from the north of England, from west Yorkshire.Nottingham was one of the universities I put on my list.And I like the look of it.The campus is just beautiful.W: Yes, indeed.Let’s see.Were you from the industrial part of Yorkshire?

M: Yes, from the Woolen District.Q23.What was the man’s major at university?

Q24: What was the man’s job in secondary schools? Q25: What attracted the man to Nottingham University? Section B

Passage One

While Gail Obcamp, an American artist was giving a speech on the art of Japanese brush painting to an audience that included visitors from Japan, she was confused to see that many of her Japanese listeners have their eyes closed.Were they tuned off because an American had the nerve to instruct Japanese in their own art form or they deliberately tried to signal their rejection of her? Obcamp later found out that her listeners were not being disrespectful.Japanese listeners sometimes closed their eyes to enhance concentration.Her listeners were showing their respect for her by chewing on her words.Some day you may be either a speaker or a listener in a situation involving people from other countries or members of minority group in North America.Learning how different cultures signal respect can help you avoid misunderstandings.Here are some examples.In the deaf culture of North America, many listeners show applause not by clapping their hands but by waving them in the air.In some cultures, both overseas and in some minority groups in North America, listeners are considered disrespectful if they look directly at the speaker.Respect is shown by looking in the general direction but avoiding direct eye contact.In some countries, whistling by listeners is a sign of approval while in other courtiers it is a form of insult.Questions:

26, What did Obcamp’s speech focus on?

27, Why do Japanese listeners sometimes close their eyes while listening to a speech? 28, What does the speaker try to explain? Passage Two

Chris is in charge of purchasing and maintaining equipment in his Division at Taxlong Company.He is soon going to have an evaluation interview with his supervisor and the personnel director to discuss the work he has done in the past year.Salary, promotion and plans for the coming year will also be discussed at the meeting.Chris has made several changes for his Division in the past year.First, he bought new equipment for one of the departments.He has been particularly happy about the new equipment because many of the employees have told him how much it has helped them.Along with improving the equipment, Chris began a program to train employees to use equipment better and do simple maintenance themselves.The training saved time for the employees and money for the company.Unfortunately, one serious problem developed during the year.Two employees the Chris hired were stealing, and he had to fire them.Chris knows that a new job for a purchasing and maintenance manager for the whole company will be open in a few months, and he would like to be promoted to the job.Chris knows, however, that someone else wants that new job, too.Kim is in charge of purchasing and maintenance in another Division of the company.She has also made several changes over the year.Chris knows that his boss likes Kim’s work, and he expects that his work will be compared with hers.Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.29.What is Chris’s main responsibility at Taxlong Company?

30.What problem did Chris encounter in his Division?

31.What does Chris hope for in the near future?

32.What do we learn about Kim from the passage?

Passage Three

Proverbs, sometimes called sayings, are examples of folk wisdom.They are little lessons which older people of a culture pass down to the younger people to teach them about life.Many proverbs remind people of the values that are important in the culture.Values teach people how to act, what is right, and what is wrong.Because the values of each culture are different, understanding the values of another culture helps explain how people think and act.Understanding your own culture values is important too.If you can accept that people from other cultures act according to their values, not yours, getting along with them will be much easier.Many proverbs are very old.So some of the values they teach may not be as important in the culture as they once were.For example, Americans today do not pay much attention to the proverb “Haste makes waste”, because patience is not important to them.But if you know about past values, it helps you to understand the present and many of the older values are still strong today.Benjamin Franklin, a famous American diplomat, writer and scientist, died in 1790, but his proverb “Time is money” is taken more seriously by Americans of today than ever before.A study of proverbs from around the world shows that some values are shared by many cultures.In many cases though, the same idea is expressed differently.Questions 33-35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33.Why are proverbs so important?

34.According to the speaker what happens to some proverbs with the passage of time?

What do we learn from the study of proverbs from around the world?

Section C

Compound Dictation

Our lives are woven together.As much as I enjoy my own company, I no longer imagine I can get through a single day much less all my life completely on my own.Even if I am on vacation in the mountains, I am eating food someone else has grown, living in a house someone else has built, wearing clothes someone else has sewn from cloth woven by others, using electricity someone else is distributing to my house.Evidence of interdependence is everywhere;we are on this journey together.As I was growing up, I remember being carefully taught that independence not interdependence was everything.“Make your own way”,” Stand on your own two feet” or my mother’s favorite remark when I was face-to-face with consequences of some action: Now that you’ve made your bed, lie on it.Total independence is a dominant thing in our culture.I imagine that what my parents were trying to teach me was to take responsibilities for my actions and my choices.But the teaching was shaped by our cultural imagines.And instead, I grew up believing that I was supposed to be totally independent and consequently became very reluctant to ask for help.I would do almost anything not to be a burden, and not require any help from anybody.听力：

