自考毕业论文要求

2024-11-18

自考毕业论文要求（精选6篇）

1.自考毕业论文要求篇一

自考毕业论文写作基本要求

1、论文不允许抄袭，必须按自己的观点、思想来写作；

2、论文写作可以在参考、借鉴若干篇文献资料的基础上进行；

3、论文选题要切合实际，充分发挥自身的优势，应根据自己平时学习较感兴趣的问题来选择题目；

4、论文选题不宜太大、太空，应比较具体、明确地突出重点；

5、论文结构设计合理、合乎逻辑，论述清楚，有根有据，应有一定的个人独立的见解；

6、论文番号使用统一规定为：一级标题用“一”，且一级标题的字体需加黑；二级标题用“(一)”；三级标题用“1”；四级标题用“(1)”，并以些类推；

7、论文应写引言或开白，主要简要说明选题的意义以及本文写作的重点内容(开场白末尾应写“本文拟从„„方面来论述„„问题等”)；

8、论文应有结束语，简单小结论文的基本观点或主要优缺点；

9、论文的内容摘要及关键词要单独成页.

2.自考毕业论文要求篇二

关键词：高自考,英语类专业,毕业率,影响因素

In current China,the Self-Study Examination(SSE)has the biggest scale in the open higher education,and it was called“the university without fences”.The SSE adopts credit hours accumulation system;it needn’t entrance examination and have not the limits of enrollment number and length of schooling.The examinees can get credits as they pass one exam;if they failed they can retake the exam innumerable times and can graduate as they have got enough credits.The SSE was set by Self-Study Examination Committee(SSEC),it choose a university with numerous teaching resources as examination authority to draw up the plan of specialized courses exams and select the text books.The examinations of all subjects can be divided into national exam and provincial exam,a large scale national exam opens to all examinees will be held in every April and October,an examination with smaller scale opens to the SSE Lecture Class(SSELC)students only will be held in each January and July.The process of examine and scoring are as strict as the university entrance examination so it has earned great public trust(SSEC of Guangdong 2006:1-9).

Since SSE started in 1981,48 million people have took it and more than 8.5 million people have got the degree by the year 2008.The average graduation rates of junior college stage and undergraduate stage are about 17.7%,and the undergraduate stage alone is just about 8%.The years of 2000 is the highest peak of SSE,at that time the number of examinees had reached 14 million people after that it went down year by year,in 2006 the number had become 9.5 million people(Gedaokai 2008.:OL).

Influenced by the Olympic Games and the World Expo,the English major(including the concentrations of English,Business English,Commercial English and English Education)is always one of the hottest majors,and has a lot of applicants.But because English is not the native language of examinees,many exams are state and provincial exams and the practice assessments(the English Listening,Spoken English and Graduation Proficiency Examination)are very hard to pass,so the graduation rate of this major is much lower than other major.I started to take the SSE in English major of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies(GDUFS)as a off-campus examinee(the examinees who are not take the SSELC most of them are studying on-job,and can only take the exams hold in each April and October)at eleven years old.I totally self-studied and my SSE lasted 5.5 years,I graduated from university in 2009 and got the bachelor degree.Due to nobody instruct lack the self-study and registration experiences,I have passed after took the exam two times.I deeply realized the importance o self-study strategies and experienced the pain and pleasure o SSE.

There are nearly 60 thousand people in Dongguan City to take the SSE each year(Sina 2006:OL),among them more than 2 thousand examinees choose the English major,9 hundred of them are in undergraduate stage,but the city doesn’t has SSELC.According to the information disclosed by the GDUFS,since it started to award the Bachelor of Arts(BA)in English major in December2006,only 13 examinees from Dongguan City have got the degree until December 2010,3 to 4 each year and the annual average graduation rate is less than 0.5%.The undergraduate graduation rate is no more than 1%,that is much lower than the national annual average rate(8%),and examinees usually need 8 to 10 years or even longer to graduate.

1 The current situation of SSE

Most of the SSELC students are students with low grades from the technical secondary school,secondary vocational school and regular high school;many of them have failed the university entrance examination.They haven’t strong faith in study and feel inferior(Shi Zhangqing,Zhang Anna2004:636).Many SSELC students was born in 1990s and spoiled by their parents,they usually self-centered,feel inferior,skip class,hang on the internet and lack learning target and motivation.Less than 30%students can hold on to take the SSE in the fourth year,others would give up or drop out(Zhu Jiongjun2009:OL).

