英语中常见谓语的错误聚焦(共8篇)
1.英语中常见谓语的错误聚焦 篇一
1.最常见的错误是漏掉复数名词的词形变化(可数名词大多以复数形式表示泛指。可数名词绝大多数场合不能用前无定语、后无复数s的形式)
我们每天都看书。
×We read book every day.
√We read books every day.
学生们用手学习。
×Student use their hand to learn.
√Students use their hands to learn.
2.把名词的复数形式变错,尤其是那些不规则的变化:
树叶正在往下落。
×Tree leafs were falling down.
√Tree leaves were falling down.
草地上有些牛皮.
×There are some oxes on the grassland.
√There are some oxen on the grassland.
3.误把不可数名词当和可数名词
你有一段红布吗?
×Do you have a red cloth?
√Do you have a length of red cloth?
给我三块面包。
×Give me three breads.
√Give me three pieces of breads.
4.容易将一些习惯上不能或者不宜作前置定语的名词当作前置定语
你知道湖南电视台的“今日谈”吗?
×Do you know Today Talk at Human TV Station?
√Do you know Today’s Talk at Human TV Station?
√Do you know Talk Today at Human TV Station?
这一周的体育节目你们看得开心吗?
×Did you enjoy this week sports shows?
√Did you enjoy this week’s sports shows?
√Did you enjoy the sports shows of this week?
2.英语中常见谓语的错误聚焦 篇二
一、大学生英语写作中的错误
(一)用词错误。
词汇是语言的建筑材料,而词是构成语言词汇的最小、最基本的独立运用单位。我国古代著名文学理论家刘勰在《文心雕龙》中指出:“因字而生句,积句而成章,积章而成篇。篇之彪炳,章无疵也;章之明靡,句无玷也;句子清英,字不妄也。”刘勰认为写文章要从宏观角度着眼,造句要从单字入手。学生英语写作中的错误主要表现在词语的选择、搭配上。
1.选词不当。
词汇是语言中最活跃的因素。英文写作是考查学生全面运用所学的语言知识,传达信息的运用能力。词汇贫乏,词义掌握不好是写不出好文章的。英语词汇有不少同义词和近义词,这些词在汉语意义上差别不大,但彼此在用法上、语气上、场合上、程度上、范围上都有一定的差别和不同。稍有不慎,就有可能用错或用词不准。例如:
Fishing boats were anchored all along the shore. (错)
Fishing boats were anchored all along the coast. (正)
Coast与shore是近义词,均可作“海滨”解,但两者是有区别的。Coast常指沿海的一片长条地带,强调站在陆上,看水陆的交接处。Shore常指海、湖边的任何陆地,与coast相反,它更强调站在水的边缘看水陆的交接处;常指游乐或度假胜地。
2.搭配不当。
搭配不当主要指的是动词与介词, 动词与副词之间的搭配不当或改变词语的固定结构和搭配关系所造成的错误。例如:
They tried to impress a design with the tablecloth. (误)
They tried to impress a design on the tablecloth. (正)
Impress on作“在……上面压上印记”讲与impress with的第一义“使盖上,使印上(印记,记号,某种形状)”较相近,但前者指用一定的力气,压力把某种符号印在某种物体的表面上,而后者的“使盖上,使印上印记之类的符号”不强调要用多少力气或压力印到某东西上面。Impress on作“给以…深刻的印象”讲时,与impress with“给以……深刻的印象”同义,不过后者特别用来表达给人以深刻的好印象。要记住impress with作“给以……深刻的印象”讲时,可用impress by代替,但impress on不可以。Impress on中的on却可用upon代替。此外,动词后接不定式或接动名词是有严格限制的,有的动词后只可接不定式,如ask, pretend等,还有的后面接不带to的动词不定式,如make, hear, watch等,有的后面则只能跟动名词,如enjoy, fancy等。
3.忽视词性的作用。
分析学生在英语学习中常出现的错误可以发现,造成错误的原因是没有掌握好英语单词的词性。有些学生尽管单词量很大,却不了解这些词的词性,在运用时当然会错误百出。例如:
We want to know your advise on this work. (误)
We want to know your advice on this work. (正)
Advise是动词,此处作宾语应用名词advice.
4.词语遗漏。
学生因为英语基础知识不扎实,没有很好地掌握固定搭配及句子结构而出现词语遗漏的现象,影响到句子意思的完整表达。例如:
I think important to take part in the school activities. (误)
I think it important to take part in the school activities. (正)
这里的it是形式宾语,指代动词不定式to take part in the school activities。
(二)句法错误。
任何一种语言都是语法和词汇的结合,理解句子的含义离不开语法分析,对于英语语言基础知识薄弱的学生来说,语法错误会使语言表达不清、结构混乱,学生在写作过程中出现的错误主要有以下几种。
1.句子不合逻辑。
Being a student, we all wish to learn English well. (误)
As students, we all wish to learn English well. (正)
名词和代词的数前后应保持一致。
2.句子内容不明晰。
He told his father that he was wrong.(模糊)
He told his father that his father was wrong.(清楚)
原从句中的he指他本人,还是他父亲,不清楚。
I like Mary as much as Jane.(模糊)
I like Mary as much as I like Jane.(清楚)
在含有比较结构的复合句中,若主句的谓语动词是及物动词,从句中就要注意将意思交代清楚。原句中的Jane是普通格,就可以被看做是like的主语,也可被看做是like的宾语,故容易引起歧义。
3.文章连贯性差,语言支离破碎等。
The road in big city is getting more and more wider. (误)
The roads in big cities are getting wider and wider. (正)
针对这些问题,学生首先要加强语言基本功的训练,尤其要注意固定搭配的用法、句子结构、句型、名词单复数、词性、比较级,以及时态、语态、大小写、标点符号等问题。
4.累赘。
言以简为贵, 写句子写段落应避免多余的词或句子。例如:
In spite of the fact that she is lazy, her boyfriend likes her.