Section A

11.答案：B)Go and ask the staff.12.答案：A)He fell asleep in the middle of the TV program.13.答案：B)She is worried about missing her flight.14.答案：A)In a restaurant 15.A)He is being interviewed for a job.16.B)The man is unlikely to move out of the dormitory.17.D)The woman is going to make her topic more focused.18.B)They didn’t quite enjoy their last picnic.19.C）He is an English living in Sweden.20.B）The cold houses.21.C）Depressing.22.B）They work hard and play hard.23.What was the man’s major at university? 答案：B）French.24.What was the man’s job in secondary schools? 答案：C）careers guidance.25.What attracted the man to Nottingham University? 答案：B）Its pleasant environment.Section B Passage One（听力短文第一大题）

26.A.The art of Japanese brush painting 27.A.To enhance concentration 28.C.How listeners in different cultures show respect Passage Two（听力短文第二大题）

7.英语四级13年12月真题 篇七

玛雅预言、太阳风暴、地磁反转，这些令人闻之色变的名词，注定会在2012年真正到来的时候又被人提起，而国家天文台研究员李竞先生对此有着深入的科普解读。

玛雅预言从未提过世界末日

电影《2012》的故事情节围绕一个玛雅预言展开——2012年12月21日，是第五个太阳纪结束的时候，那个时候世界末日会到来。

李竞介绍说，所谓玛雅预言是有依据的。在中美洲的危地马拉曾出土了一块与此有关的石碑，文字是古代玛雅文。玛雅文明在13世纪已经被西班牙的侵略者消灭，语言、文字都消失了。出土石碑的年代是在公元8世纪，相当于中国的盛唐时代。

石碑上的文字后来被破译，那是关于玛雅人的历法。石碑上说，我们现在生活在一个很长的时间周期之中，有近千万天之多。现代天文学家把这样长的一个周期叫做太阳纪，换算成为现在的时间，是25800年。这个石碑上说，我们现在生活在第五个太阳纪，第五个太阳纪将要在某某天结束。这个结束日期换算成为今天的历法，就是2012年12月21日。

事实上，这个石碑上就只说了这些。它没有讲第一太阳纪、第二太阳纪、第三太阳纪、第四太阳纪，也没有说第五个太阳纪结束以后，是不是就是第六个太阳纪。

李竞认为，世界末日概念是基督教文明独有的一个重要特征，而世界其他很多文明往往并没有这个概念。比如我们中华文明只讲循环往复。因此，所谓玛雅人预测的世界末日，很可能是西方人强加给玛雅人的。

值得一提的是，25800年这个周期的确不是凭空臆定的，这个数字对现代天文学家来说是太熟悉了。地球除了公转、自转之外还有第三个运动，就是自转轴会像陀螺一样旋转，而旋转一周的周期恰恰就是25800年。

公元8世纪的玛雅人怎么会知道这个数字?其实也并不奇怪，古代天文学家都要编历，无论是中国、古埃及、古希腊，还是玛雅天文学家，都知道要加一个改正量，这个改正量很小，但必须加，否则若干年后，就会春天变夏天，夏天变秋天了。中国天文学家把这个修正量叫“岁差”，晋代大天文学家祖冲之就明确提出了岁差的概念。

当然，古代天文学家并不知道岁差的真正含义是地球自转轴的旋转，但这并不影响他们在天文观测中得到25800年的周期数字。

2012年12月21日确实有特殊天文现象

李竞说，当所谓玛雅人预言的说法传开后，天文学家们一研究也很吃惊，因为2012年12月21日确实有很特别的天象。

每年的12月21日前后一两天都是冬至，而在2012年12月21日冬至日那个时刻，从地球上看过去，太阳的背后正好是银河系中心的方向。

银河系中心的那一点上有什么呢?这个事情在上个世纪90年代还都不清楚，只有到了21世纪初，通过哈勃空间望远镜，才确定银河系中心那点上有一个黑洞，它的质量是400万个太阳质量。电影《2012》的编导借题发挥，说在那个时刻，这个黑洞的引力发威会影响太阳，使得太阳爆炸，大量发出一种叫做中微子的粒子射到地球这里，地球受不了，内部的热量达到一定程度就失去平衡，全球出现山崩地裂的大灾难。