A lot of the SSELC students cannot adapt to the learning style in the college that focus on self-study,in addition,the SSE textbooks are rich in contents,the scope of exam is very wide so the pass rate is very low,this makes the students feel very anxious.Even many students have not focus on study but on surfing the Internet and dating(Liu Daqiao 2006:32).The SSELC are in disorder situation,they just seek nothing but profit and no regulatory mechanism have regulated them effectively.Most teachers in the SSELC are part-time,they don’t fully understand the textbook,haven’t the sense of responsibility and their teaching level is low(Lin Caizhi2010:41-43;Wang Xiulu2007:86).

An responsible officer of the SSE Office in Hubei Province has said:“The pass rate of SSE is just 10%!”He also has analyzed:“In the SSE,the national exam account for more than 60%,anyone who want to find out the key parts are just like look for a needle in the ocean.But it is also the embodiment of the value of SSE!”(Hubei SSE Website 2005:OL).

The national average graduation rate of SSE is 17.7%,it is undoubtedly very low compare with the graduation rate of regular university students.

From 1981 to 2008,1.5 million examinees had took the SSE in Chongqing City,but only one hundred five thousand examinees got the degree in the 27 years,the average graduation rate is about10%(Li Guo2009).

In 2008,the number of examinees in Guangdong Province reached 3.4 million,among them,443,900 examinees have got the degree and the average graduation rate is 11%(Dong Xin2009:SD01).The SSE graduation rate of the junior college stage and undergraduate stage in Fujian Province is about 23%,the undergraduate graduation rate alone is 9%(Fujian SSE Office2010:3).

In Jiangxi Province,25 years have passed since the SSE was first held in 1984,during this period,1.8 million people have took it and two hundred four thousand have graduated both from the junior college stage and bachelor stage(the graduation rate is13.3%).The graduation rate of SSELC in non-English majors with high teaching level is 40~50%(Huang Juyan2009).

More than 2 thousand examinees take the SSE English Major each time in Dongguan City,Guangdong Province,but the undergraduate graduation rate is just about 1%,the degree completion rate is around 0.5%.

The Guangdong University of Foreign Studies(GDUFS)is the only institution in charge of set exam papers for SSE English Major in Guangdong Province,its Open College was set up in 1999 and has an independent campus,and its enrollment has reached more than 5 thousand students.Most of the SSELC of English major in Guangdong Province are in the GDUFS Open College and more than one thousand students enroll in each year,students of this college was called SSELC students and can take the all types of exams hold in each January,April,July and October.

There are 21 classes(one class has more than 50 students)and more than a thousand students should graduate in 2009,but actually there are just a little more than one hundred people have graduated,and around 50 people have got the degree.The 4-year degree completion rate is just about 5%,the graduation rate is around 10%,but the graduation rate of other subjects is around 30to 40%(GDUFS SSE Office2010:OL).

Tianjin Foreign Studies University(TJFSU)is the only institution in charge of set exam papers for SSE English Major in Tianjin City,among the 13 subjects of SSE English major(international trade concentration)in its Open College,the exam paper of 6 subjects were set and graded by the school itself(TJFSU Open College2008).The TJFSU are also insist the small class teaching with25 students in one class,this make near 30%students can graduate,so the pass rate is on a relatively high level.But its enrollment number have dropped from more than 20 classes and 7 to 8 hundred students each year to 5 to 6 classes and 1 to 2 hundred students as well(Ma Jian2010:126).

Because the SSE is hard to pass and its graduation rate is low,the SSE Office in each province has started to reform to raise the graduation rate.In 2009,the Tianjin City has begun to reform undergraduate stage and junior college stage of these five majors:English,Accounting,Law,Business Administration and Chinese.After the examinees have learned the courses of these majors on Internet and passed the computer-based test,the test score will account for30%in the total points(Caosheng Training http://www.etctj.com).In 2010,the Chengdu Polytechnic was chosen to be the first pilot school in Sichuan Province to reform the procedure of SSE;the regular grades will be accounted 30%of total points(Zhou Bo2010:A05).