此句的“the fact that she is lazy”是同位语从句, 按照简洁的原则此句子可改为In spite of her laziness, her boyfriend likes her.
5.避免中式英语。
中式英语既可指句子表达不符合英语句型或英语习惯,又可指根据汉语意思选择词汇,而忽视该词在英语中的特定含义和用法。例如:
The students can do teacher of home-work to earn money in the two-day weekend.
此句中的“do teacher of home-work”是汉式英语错误,做家庭教师应改为“do tutoring”,以上是学生写作练习中经常出现的带有普遍性的错误。
三、如何避免和纠正写作错误
如何避免和纠正上述错误以提高学生的写作水平呢?笔者认为可以采取下列对策。
(一)打好扎实的英语语言基础,为写作水平的提高创造条件。
英语写作是英语学习中的一个较难的环节。学生的英语水平如何对于写作的质量起着关键作用。因此要求学生掌握全面的英语语法知识。语法在写作中起着不可忽视的作用,英语语法是一种较为系统、严密的语法体系,凡是好的文章无不是在灵活运用该体系所规定的各种规则下写成的,所以,只有搞清句子的语法结构才能写出正确句子;让学生了解词汇在写作中的作用,因为词汇能体现语言的不同侧面,是矛盾的主要方面。历来许多语言学家及语言工作者都力陈词汇在英语学习中的重要性,如Wilkins认为:“没有语法只能传达很少的信息,没有词汇则什么也无法传达。”Wilkins的这句广为引用的名言对写作学习同样适用。要求学生平时大量阅读以增强语感,了解英语和母语的区别,提高英语的写作水平。
(二)写作技巧的讲解和训练与课文的讲授有机地结合起来。
从上述例句分析可以看出,学生出错的主要原因除了语言基本功欠扎实外,还缺乏写作技巧的指导和训练。为了改变这一状况,笔者在课堂讲授中,把写作的一些基本技巧和常识如:比较、因果、转折、让步、颠倒顺序、词类转变法等分布到精读教材的各课中,通过对课文的讲解把写作技巧和理论逐步地传授给学生,这不仅能帮助学生提高写作的质量,而且能加快写作速度。
(三)端正学生的写作态度。
学生的写作质量在很大程度上取决于他们的学习态度和作风。为此笔者在教学一开始让学生了解写作的重要性并一再强调要有严肃认真、一丝不苟的学习作风,养成良好的习惯,不但要认真对待语法结构复杂的句子,而且要对那些貌似简单,但容易产生歧义的句子不可掉以轻心,反复斟酌,认真修改。有了较扎实的英语语言基础,掌握了一定的写作技巧,再加上认真的学习态度,写作水平的提高就有了保证。
参考文献
[1]罗勃特.W.布莱尔.外语教学新方法.北京语言学院出版社, 1987.
3.关于考研英语写作中常见的错误 篇三
标点符号使用错误的现象,在考研英语的小作文中表现的尤为突出。
①称呼后面应该使用逗号,而非句号,且不加标点符号也是错误的,如:Dear Mr Wang
②Yours后面应该加逗号,正确的形式应该是:Yours,
③落款后面不加标点符号,很多同学在写小作文的时候都习惯性的点上一点,但这一点在英文中就是句号的代表。此外,在大作文中也有许多同学出现一句话没有写完,就直接使用句号的情况,这是不对的。
2.单词拼写错误
单词拼写的错误,在阅卷英语老师看来是最不该范的错误。在这块要想获得提高,就只能平时认真的多背单词了。
3.大小写的问题
在写作中,会涉及到首字母大小写的一般有两个地方:
①每一句话的第一个单词,首字母应该大写;
②题目中的第一个单词和最后一个单词的首字母应该大写。而在题目的中间部分,如果是实词,首字母就要大写,如果是虚词,则不用。但是考研英语的大作文是不用写题目的,因而不会涉及到题目中单词首字母大小写的问题。
4.语法问题
①介词使用不当
在一个词组中,具体应该使用什么介词,取决于这个词组的固定搭配,而不是随意而为之。如:
I am writing this letter to express my suggestions about how to improve
students’ physical condition.
“对…提出建议”应该是give suggestions on…,原文中使用介词about并不恰当,不符合常用表达。
②缺少谓语动词
The students in good health.
我们都知道,“主+谓+宾”是一个句子最基本的结构,缺一不可。如果谓语动词是系动词,那这个句子就是典型的“主+系+表”的结构了。上面的这个句子有主语the students,有介词短语in good health,但是很明显缺少系动词,正确的句子形式应该是The students are in good health.
③名词的复数
当名词在句子中表达的是复数的含义的时候,一定要使用它的复数形式,如:
I have some suggestion to you.
在这句话中,前置定语some已经说明了suggestion是复数形式了,应该加-s,suggestions才对。
④情态动词后使用动词原形
First of all, you can organization about ourdoor.
4.英语作文常见的错误有哪些 篇四
Ⅰ 词汇错误
1) 易混淆词语的误用;
例如 effect & affect, sensitive & sensible
2) 词性的误用;
例如 Concrete structures are found to be more strangely(stronger) when they subjected to 3-dimension compression.