这种说法的荒谬首先在于，2012年12月21日那个时刻，银河系中心黑洞、太阳、地球三者成为一条直线，后面黑洞的威力影响着太阳，这本身是似是而非的。太阳离银河系中心黑洞的距离大约有三万光年，也就是说，当三者在一条直线的时候，我们看见银河系中心的光其实是三万年前发出来的，而三万年前我们的位置究竟在哪里?根本不知道，完全不在一条直线上。其实，银河系中心黑洞的引力一直在影响着我们，2012年12月21日并不会有任何特别之处。

而所谓中微子是什么?李竞解释说，上世纪物理学家曾预言，宇宙中应该有一种质量非常小的不带电的粒子。1933年，物理学家给它起名字叫中微子。上世纪50年代证明了中微子确实存在。中微子是在热核聚变中产生的，太阳时时刻刻发生着热核聚变，也不断产生出大量的中微子。中微子有一个非常大的特征，它几乎跟任何物质都不起作用，谁也拦不住它。每时每刻有太多的太阳中微子从我们身上穿过，再从地球穿出去。这个宇宙中充满了大量的中微子，只是我们感觉不到而已。

中微子的产生是热核反应的产物，和黑洞引力无关，它也不会把地球搅热，更不可能把地球搞得山崩地裂。

地磁反转是几万年的过程

在电影《2012》里，2012年会发生突然的地磁反向，从而给地球带来灾难。

李竞说，所谓地磁反转，就是地磁内部的某种机制使得南极变北极、北极变南极。地磁会不会反转?回答是肯定的。关于地磁反转，我们有一个专门的学科来研究，就是古地磁学。地球上的岩石里面就存储了磁的信息，根据古地磁学，至少在侏罗纪、白垩纪，恐龙生活的一亿六千万年之间，曾经有过三次地磁反向，所以恐龙很不简单，它们在那三次反向中都挺过来了。

究竟在地磁反转中会发生什么样的改变?人类不知道，人类还没有经历过地磁反转。而地磁反转是一个比较漫长的过程，很可能要经过几万年。地磁反转一般的过程是这样：地磁的磁力强度逐渐减弱，减到非常弱的时候再变强，而到再变强的时候地磁已经反向了。因为岩石中储存的地磁信息已经告诉我们, 这是一个漫长的过程, 甚至现在我们的地磁可能就正在反向中。绝不像电影《2012》所说的, 几分钟内地磁就要反向了。

地磁为什么要转向?现在的科学还不知道。地磁反向一定会出现灾难, 究竟会出现什么样的灾难?我们也不知道。但是可以肯定的是, 这个灾难至少没有让恐龙灭绝。

小天体撞地球可预知可防范

李竞说, 电影《2012》中还讲到一种灾难——小天体撞击地球。这种危险的确是存在的。我们只要拿小望远镜看看月亮就知道了, 月亮表面上一个一个的环形坑都是小天体撞出来的。而地球比月球大得多, 受撞的可能性也比月球大得多。但是地球有一层大气保护, 所以很多天上来的石头到大气中就变成了流星, 烧不化的部分一般也很小, 掉到地上成为陨石。

自从1994年全世界成立小行星检测网以来, 发现的小行星数字飞速增长, 现在已经确认的有将近90万个。这些小天体是在火星轨道之外, 木星轨道之内。当它们走到接近木星轨道的时候, 木星巨大的引力就改变了它的轨道, 它就有可能向地球飞来。

这个概率是多少?上一次撞到地球造成物种灭绝的是6500万年前。当时的那颗小天体直径大概是10公里到15公里, 我们称之为10公里级小天体。根据现在的统计研究, 10公里级小天体撞向地球的周期将近一亿年, 它肯定会来的, 因为木星在那里, 木星会向我们输出炮弹。

但是在2012年12月21日那天, 肯定没有这样的小天体会撞向地球。因为天文学家已经把这样的小天体一个一个都记录在案了, 如果它们可能威胁地球, 我们早就知道了。

当然我们不能掉以轻心。如果有朝一日真有小天体撞来的危险, 我们现在也有办法改变它的轨道。比如2005年美国发射了一颗“深度撞击”飞行器, 非常准地撞上了一颗彗星, 这是“真刀真枪”的实验。