2 Purpose and significance of research

Since the graduation rate is too low,the SSE Office hasn’t released the data about it.This research investigate the graduation rate and its influence factors to bring up a plan and make suggestions to raise the graduation rate and shorten the time to graduate by document analysis,questionnaire survey and interview.

3 Research Ideas and Methods

3.1 Research Ideas

The research will look into the current study situation of graduation rate and the English major by literature review at first.Then to obtain the data of the SSE graduation rate and its influence factors by the self-made questionnaires and interview outline,and draw the conclusions and countermeasures after analyzed the data.

3.2 The Survey Samples

The survey population for this research is the SSE English Major examinees,the survey samples are the students in their third or fourth year major in English and Business English in the Open College of GDUFS,English majors(international trade concentration)of TJFSU and also the off-campus examinees in English major in Dongguan City.150 people in total that include 50 people from each part were chose randomly to issue the questionnaire.Besides,the 149 bachelor degree recipients who attended the degree-awarding ceremony at GDUFS at July 4th,2010 were also included in the survey,thus the total number of sur-vey respondents are 299 people.They have experienced the arduousness and hardships of SSE and very familiar to it.

30 questionnaires were handed out to test the usability and all of them were retrieved.After modified,the 300 formal questionnaires were issued and 282 of them were collected back,among them 273questionnaires could be used(156for SSELC students and 117 for off-campus examinees),the response rate is 94%,and the usability rate is 91%.

3.3 Research Tools

This study collected the original data by questionnaire survey and interview;the raw data would be analyzed by SPSS17.0.

3.3.1 The compilation of ques-tionnaire

The testing questionnaire was designed and tried out in a small scale,after it was modified according to the feedback,The Questionnaire about the Situation of SSE English Major was drawn up.The part of characters in questionnaire had referred to The Psychological Test Questionnaire about Chinese College Students.

3.3.2 The reliability and validity of questionnaire

The SPSS 17.0 was used to test the internal consistency reliability but the items about the basic situations of examinees and without options,the Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.891.The half-split reliability coefficient is 0.757 and after adjusted by the Spearman-Brown formula it have became to 0.853,these data show the questionnaire has a good reliability.

All the items were closely around the goal to survey the graduation rate and its influence factors.The whole questionnaire could be divided into 10 dimensions and all the dimensions are proportionate.After spread in a small scale,the questionnaire was modified under the direction of tutor,the ambiguous and uncorrelated items were sorted out,and thus the questionnaire has a good content validity.

3.3.3 The interview

The research designed the interview outline and chose 15 degree recipients and candidates randomly which include 5 students from the SSELC of GDUFS and TJUFS respectively and 5 off-campus examinees from Dongguan City.Its purpose was to look into some facts that could not figure out through questionnaire by face–to–face individual interview and group interview.

4 Research Results and Analyze

4.1 The overall situation of graduation rate

According to the survey results,the graduation rate of SSELC students in different areas and schools is difffernt,the 4-year graduation rate is 10 to 15%and 20 to 30%in 5-year;the degree completion rate will be 5%lower.The 1.5 to 2-year dropout rate is around 20 to 40%,most examinees who cannot graduate in 6 years will give up,and so the graduation rate will increase rarely.But the graduation and degree completion rate of non-English major students will be 10 to 15%higher than English major,and the dropout rate will be 10 to 20%lower.

Depending on different regions,the undergraduate graduation rate of the off-campus English major examinees is 1 to 5%and most examinees need 8 to 10 years to graduate,even some of them have took 13 years to graduate.While the undergraduate graduation rate of non-English majors is 8 to 10%and most examinees need 6 to 8 years to graduate.

4.2 The situation of examinees

According to the questionnaire,the Han Chinese examinees account for 95%and female cover 90%,most of them are young people from countryside in neighboring provinces who come to Tianjin and Guangdong to find job,other data see

below.

The SPSS was used to test the data of the time to graduate,the percentage of only child,the proportion of graduates from city high schools,their college entrance exam scores and scores of subject test in English,the test results are P=0.000<0.001,which is statistically significantly different.

The SSELC students’percentage of only child and graduates from city high schools is higher;this shows their high school bases are better and graduation rate also higher.