3) 代词的误用;
例如 The myth of the city as a promised land, that(非限制性定语从句,that 应改为which) attracts immigrants from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers.
4) 介词的误用;
例如Chapter 1 analyses the influence of continental climate to(on) buildings in China.
5) 连词的.误用;
例如 To make a living the whole family, even if(even) their 8-year old brother, had to work in a factory.
6) 冠词的误用;
例如However, the(删除,因此处的是泛指而不是特指某个讲双语的人)bilingual people rarely have equal level of competence in all aspects of the two la
7) 专业术语的误用、或是习惯用法使用错误;
① plank n. 铺板,厚木板,支架,(政党的) 政纲条款
但土木工程结构的面板一般用slab表示,而不用plank。
② Television is rapidly becoming the literature of our periods(time).
Ⅱ 语法错误
1) 主谓不一致;
例如 The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies(lie) two myths:………
2) 时态错误;
例如 Where tuberculosis vanished(had vanished), it came back……
3) 主/被动语态错误
4) 虚拟语气;
例如 If something have(had) been done, the accident would not have happen.
5) 非谓语动词的误用
例如 Consider(Considering) the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified……
Ⅲ 逻辑关系错误
例如 Although most important factors on concrete durability have been extensively investigated, lots are still (添加not) completely understood.
Typical errors I tend to commit in my own writing:
1)介词的误用(将词组、固定搭配记错;)
2)主谓不一致(不知主语是可数名词还是不可数名词;)
5.大学英语汉英翻译中常见错误分析 篇五
许多大学生在学习英语时常常写出一些完全不符合英语语法和逻辑思维的句子, 有人称之为“中国式英语”。这个现象既困扰了很多英语学习者, 同时也一直是大学英语教师所关注的一个问题。尤其现行的四六级考试新题型将翻译纳入考题范围之后, 汉译英成为很多考生的一块心病, 甚至达到了谈“译”色变的地步。之所以会对这种考题存在一种恐惧心理, 主要原因在于学习者长期受母语汉语的影响, 而这种长期的影响体现在翻译的过程中, 多数却是负面的。本文从词汇、搭配、句法结构等几个方面入手, 探究学生在翻译中常犯的各类错误, 并从理论上分析其原因, 找出相应的对策。
常见错误
1. 词汇方面
(1) 望文生义。在理解过程中切忌望文生义, 不求甚解, 似是而非。例如“红”译为“red”, 可是表示妒忌的“红眼”不可译为“red-eyed”, 应译为“green-eyed”。[1]有一篇报道中有这样一句话“这位著名的篮球队员是加拿大裔”, 但这句话不能简单地译成“This famous basket-baller is a canadian”。因为所谓“加拿大裔”, 是指有加拿大的血缘, 但其国籍, 根据上下文, 却应该是美国国籍, 因此这句话应译为“This famous basket-baller is a canadian American”。
(2) 目标语背景知识的缺乏。在提到“亚洲四小龙”时, 很多学生马上会联想到“four dragons”, 孰不知“dragon”在英语中是指一种凶残的动物, 是邪恶的象征, 因此应翻译为“four tigers”。“笨得像猪”或者“睡得像猪”不能理解为“as stupid as a pig”或者“sleep like a pig”, 而要说“as stupid as a donkey”或者“sleep like log”。
(3) 搭配不当。汉英两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法, 翻译时必须注意两者的不同, 不能把汉语词的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中。[2]汉语的“开”, 英语中往往翻译为“open”, 可是“开”这个词同时存在很多方面的含义:开启, 开始, 操纵, 举行, 开办。比如, “开门”译为“open the window”。而其他的一些搭配则应分别译为:
开饭serve a meal
开机器operate a machine
开会hold a meeting
开茶馆run a teahouse
2.句法结构方面
(1) 句子成分残缺不全。例如:他有一个姐姐, 是医生。
原译:He has an elder sister is a doctor.
正确译文:He has an elder sister, who is a doctor.[3]
分析:英语句子中不可以出现两个谓语动词, 将句子的其中一部分处理成定语从句, 是较好的选择。
(2) 未使用或错误地使用体现逻辑关系的连接词。学习者在学习英语的过程中必须认清逻辑关系。相对于汉语而言, 英语的句子更讲究逻辑, 因此, 要求句子内涵的逻辑关系“外化”, 使用形形色色的“connectives”让逻辑关系“浮出水面”。正所谓“汉语重意合, 英语重形合”。英语如此讲究逻辑, 因此, 许多在汉语中不言自明或者不言而喻的意思, 放到英语语言环境下, 都要用外在形式一一体现出来。
(A) 表示因果
我已养成了遇事深思的习惯, 并找到了与不同学生友好相处的方法。
原译:I have formed the habit of thinking problems through thoroughly and found a way to get on well with many different types of students.
改译:I have formed the habit of thinking problems through thoroughly.In addition, I have found a way to get on well with many different types of students.
连词“and”难以体现前后潜在的“因果”关系。介词短语“in addition”使前后两句的内在逻辑得以“外化”, 两句彼此独立, 句义鲜明。
(B) 表示转折
玛丽不喜欢读书, 她喜爱音乐和舞蹈, 很会唱歌。
原译:Mary isn't fond of study of any kind, she loves music and dancing and is good at singing.