最后, 接着玛雅人的历法, 第四太阳纪结束的时候不过是两万多年前, 那时地球上发生过什么毁灭性大灾难了吗?好像没有, 至少没有发生过像恐龙灭绝那样的大事件。

8.英语四级13年12月真题 篇八

2012年12月四级考试的最大变化是本次考试首次采用了“多题多卷”的方式进行。那么什么是“多题多卷”呢？“多题多卷”是指在同一个考场中同时使用多套内容不同的试卷进行考试，这与以往的考试方式有极大的不同。以往考试采取的方式是“一题多卷”，即试题内容相同，而试题顺序不同。“一题多卷”对防止考生作弊曾起到了积极作用，而这次采取的“多题多卷”方式则可以更加彻底地防止考生作弊。由于每个考生在拿到试题前都无法预知自己会拿到哪套题，因此杜绝了作弊的可能。

很多考生都关心一个问题：如果采取“多题多卷”的方式，那么不同试卷的难度难免会有所不同，这会不会对考生的成绩产生影响呢？其实，各位考生大可不必过于担心。根据四、六级考试的官方声明，四级考试所采用的多套试卷之间的难度差异对考生成绩产生的影响将通过各试卷间的等值计算来进行处理，因此考生成绩不会受到影响。下面笔者对2012年12月四级考试的阅读部分进行评析。

阅读材料内容综述

从阅读材料来看，本次四级阅读文章和以往的四级阅读文章并无实质性差别。首先，从文章体裁来看，依旧是以论说文为主。其次，从文章题材来看，本次考试的文章题材涉及商业经济、医疗保健等常见话题。

很多考生注重题目类型的研究，却往往忽视了对文章题材的研究，但事实上，文章题材对于解题是非常重要的。下面笔者就结合此次考试和以往考试的真题，简要介绍四级考试阅读部分经常涉及的文章题材。

在历年四级考试的阅读部分，商业经济类话题的文章出现频率较高，特别是涉及美国经济和社会问题的文章。从2011年开始，此类话题的文章出现得尤其多，如2011年12月的一篇阅读文章涉及了美国经济危机的问题，2012年6月的一篇阅读文章论述了美国经济危机和家庭配偶关系的问题，2012年12月的一篇阅读文章谈到了美国的失业率问题。因此，考生务必要重点关注此类话题的文章。

另一个出现频率较高的话题是医疗保健，如2012年12月的四级阅读部分就出现了关于定期进行癌症筛查的文章。很多考生碰到这类文章会觉得头疼，其中一个原因在于此类话题的文章中会出现一些大家平时接触不太多的表达，如tumor （肿瘤）、preventive check-up （预防性体检）、life span （寿命）、strike （疾病的侵袭）等词汇。因此考生在复习备考的过程中，要注意总结和积累有关此类话题的词汇。

教育也是四级阅读所偏爱的一类话题。教育类的话题又可以大致分为学校教育和家庭教育两大类，其中关于学校教育尤其是高等教育的文章出现得较多，几乎年年都会涉及。此类话题的文章内容一般不算太难，词汇也不算生僻，建议考生多读此类文章，关注相关高频词汇，比如tuition （学费）、institute （学院，学会）等。

另外，关于环境保护的话题也比较常见。对于环保题材的文章，建议各位考生熟悉以下几个出现频率较高的词：sustainable （可持续发展的）、eco-friendly （环保的，无污染的）、greenhouse （温室）、emissions （排放的气体）。

最后，科技类的话题尤其是有关网络的话题也经常出现。在本次四级考試的几套考卷中，其中一套考卷深度阅读部分的第二篇文章便涉及了高科技产品的内容。文中反复出现的high-tech （高科技）一词值得考生注意。另外，文中出现的一系列科技类话题的常用词汇考生也要熟悉，如online media （网络媒体）、innovation （创新）、high-tech product （高科技产品）、smartphone （智能手机）、laptop （笔记本电脑）。

下面笔者简要分析2012年12月四级阅读各部分题型的命题特点，并重点讲解各部分的难点和易错点。

1.快速阅读

2012年12月四级考试的快速阅读部分仍沿用了过去的命题方式，现以其中一套考题的阅读文章The Magician为例进行简单分析。

The Magician一文主要介绍了近几年的热门话题人物Steve Jobs （史蒂夫·乔布斯）的生平及其主要成就。从题材来看，本文属于商业类文章。历年四级阅读中出现的商业类文章一般都不会太难，本文也不例外。

从题目类型来看，快速阅读部分的前七道题是选择题，主要考查文章细节，偶尔考查推断性内容，对考生来说难度不算大。快速阅读部分的后三道题是填空题，这往往是考生丢分较多的“重灾区”。但其实填空题难度并不大，只要考生做题时足够细心，一般都能得分。如The Magician一文后面的第8题：“In spite of the user-friendliness of Apple products， critics complained that they were ______.”要回答这道题，考生首先应找到原文中与之相关的句子。根据题干关键词critics，考生可将答案信息定位至倒数第三段第一句话：“Mr. Jobs had a reputation as a control freak， and his critics complained that the products and systems he designed were closed and inflexible …”在题干中，空格前的they指代的是题干中的Apple products，其对应的正是原文中的products and systems，故该题答案显然是closed and inflexible。