4.3 The time to graduate and effective learning time

According to the survey results,10%of SSELC students can graduate in 4 years and more than 50%in 4 to 5 years.But near50%of the off-campus examinees need 8 to 9 years to

graduate,20%need more than 10 years,their time to graduate is almost 2 times longer than SSELC students and their daily effective study time is just half of the SSELC students.But the total study time required to graduate is very close,5000 hours of study were needed to get the associate degree and bachelor degree respectively and 10000 hours to get both the associate and bachelor degree(see).I also used to be one of the off-campus examinees and have took 5 years to get the bachelor degree,my average daily effective study time was 5.5 hours and studied for about360 days per year,so I took 9900 hours to study in 5 years to graduate and get the degree.

After contrast the data of degree candidates and degree recipients in SPSS,the result have shown that P=0.000<0.01,the hypothesis that the effective study time is an influence factor was verified.The data also shows the daily average effective study time of degree recipient is 20%longer than the degree-seeking examinees,which is 1 hour longer per day,500 hours per year and more than 2000hours in 4 years.For many dropouts,what they lack maybe is the willpower that to study one more hour per day.

4.4 The motivation and faith of self-study

90%of examinees choose to take the SSE due to“it needn’t entrance examination”,less than 20%are due to the interest of English studying.80%of the examinees are lack the self-studyability;they believe the SSE israther hard and they choose totake it just because there are noalternative choice.Most examin-ees study in a major that theydon’t like just for finding a job,so they have little enthusiasm tostudy.The hypothesis that thepersonal interests and hobbiesare the influence factors of thegraduation rate was verified.“A strong study motive is aprerequisite to study well;if themotive level is higher the effectwill be better”(Zhang Dajun83).The attitude to life decide yoursuccess or failure(Li Zhim-ing2008:23).But 70%of the de-gree-seeking examinees whostill haven’t graduate are lackthe strong faith in self-study andhave no confidence to face theexam.However,over 90%of thedegree recipients think the biggest harvest they’ve got from SSE is“have improved the self-study ability and achieved a strong will”.The hypothesis that the ideal and belief and the attitude toward lifeare the most important influence factors to the graduation rate havegot verified.

*AtoB:associate degree to bachelor degree.HtoB:high school to bachelor degree.

4.5 The situation of SSELC students

90%of the SSELC students are not satisfy the studying and learning environment for the lack of classroom,the poor environment and too many people in the dormitory to disturb each other.70%of the SSELC students are not satisfy the teachers,they think the teachers haven’t instructed them to master the study methods and testing techniques and also haven’t helped them to cultivate the ability of listening and speaking English.

Each SSELC in GDUFS has 50 students,and it is normal to combine 2 to 3 classes to be a combined class,especially in the common course.On the contrary,the students per class in the SSELC of TJUFS are lower,there are just one class for each major and about 25 students in each class,so its teaching effect is much better and the graduation rate is also higher.98%of the SSELC students think it is impossible for them to get the effective guidance in a big class more than 30 students or in a combined class,it will severely affect the grades.

The annual cost of living and studying for the SSELC students is about 15 thousand RMB and 60 to 80 thousand RMB in 4 to 5years,it is a heavy burden to the low-income

families and also the reason that most examinees are studying on job.

The data about graduation rate and dropout rate please see the.It shows that according to different regions,schools,management modes and majors,the graduation rates and dropout rates are very different.It’s obvious that is the important influence factor of graduation rate.

In conclusion,based on different regions and schools,the undergraduate 4–year graduation rate of SSELC students is 10 to15%,5-year graduation rate is 20 to 30%,the degree completion rate is 5%lower compare with them.Most examinees who still haven’t graduated in 6 years will give up so the graduation rate will rise very little.The management mode,teaching level and living environment of the SSELC are highly related to the graduation rate of the SSELC students,the graduation rate of SSELC in TJUFS ismuch higher than the SSELC in GDUFS is a prove.

4.6 The situation of off-campus examinees

90%of the off-campus examinees in Guangdong Province are female company clerks from surrounding provinces,their high school basis are poor and even some people haven’t went to high school.Their working environment is in medium level but need to work overtime frequently,they have to work 8 to 10 hours per day and 6 days per week,so their average daily effective learning time is just 2 to 3 hours.Most of them feel unsatisfied to the living and self-studying environment,14%of them have took SSELC of single subject,67%think it is no use to take those classes since it’s not important to the exam.