改译:逗号后面加一个“but”, 体现出两句的逻辑关系。
(C) 除了没有在必要的地方添加连接词之外, 学生也有可能乱添不必要的连接词
因为她病了, 所以我们去看望她。
原译:Because she was sick, so we went to see her.
改译:“because”或“so”去掉其中一个。两者不可以同时使用。
(3) 被动句
(A) 错误地把汉语句中本应译成地点状语或时间状语的主语译为了主语
明天下午两点在学校礼堂开教学研究会。
原译:At 2:00 p.m.tomorrow in the schoolhall will hold a teaching symposium.
改译:There will be a teaching symposium in the schoolhall at 2:00 p.m.tomorrow.[4]
(B) 未能正确地使用被动语态
昨天这个男孩伤着了肩膀。
原译:The boy wounded his shoulder yesterday.
改译:The boy’s shoulder was wounded yesterday.
动词的被动式在英语中比比皆是, 在科技文章中尤多, 汉语里往往当主语遇到不如意或不企望的事时才用被动式, 如被杀、遭抢劫等。学生由于汉语思维的影响, 很少考虑到用被动语态。
(4) 由于缺乏必要的跨文化知识, 同时受汉语句式的负迁移, 因此犯了逐字翻译的错误或者说译出的是“中式英语”。
例如:“请大家坐好!”
原译:“Sit well!”
改译:“Attention, please.”或“May I have your attention?”
在我国中小学课堂上, 要求学生坐姿端正, 所以经常听到老师上课对学生说:“Sit well!” (“坐好!”) 。从语言角度谈, 如果一个学生坐姿不好, 那应该说:“Sit straight!”。同样, “站好!”是“Stand straight!”, 而不是“Stand well”;从文化上看, 它表明不同国家有着不同的教育习俗。在西方国家, 就学生姿势而言, 只要不是躺着, 或靠在别人身上, 并不要求坐直。如果课堂秩序不好, 老师一般只是说“Attention, Please.”或“May I have your attention?”
相应对策
学生在翻译中会犯形形色色的错误, 但归根结底就是上述几类。只要可以追根溯源, 就能找到解决的办法。提高汉译英能力的三个步骤:为所译的句子确定要采用的句型;确定合适的时态;确定相应准确的词汇。
1.句型
句型应用得恰当, 译文则顺畅, 就如同撒网打鱼时抓住了纲绳。古人早就总结出“授之以鱼不如授之以渔”的道理。[5]掌握了几个基本的句型, 就如同抓住了英语语言的精髓。下面举例加以说明:
宋徽宗与其说是一位国君, 不如说是一位绘画大师。
Song Huizong was more of an artist than a king.此句用了“more of a+n.+than”的句型, 使得译文简洁明了。
我突然想到我们可以用计算机来做这项工作。
2. 时态
每个句子都有一个动词时态的问题, 即该句所表达的行为是在何时发生的。不同的时间应该用不同的时态来表达, 而汉语的时态通常是用时间状语来表达的, 如昨天、现在、将来等, 动词则不发生变化。由于英汉语言的这种差异, 汉译英时往往容易忽略而出错。
那个国家的气候除了七月以外都是很温和的。
The climate of that country is mild except in July.此句表示的是一个常有的状态, 所以用一般现在时态。
3. 词汇
正确翻译的最后一步则是用相应的英语词汇准确地译出中文原意。首先一定要分辨出汉语句子中单词的准确含义, 其次在选择英语词汇时一定要看准词性, 然后再运用到译文中。
他们决定放弃不再找了, 因为他们找了一个星期, 什么也没找到。
误译:They decided to give up the find, because they have found for a week and nothing was found.
此句中的三个“找”的翻译 (find, have found和was found) 前两个均用错。英语中“find”的词义是强调找没找到的结果, 而不是强调寻找这个动作。所以此句前两个“find”应用“search”和“look for”, 而“search”强调寻找的难度和认真度。
正确翻译:They decided to give up the search because they had looked for it for a week and had found nothing
我相信自己总有一天会取得成功。
I believe I’ll succeed/be successful/achieve success sooner or later.
结束语
综上所述, 我们可以看出汉译英是英语语言多个技能之中一个较难掌握的技能。它首先要求对汉语原句正确理解和结构的正确分析, 要求扎实的英语语法知识和足够的词汇量, 还要求有良好的中英文修辞方面的知识和技能。这些都是汉译英中最基本的知识和技能。笔者在汉译英教学中通过对上述各点的强调和实践, 取得了良好的教学效果, 希望这些总结也能给广大教师同行一些帮助。
摘要:本文列举了大学生在汉英翻译中常犯的一些错误, 从理论和实际两个方面对错误产生的原因进行了全面的分析, 并提出相应对策;同时指出翻译教学在大学英语教学中的重要地位。
关键词:汉英翻译,错误,分析
参考文献
[1]张晓歌.汉译英常见错误分析[J].河北职业技术学院学报, 2002, 2:28-31.
[2]吕瑞昌, 喻云根.汉英翻译教程[M].西安:陕西人民出版社, 1983.
[3]杨耀.汉译英句型基本转换模式极其错误分析[J].长江职工大学学报, 2002, 1:41-43.
[4]方忠南.汉英翻译中两类最常见错误及其产生原因[J].湖南人文科技学院学报, 2005, 1:130-133.
6.英语介词学习常见错误 篇六
[误] We gotto the top of the mountain in daybreak.
[正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.
[析] at用于具体时刻之前,如:sunrise, midday2, noon3, sunset4, midnight6, night.