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2.深度阅读

2012年12月四级考试深度阅读部分的题型与以往相同，没有太大改变，都是以细节题和推断题为主。这两种题型总体难度都不大，对于考生来说较难的一种题型是词义题。鉴于此，这部分我们主要来探讨一下词义题。

所谓词义题，是指题干引用文中的某个词或词组，然后问该词或词组是什么意思。词义题一般难度较大，考生丢分比较严重，不过好在此类题在四级阅读中出现频率较低。词义题在每次考试中都会出现，但一般每次只会出现一两道题。这类题一般不会单纯考查考生词汇量的大小，而是考查某个词或词组在文章语境中的特定含义。因此，考生在碰到此类题时切不可根据自己的词汇知识想当然地选择其含义，而应该回原文找到该词所在句，分析上下文语境，从而推断出答案。在本次四级考试的几套考题中，只有一套考卷中出现了一道词义题，如下所示。

63. What does the author mean by “me-too products”？

A） Products with no substantial difference.

B） Products tailored to individual users.

C） Products everyone is eager to possess.

D） Products companies compete to make.

解析：本题考查的是“me-too products”在文中的含义。首先，考生要回原文找到该词所在句，即第三段第四句话：“That is， the new offerings companies are pushing out the door every six months or so are me-too products or ones with just a couple of new features.”接着，考生要分析原文内容。该句指出各公司每隔半年左右推出的新产品是“me-too products”，而其后的or表示一种解释关系，由此我们得知所谓“me-too products”指的是ones with just a couple of new features （那些只有几个新特征的产品）。最后，结合原文内容，逐一对照该题的四个选项，考生会发现A选项Products with no substantial difference （并无实质性差别的产品）与原文句意最吻合，故该题答案为A选项。

3.选词填空

2012年12月四级阅读的选词填空部分与以往相同，考查的重点仍然是动词、名词和形容词的用法。副词出现频率不高，从历年出题情况来看，平均每次考试会出现两个左右。下面笔者就以本次“多题多卷”考题的其中一套题为例，简单分析本次考试选词填空部分的特点。

该套考题选词填空部分的文章涉及商业类话题。从命题角度看，选项中出现的词有难有易，简单词如ensure、unusual和fill等，较难的词如appealing、occupations和recession等。值得一提的是，有些词虽然较常见，但可能会考查到其不太常见的用法，比如fill一词。这个词相信考生都非常熟悉，它作为动词使用时的常用词义是“装满，填满，堵塞”，但本次考题中考查的却是大家不太熟悉的含义。原文内容如下：“Women now 51 a majority of jobs in the US …”空格前出现的名词women为主语，空格后的名词词组a majority of jobs为宾语，可见此句缺少的是谓语，故51题的空白处应该填入一个动词。根据选项，唯有fill一词可以和a majority of jobs形成搭配，fill在此处表示的意思是“担任（职务等）”。很多考生不熟悉fill的这层意思，因此在做题时感到无所适从。

要想取得选词填空题部分的高分，一方面，考生要加强词汇学习，尤其要多多积累动词、形容词的固定搭配和用法以及一些抽象名词的含义和用法；另一方面，考生应适当强化语法知识学习，尤其是要学会分析句子成分。另外，考生在学习词汇时要多留意一些“熟词僻义”的用法。

备考策略

针对马上要到来的2013年6月的四级考试，笔者为考生提出以下备考策略。

1.认真研究真题。四级考试是标准化考试，因此不论考试内容和形式如何变化，其命题思路都会保持相对稳定。因此，建议考生認真分析每道真题的出题点和选项特征，尤其要重视曾经做错的题目。

2.尽量少接触或者不接触模拟题。由于市面上模拟题的质量参差不齐，无法完全模拟出真实考试的难度水平，因此，考生如果忽视真题而做太多模拟题，极有可能在解题思路上被误导。

3.归纳相关话题词汇。如前文所述，四级阅读材料涉及的话题是有限的，而且涉及相同话题的文章中所使用的词汇都会有所重复。因此，考生不要盲目背单词，可以先把真题中出现的话题词汇归纳出来，然后牢记，之后再用大纲词汇表查缺补漏，这样才能做到重点突出、目标明确。