There are more than 2 thousand examinees taking the SSE English Major each year in Dongguan City;among them,more than1200 people are in the junior college stage and 900 in the undergraduate stage.Their undergraduate rate is no more than 1%and the BA degree completion rate is less than 0.5%,besides they have to take 8 to 10 years or even longer to graduate.Most of the degree candidates in Dongguan City are on-job off-campus examinees whose high school bases are very poor.They haven’t time to study and cannot take the SSELC,so their graduation rate is particular low.According to the survey results,the undergraduate graduation rate of off-campus examinees in Guangzhou and Shenzhen is higher,for there are more part-time SSELC in these cities,but still no more than 5%,that is much lower than the rate of non-English majors which is 10 to 15%.

4.7 The strategies and difficulties of self-study

Near 90%of the examinees haven’t clear self-study strategies of each courses and plans for exam registration,they even don’t fully understand the difficulty level of subjects.When many graduates have summarized their experiences of SSE they have indicated that the strategies of self-study and registration are very important,and that is also one of the significant influence factors.

Most of the examinees think that the main problems they’ve met are poor study basis,difficulties in study,lack of consciousness and time to study.The off-campus examinees believe that“Advanced English”and“Second Foreign Language(Japanese)”were tested in a same morning in October is very unreasonable.Many examinees have only passed these two subjects after tried 2to 3 times or even 3 to 4 times,which means they have took 4 to 6and some examinees abandoned the SSE justbecause of them.But the SSELC students canretake one of the two subjects in July,so theproblem is not so sharp.

pass difficult subjects in one time are mainlybecause the insufficient of study time andthey want to take too many subjects to test inone time,so it’s normal to be defeated.Thefollowing self-study strategies were summa-rized through my 5 years experiences of SSEand all the interviewees are also very agree(

).The the

The theories of English learning can be divided into different schools;most of them are focus on reading,reciting,listening and writing and raise the vocabulary quantity by reading.These theories also lay stress on practice the listening and oral English unboundedly at any time and anywhere through immerse oneself in the multimedia language environment created

by computers and MP4s.The courage to open mouth,to imitate,to lose face and communicate are also very important.

Many examinees think the“Second Foreign Language(Japanese)”in the undergraduate stage is very easy to pass,for it just has 4 credits and the textbook is very thin.They think they can pass it easily with several hundred hours of study,but actually they can’t.If they want to pass the exam in one time they have to study this subject and“Degree Foreign Language Exam”in the junior college stage and take one hour to study per day,1000 to 1500hours in 3 years.The hypothesis that the strategies of self-study and exam registration are the influence factors was verified.

4.8 The situation of leisure and entertainment

The SSELC students spend a lot of time in dating and surfing the net,more than 30%will spend 4 to 6 hours per day and this is already near or even more than their effective study time,40%spend 2 to 3 hours per day and 30%spend one hour per day.30%of the female examinees go to shopping 2 to 3 times per week,near half of them go to shopping one time per week and 3 to 4 hours each time.

More than 90%of the off-campus examinees spend 8 to 10hours in working and 1 to 2 hours in online chatting and dating,but no time in taking exercise.Apparently their time that could be used to study is very little and their life is harder.The attitudes and ways to entertain and relax also have reflected the examinees’attitudes towards studying and living,it also an influence factor to the graduation rate.

4.9 The examinees’plan about employment and further study

More than 90%of the examinees haven’t the career goals,the plan to take part in the national post-graduate entrance examination and the hope to get a high-paid job.If they lack dreams about the future how can they have the motive to study?The hypothesis that the career goal is also an important influence factor of the graduation rate was verified.

4.1 0 The situation of examinees’character

According to the survey results,more than 60%of the degree-seeking examinees feel inferior and anxious;they need the psychological counseling and character improving.However,more than 80%of the degree recipients are in contrast situation.The hypothesis that the personal character is an influence factor of the graduation rate was verified.Good character can make you success(Zhou Hanlin2010:36).

4.1 1 Summary

The main reasons for the examinees’undergraduate graduation rates are very low and it usually took long time for them to get the BA lie in the English is not their native language,they haven’t a strong faith in SSE and positive attitude towards life.They haven’t confidence in self-study and lack the study motivation.Their poor basis in high school,insufficient time to self-study,lack of a nice study environment and a reasonable self-study strategy are also the reasons for the low graduation rate.Besides,they still haven’t the correct understanding and ways to fix the imperfections in the character.The time spent on entertainment and leisure by the SSELC students,the management mode and teaching level of the lecture classes,the living environment of off-campus examinees can also influence the graduation rate and the time to graduate.