[误] Don’t sleep at daytime7
[正] Don’t sleep in daytime.
[析] in 要用于较长的一段时间之内,如:in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。
[误] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.
[正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.
[析] in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如:on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th
[误] He became8 a writter at his twenties
[正] He became a writter in his twenties
[析]这句话应译为:他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示,而在具体岁数时用at来表示。
[误] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.
[正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.
[析] 在具体年岁前用at, 如:at the age of 12, at your age,等等。
[误] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.
[正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.
[析] 具体某一天要用介词on, 又如:on New Year‘s Day
[误] I’m looking forward10 to seeing you on Christmas.
[正] I’m looking for ward11 to seeing you at Christmas.
[析]在节日的当天用on,而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间,一般要有两周或更长的时间。
[误] I haven’t see you during12 the summer holidays.
[正] I haven’t seen13 you since14 the beginning15 of the summer holidays.
[析] during表示在某一段时间之内,所以一般不与完成时搭配,如:I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间,可以用于完成时,如:I haven‘t see you for a long time. 而through 用来表示时间时则为“整整,全部的时间”。如:It rained through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间,一般要与完成时连用。
[误] At entering16 the classroom, I heard the good news17.
[正] On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.
[析] On 加动名词表示“一……就”。本句的译文应是:我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如:on hearing… 一听见, on arrival18 一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)
[误] In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.
[正] At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.
[析] at the begining与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分,均不指时间范围,而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end=at last是指“最终,终于”之意。
[误] Till20 the end of next week. I will have finished21 this work.
[正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.
[析] by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点,其意思为“不迟于某一时刻将工作做完”,所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态,如:I‘ll be there by five o’clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻,但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词,而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式,如:I won‘t finish this work till(until) next weekend.
[误] He came9 to London before last weekend.
[正] He had22 come to London before last weekend.
[正] He came to London two weeks ago.
[析] before 一般要与完成时连用,而ago则与一般过去时连用。
[误] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.
[正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.
[析] since用来表达主句动作的开始时间,所以其引出的从句中应为过去时,而不能用完成时态
[误] I can help you repair24 this bike. You will get it after two hours.
[正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.
[析]中文经常讲两小时之后来取,两天内会修好,而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after.其原因有二,①after 多用于过去时,如:I arrived in New York. After three days, I found25 a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围,如:after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时,一定要用介词in.
[误] Three days after he died23.
[正] After three days he died.
[正] Three days later26 he died.
[析] after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后,但它们所处的位置不同,after 在时间词前,而later在时间词后。
[误] She hid27 herself28 after the tree.
[正] She hid herself behind the tree.
[析] after多用来表达某动作之后,所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词,如:I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。
[误] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.
[正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.
[析] 树上长出的果实,树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.
[误] Shanghai is on the east of China.
[正] Shanghai is in the east of China.
[析] 在表达地理位置时有3个介词:in, on, to. in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤;to则表示不相接。如:Japan is to the east of China.
[误] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.
[正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.
[析] at用来表达较小的地方,而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village.
[误] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.
[正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.
[析] 在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法:at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page.
[误] There is a colour TV set5 at the corner of the hall.
[正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.
[析] 在屋内的角落应用in,而墙的外角用at,如:There is a tree at the corner of the street.
[误] This weekend I’ll stay in Uncle Wang’s.
[正] This weekend I’ll stay at Uncle Wang’s.
[析] 要注意英文的特殊表达法,如:at a tailor’s shop (裁缝店)=at a tailor’s, at the doctor’s (去看病) at the bookseller’s (在书店) at uncle Wang’s (在王叔叔家)
[误] Do you know there is some good news on today’s newspaper?
[正] Do you know there is some good news in today’s newspaper?
[析] 在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上,或某一页上则要用on.
[误] The school will begin on September 1st.
[正] School will begin on September 1st.
[析]这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程,即开学之意。要注意,有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词,如:at table (吃饭), When I came to Tom’s home, they were at table. 还有: at desk (学习),at work (工作) at school (上学), in hospital (住医院) at church29 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意,如:at the school 即在学校工作或办事,in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。
[误] In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill30 time.
[正] On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.
[析]译文为:在去车站的路上我买了份报纸,为的是消磨时光“在……的路上”应用on one‘s way…。而 in the way 有挡道之意,如:Please move the chair it is in the way.
[误] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone31 broke32 into.
[正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.
[正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.
[析] in是表达一个静止状态,在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语,而into则是动态介词,与break连用时要加介词宾语。
[误] I’ll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.
[正] I’ll leave Beijing for Shanghai.
[正] I’ll leave for Shanghai.
[析] leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配,不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有:start for 动身前往某处,set out for, sail34 for.
[误] I’m sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.
[正] I’m sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.
[析] get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车,而get out为下车,但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词,所以其后不能接名词,我们可以讲We’d better get in. 或We’d better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车:get on/off33(a train, a ship, a struck35) get into/out of (a car, taxi…)
[误] Be careful The temperature36 of the water is ninety degrees37 over zero38.
[正] Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.
[析] over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时,即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.
[误] There is an old stone bridge39 above the river.
[正] There is an old stone bridge over the river.
[析] over还有一意为“跨越,横跨”。
[误] The Dead40 Sea is under the sea level41.
[正] The Dead Sea is below42 the sea level.
[析]在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词,over与under也是反意词。
[误] There is a big tree in the front of the house.
[正] There is a big tree in front of the house.
[析] in front of 是在物体外部的前面,而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面,如:The driver sits in the front of the bus.
[误] It took43 them two days to walk across44 the forest45.
[正] It took them two days to walk through the forest.
[析] across 作为介词有两个主要意思:① 横过,如:I want to walk across the street.② 对面,如:There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如:The little girl ran46 across the room to meet her mother.
[误] The sun sets47 toward48 the west.
[正] The sun sets in the west.
[析] towards也可用作toward,它主要表达朝向某方向运动,但不一定到达,如:He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时,其前面要用in.要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词,如:I went south. 也可用作名词,如:I went to the south.也可用作形容词,如:I went to the south part50 of China.
[误] Do you have no other clothes except51 those?
[正] Do you have no other clothes besides52 those?
[析] beside 是“在……旁边”,如:The students stood53 beside their teachers.而besides是“除……之外,不仅……而且……,除了……以外还有……”,如:I studied English besides French54, when I was55 in college56. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分,如:I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物,如:The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。
[误] Can I write the exam57 paper with ink?
[正] Can I write the exam paper with a pen?
[正] Can I write the exam paper in ink?
[析] with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具,而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in.
[误] I’m earlier today. I came here by his car.
[正] I’m earlier today. I came here in his car.
[析]在交通工具前加介词by,但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词,否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi
by train=in a train
by bicycle=on a bicycle
by ship=on a ship
by boat=in a boat
by bus=on a bus
by plane=on a plane
by air 空运
by land58 陆运
by sea 海运
on foot on horseback
by phone by letter by radio
by air mail59 by hand
[误] A lot of French wines60 are made61 of grape.
[正] A lot of French wines are made from grape.
[析] made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化,而发生了某种变化则要用from,如:The desk was made of hard wood.
[误] This is a good dictionary62 in English grammar63.
[正] This is a good dictionary on English grammar.
[析]关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词,其中on表示某专业用书,about则为某方面的普通读物,如:This is a book about physics64.即物理科普知识。
[误] Do you have the key of the door.
[正] Do you have the key to the door.
[析] key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question, entrance65 to the highway66, danger67 to health68.千万不要用of.
[误] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest19 of collecting stamps.
[正] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.
[析] have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。
[误] I didn’t do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.
[正] I didn’t do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.
[析] be angry with其后接人,而be angry at其后接事。如:He was angry at what she said69.
[误] He was good for skating.
[正] He was good at skating.
[析] be good at 为“擅长某事”,而be good for somebody为对某人很好。
[误] It was good to you to help my little boy.
[正] It was good of you to help my little boy.
[析] 这句话应译为:你真太好了,帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody70 是对某人态度好。如:Her mother is good to everyone.
[误] My parents were very pleased71 at me.
[正] My parents were very pleased with me.
[正] My parents were very pleased at my studying.
[析] be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something.
[误] He is agree72 with me.
[正] He agrees73 with me.
[误] He againsts me.
[正] He is against74 me.
[析]同意agree为动词,而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。
[误] I haven’t heard letters from him.
[正] I haven’t heard from him.
[析] hear from 即为:从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。
[误] Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?
[正] Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?
[析] 作为“拜访”讲call at其后接地点,如:May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。
[误] Do you know the girl on white?
[正] Do you know the girl in white?
[析] in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有:in bed(睡觉),in hospital(住院),in a hurry(匆匆忙忙),in danger(危险中),in joy75 (高兴),in good health(身体好),in love(恋爱),in trouble76(困境),与之相反的是out of ,如:out of trouble (摆脱困境),out of date(过时了), out of order77(出故障)
[误] He looked at me at surprise.
[正] He looked at me in surprise.
[析] surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首,To one’s surprise, 如:To my surprise he succeeded78. ② be surprised79 at, 如:I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.
[误] She didn’t come to school because of she was ill.
[正] She didn’t come to school because she was ill.
7.英语写作常见错误与分析 篇七
英语写作常见错误与分析
如何写好四六级英语作文英语写作常见错误与分析下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析. 一. 不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等.例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.改为: Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末. 三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的.词语,不能独立成句.改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. 四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了.改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died.例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚.改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades. 五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.例1. None can negative the importance of money.剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。改为:None can deny the importance of money. 六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid
8.英语中常见谓语的错误聚焦 篇八
“一个和尚挑水吃, 两个和尚抬水吃, 三个和尚没水吃”这句谚语一般被认为等同于“One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.”如罗新璋 (1984:791) 、尚丽娟 (2008:2) 、崔传明 (2010:71) 等。但是, 笔者在英文原版字典中却查不到这种上述对等译法1。英语为母语的人也不理解上述英译 (张顺生2006a:68) 。显然, 谚语翻译不可望文生义、人云亦云。如果考虑到文化内涵, 汉语中的“一个和尚挑水吃, 两个和尚抬水吃, 三个和尚没水吃”或可译作“One Buddhist monk in a temple will fetch his drinking water alone;two will fetch water together;but with three, none will go to get it.”如果仅从意义入手, 译成“Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.”也未尝不可。即使套用英语直译也得译成“One monk is a monk, two monks half a monk, three monks no monk.”否则, 无论是文化内涵还是字面意义都没有得到有效的传达 (张顺生2006a:70) 。在我国, 人们普遍误以为“懂外语就能翻译”, 实际上翻译不只涉及文字, 而且牵涉其他许多因素, 尤其是文化因素。因为我们长期浸润在自己的语言里, 往往只知其然而不知其所以然。潘文国指出, 年轻人要学会辩证的思维方法, 遇到问题要从正反两个方面去想想, 不要走偏锋;要独立思考, 绝不人云亦云。然而, 这种“想当然”的现象并不鲜见。因此, 从事英语基础阶段教学时要“培养问题意识, 防止‘想当然’”, 要及时查阅词典和其他资料, 确保对原文的正确理解和翻译 (张顺生2007:7) 。下面笔者将结合教学中的一些实例来分析一些我国英语学习者容易犯错的例子。
二、英译汉常见错误举例
(1) bread and butter
误:面包和黄油
正:黄油面包
分析:在bread and butter这样一类短语中, 并列连词后的名词成分其实相当于修饰语, 类似的表达还有:cups and gold (金杯, 相当于gold cup) 、with eyes and envy (羡慕的眼神, 相当于with envious eyes) 、a cup and saucer (带托盘的杯子) 、a hook and line (带线的鱼钩) 、a writer and director (兼导演的作家) 、a needle and thread (穿上线的针) 和force and arms (武装力量) 等 (苏克银2010:37) 。
(2) That man is good and rich.