5 Conclusions and Suggestions

5.1 Conclusions

According to the survey results,the following conclusions were summarized:

5.1.1 The graduation rate of SSE English major

The 4-year undergraduate graduation rate of SSELC students is different in different regions and schools,most is between 10 to15%,5-year graduation rate is 20 to 30%,the degree completion rate is 5%lower compare with them.The 1.5 to 2-year dropout rate is 20 to 40%and most examinees who still haven’t graduated in 6 years will give up so the graduation will rise rarely.In contrast,the graduation rate and degree completion rate of other majors is10 to 15%higher,and the dropout rate is 10%lower.

According to different regions,the off-campus examinees’undergraduate graduation rate is around 1%to 5%,and The time to graduate is mainly 8 to 10 years and some examinees have took 13years to graduate.On the contrary,the graduation rates of other majors are 5 to 10%and the time to graduate is 6 to 8 years.

5.1.2 The influence factors of graduation rate

1)The examinees’ideals and beliefs,attitude towards life,career goals and personal interests are the most important influence factors of graduation rate.The survey results show that the examinees with a high expectation,a positive attitude towards life,a clear career goal,a strong faith in self-study,who haven’t fell into puppy love and net-addiction and have studied hard will get a high graduation rate compare to others,they can also graduate in a shorter length of time or vice versa.The ideal and faith can determine your destiny,the attitude and character may construct the future,but most examinees lack the career goals and the counseling about faith in SSE and character improving.

2)Both the self-study ability and the effective study time are the important influence factors

According to the survey results,an ordinary examinee need5000 hours to graduate from the junior college stage and the undergraduate stage respectively,10000 hours to finished the courses o both stages and get the BA.The SSELC students who study 8 hours per day and 360 days per year can get the BA in four years,the on-job examinees who study 3 hours per day and 330 days per year need 10 years to graduate.

3)The strategies of self-study and registration are also important factors.

The reasonable application of the self-study and registration strategies of each subjects are the royal way to shorten the time to graduate and raise the graduation rate,but most examinees are short of guidance in these strategies.

4)The high school basis of examinees and whether they are studying in part time or in full time can also influence the graduation rate and the time to graduate.Most of the examinees are studying on job;their graduation rate is low and they need a long time to graduate.

5)The management methods and teaching level of SSELC,the SSELC students’living and studying environment,the ways of entertainment and leisure are all the influence factors of the graduation rate and the time to graduate.The SSELC are lack the self-discipline and supervision,their teaching level were needed to be raised.

6)The unreasonable exam plans made by the SSE Committee(such as the conflict between the exam time of“Advanced English”and“Second Foreign Language(Japanese)”have also influenced the graduation rate and the time to graduate of off-campus examinees.

5.2 Suggestions

According to the above conclusions the following suggestions were given out:

5.2.1 The Ministry of Education and SSE Committee weresuggested to establish the national SSE Web-Based Training Platform and its provincial sub site

The site should take the courseware made by famous professors,give the psychological counseling and all courses of each subject in each major to the examinees,show the registration strategies of each subject and answer the questions about study on Internet.I can help the examinees to build up the career goals,strengthen their faith in self-study,improve their self-study ability,increase their daily effective study time and instruct them to use the reasonable strategies of study and registration.Besides,the site should charge cheaply or even free.The reform plan of SSE performed in Tianjin City that includes online tutoring and counting the regular grades into the final grades should be promoted in large scale.Adjust the plans of exams to avoid the conflict between the exam time of“Advanced English”and“Second Foreign Language(Japanese)”.It is a royal way to raise the graduation rate,shorten the time to graduate,improve the teaching level and quality of SSELC throughout the country.

5.2.2 The examinees should realize that the difficult subjectssuch as“Degree Foreign Language Exam”(DFLE)and“Second Foreign Language(Japanese)”need more than 2 years and 1000 hours of study to pass the exam in one time

The“English Listening Comprehension”and“Spoken English”should be combined as one subject to study,both of them and“Advanced English”needed more than 1 year and 800 to 1000hours of study to pass them respectively.The major courses such as“Survey of English-Speaking Countries”,“English Grammar”,“Lexicology”and so on can be arranged to self-study and take exams in a half year,but the examinees also need about 500 hours to learn these subjects well.