误:那个人又好又有钱。
正:那个人非常有钱。
分析:按照习惯, 英语中用and连接的词或短语表示并列概念, 但nice and...、good and...、lovely and...、fine and...和rare and...等短语属于固定用法, 意思相当于“非常”, 如:nice and short (非常短) 、nice and warm (非常暖和) 、nice and healthy (非常健康) 、good and fast (非常快) 、fine and tall (非常高) 、lovely and comfortable (非常舒适) 和rare and busy (非常忙) 等 (苏克银2010:37) 。再例如, She kicked him good and hard. (她狠狠地踢了他一下。) (王天润2010:80) 。
(3) All is not gold that glitters.
误:闪光的都不是金子。
正:闪光的不一定都是金子。
分析:英语中的all、every和both等与not连用时构成不完全否定。此外, 有些句子必须要考察英语的涵义而不能想当然, 尤其是谚语。如It’s a long lane that has no turning.意为“事情总会好起来的”或者说“暂时遇到困难在所难免”而非“这是一条没有弯的长巷子”。It is a good horse that never stumbles.意为“好马也有失蹄时”而非“好马从不失蹄”。It’s a poor heart that never rejoices.意为“人人都有欢乐的时候”而非“伤心的人永远不会欢乐”。It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good.意为“任何事情都有利有弊”而非“对人人都有害的是恶风”。 (王天润2010:82)
(4) Every child took a parent to attend the meeting.
误:所有孩子都带父母参加会议。
正:每个孩子都带着一位家长与会。
分析:英语名词单复数是有意义的。这里, parent加复数时可译作“父母”或“家长”, 但不加复数就指其中之一, 故而译作“家长”更贴切。再比如, His offices were nearby.译为“他的办公室就在附近”还不够准确, 将“就”改为“都”更准确。
(5) I can’t agree with you more.
误:我不能再同意你的观点了。
正:我完全同意你的观点。
分析:学英语时, 有时就要做个有心人, 而不能想当然。比如pull one’s leg英语的意思是“开某人的玩笑”而非“拖某人的后腿”;I cannot thank you enough.和Ican never thank you too much.都表示“我怎么感谢你也不为过”而非“我不能感谢你太多”。The little girl has a sweet tooth.意为“那个小女孩喜欢甜食”而非“那个小女孩有颗糖牙”。drawing room是“客厅”而非“画室”;restroom意为“公共厕所”而非“休息室”;sleep late意为“起得迟”或“睡懒觉”而非“睡得迟” (“睡得迟”应当表达为go to bed late或stay up late) ;birthday suit不是什么衣服而是“赤身裸体”;love child不是“爱孩子”, 而是“私生子”的委婉语;a white lie不是“白色的谎言”而是“善意的谎言”;lazy Susan不是“懒惰的苏珊”而是“餐桌旋转盘”;take French leave意为“不辞而别”而go Dutch则指“各付各的账”;white wine是“白葡萄酒”而非“白酒”;black tea为“红茶”而非“黑茶”;eat one’s words意为“收回自己的话”而非“食言”;hit the hay不是“打草”而是“上床睡觉”;Cop, freeze.意为“我是警察, 别动!”child’s play不是“儿戏”而是“小菜一碟”;short drink意为“较浓的酒”而long drink意为“较淡的酒”;Thatwoman walks on the streets.意为“那个女人是个妓女” (林国兴2010:94) 而非“那个女的在大街上走”。类似的还有small potato (小人物) 、big cheese (大人物) 和small beer (酒精度数低的啤酒) 等。
(6) He was my special person.
误:他是我最爱的人。
正:他当时是我最爱的人。
分析:英语中的时态是有意义的, 根据上下文, 有时必须进行增译才能避免歧义。再比如, I was your age.不妨译为:“那时我和你们现在一般大。”故此, 对英语有时不能简单推理, 如a little意为“一点”和“有点”, 而not a little则意为“很多” (much) 和“非常” (very) , 而非“一点没有”。a little (有点) 和a bit (有点) 意思有时可能相同, 但是not a little (非常) 和not a bit (一点也不) 意思却截然相反。
(7) In 1814, Washington was captured and burned.
误:1814年, 华盛顿被抓住烧死了。
正:1814年, 英国军队占领了华盛顿并将其付之一炬。
分析:有的名词既可以是人名也可以是地名, 此时应根据上下文, 放入文化语境进行考查。此处, 无疑写的是1812年美国发起的第二次对英战争。战争先是美国占上风, 1813年, 美国人在约克之战中 (the Battle of York) 取得胜利, 并对约克 (现为多伦多市) 进行了抢劫而且还将约克议会大楼付之一炬。1814年, 英国取得上风, 占领了华盛顿。为了羞辱麦迪逊总统、报复美国在约克战斗中的行为, 英国人将白宫以及尚未建成的国会大厦付之一炬。
(8) 比较:His success is out of question.他必成功。
His success is out of the question.他必失败。
(赵萍2008:112)
分析:英语中有无冠词意义不一样, be in hospital (住院) 和be in a hospital (在一家医院) 、leave school (辍学) 和leave the school (离开那个学校) 、the chief of staff and treasurer (办公室主任兼出纳) 和the chief of staff and the treasurer (办公室主任和出纳) 等短语之间的意义有很大区别。
三、汉译英常见错误举例
英译汉如此, 汉译英亦然。下面我们再来看几个典型的汉译英方面的例子。
(9) 教学重点
误:teaching key points
正:key teaching points
分析:英语名词的修饰词是有一定顺序的。一般而言, 分词最靠近名词。有人将修饰名词的形容词归结为“县官行令杀国才”, 具体指限定词 (“县”为“限”的谐音, 指冠词、数词等) 、观点性形容词 (“官”为“观”的谐音, 指表示个人看法的形容词, 如wonderful、beautiful、expensive、lovely、terrible、ugly、important和right等) 、形状形容词 (“行”为“形”的谐音, 指形状等形容词, 如long、short、big、small、high、low、round和square等) 、年龄 (“令”为“龄”的谐音, 表示年龄、新旧的形容词, 如old、new和three-year-old等) 、颜色词 (“杀”为“色”的谐音, 指颜色词, 如red、black、purple、brown和yellow等) 、国别词 (指表示原材料或原产地的形容词, 如Italian、American、Canadian、Australian和Chinese等) 和原材料 (“才”通“材”, 指原材料等, 如leather、glass、rubber、metal、plastic和wooden等) 。比如, a new Swiss timing device和a prettynew black Italian leather jacket。
(10) 八岁时, 他爸爸便去世了。
误:At the age of eight, his father passed away.
正:When he was eight, his father passed away.或At the age of eight, he lost his father.
分析:上述错误的译法意为“他爸爸八岁的时候便去世了。”这显然有悖基本常识。同样要注意的修饰关系有:我们年轻人 (主格为we young people, 宾格为us young people, 而非our young people) 。
(11) 依我看, 这个主意很不错!
误:In my opinion, I think it’s a good idea.
正:In my opinion, it’s a good idea.或Ithink it’s a good idea.
分析:此句翻译忽视了语义上的重复。I think/I hold/I maintain等和in my opinion、according to me、as far as I am concerned、to my mind以及in my eyes等在意义上是重复的, 因而只能保留一个。
(12) 未经允许, 任何人不得入内。
误:Anybody can not come in without permission.
正:Nobody/No one can come in without permission.
分析:“任何……不”是汉语中常用的否定句式, 而在英语中与any/either构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时, 谓语动词不能用否定式, 因此any...not的表达形式不符合英语的习惯用法。翻译这类句子时须用“否定形式的主语+肯定形式的谓语”。
(13) 谁都可以指出我们的缺点。
误:No matter who can point out our shortcomings.
正:Anyone is welcome to point out our shortcomings, no matter who he is.
分析:No matter who只能引导让步状语从句, 故而前一句缺少主语。类似的还有whether...or not的用法, 该结构本身就是一个固定句式, 除了可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句表示“是否”之意之外, 还有“不管……”之意, 但很多同学翻译“不管……”时往往画蛇添足在其前加上no matter。
四、结语
笔者在培训中小学教师时发现, 很多人对英语一些特点的认识存在着很严重的“想当然”情况, 比如, house的单数发音为[haus], 不少教师想当然地认为其复数词尾发音为[sis]或[siz], 而不知道应当发[ziz];有些教师则一般疑问句和特殊疑问句一概都用升调;对单词的意思过分强调死记硬背。此外, 中小学教师经常不假思索地照搬书本、字典或者专家的解释。其实, 任何一个词在不同的语境都可能具有不同的意义。以president为例, 课本上可能仅给出“总统”一个意思, 词典也只可能给几种意思, 而根据翻译的功能对等 (functional equivalence) 原则, 则可以根据语境译作总统 (如President of the USA) 、总理 (如President of the Government of Spain) 、主席 (如President of the PRC) 、行长 (如President of the World Bank) 、董事长、总裁、总经理、班长、主任 (如President of the Australian Vice-Chancellors’Committee) 、会长、庭长、议长 (如加拿大魁北克议会议长和美国参议院议长) 和区长 (美国纽约市五个区的区长borough presidents) 等等。因此, 我们要有质疑精神和批判精神, 自觉培养问题意识, 遇到某些可疑的英汉“对应词”时, 应尽量先查一下原语词典, 包括谚语词典和同义词词典等, 看看该如何表达确切的意思和用法, 以免误用。订阅英语学术杂志和英语通俗刊物, 不断更新自己的跨文化知识, 对防止翻译出错也大有裨益 (张顺生2006c:1) 。
摘要:本文从“三个和尚没水吃”的英译谈起, 结合教学中遇到的实例尝试分析当前基础英语教学中的常见误译原因, 指出基础英语教学中要培养问题意识, 防止“想当然”。
关键词:基础英语教学,误译,问题意识
参考文献
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