5.2.3 A useful English self-study strategies should help the ex-aminees can immerse themselves in the self-created multimedia language environment make good use of fragmented time,speak English to them-

3.对自考毕业生择业观的思考篇三

［关键词］自学考试自考毕业生择业观

［作者简介］张辉（1971- ），男，上海人，安徽工程科技学院助理研究员，研究生学历，研究方向为思想政治教育、成人高教管理。（安徽芜湖 241000）

［基金项目］本文系安徽省教育厅资助项目“高等教育大众化趋势下成教全日制学生失范行为的研究”的阶段性成果。（项目编号：2006sk226）

［中图分类号］G473.8［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1004-3985（2008）18-0163-02

1981年1月13日，国务院发文批转教育部《关于〈高等教育自学考试试行办法〉的报告》（国发［1981］8号），决定在北京、天津、上海、辽宁四省市进行自学考试试点，探索建立个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的新的高等教育形式。1983年，高等教育自学考试在全国范围内铺开。经过二十多年的发展，自学考试以其开放、灵活、教育费用低等特点和严格的质量管理，将个人自学、社会助学和国家考试有机结合，为经济建设和社会发展培养、选拔了大批专门人才。目前，自学考试的开考范围已遍及全国31个省、自治区、直辖市以及军队系统和港、澳、台地区。截至2003年，全国自学考试学历教育累计报考人数已将近4100万人，在籍建档考生1900多万人，累计毕业生586万余人。然而，随着我国社会主义市场经济的迅速发展，高等教育的办学规模也迅速膨胀，在此背景下，自考毕业生面临着严峻的就业形势，他们如何确立正确的择业观，日益受到社会的关注。

一、自考毕业生择业观的特点

择业观念是一个求职者的人生观、价值观在择业问题上的综合反映，相对于其他普通高校毕业生，自考毕业生的择业观具有鲜明的特点。

1.多样性。自考毕业生由于入学的动机不同，在择业观念上也表现为多种多样。经过几年艰苦的自考生活和社会、家庭经济生活的不断变化，他们的人生观、价值观在择业过程中也得到了深层次的反映，从而形成了各种各样的择业观。

2.变化性。相对于普通高校毕业生来说，自考毕业生的择业观更具有社会性。他们中有相当一部分人在参加自学考试前就已经具有一定的社会工作经历，再加上自学考试的开放式教育模式，使得他们的择业观经常会随着社会的变化而变化，同时能不断折射出时代的变迁。

3.稳定性。与变化性相对的是自考毕业生择业观还有一定的稳定性。因为自考毕业生大多具有一定的社会背景，部分考生有家庭和一定的社会关系。众所周知，社会的发展只有达到一定的程度后才会发生质的飞跃，这就意味着自考毕业生的择业观形成以后，会在一个较长的时间内稳定地发挥导向和动力作用。

4.复杂性。同样，由于自学考试实行的是开放式教育，自学考试的应考者可以根据自己的教育需求和具体条件选择适当的教育形式(如自学、助学辅导)与教育机构，同时，应考者还可以按照自己的实际情况自主安排学习过程。因此，自考生可以通过各自本身原有工作、家庭、自身已经掌握的知识以及社会舆论，有目的、有计划地择业，从而形成了各自不同的复杂的择业观。

二、高等教育自学考试毕业生择业观中的主要问题

当前，受社会不良因素的影响，自考毕业生的择业观也出现了一些问题：

1.社会价值观念淡化。“功利色彩突出、社会价值观淡化”的倾向在自考毕业生的择业过程中表现得甚为突出。有些自考生在参加自学考试之初就明确表示其目的是要“脱贫致富”，在择业中，常常过分看重经济利益，过分追求安逸舒适的工作环境，过分重视在发达地区工作，过分追求短期价值。

2.择业目标不稳定。择业对于大多数自考毕业生来说，是实现人生价值的第二次选择。有些自考生正在经历着艰苦的生活，在通过了漫长的自学考试后，他们往往把待遇高、福利好的单位作为择业的最终目标。在择业时，他们常常表现为犹豫不决、左顾右盼，怕一旦就业不利又重新回到原来的生活工作环境中，事实上，这样反而延误了不少就职机会。

3.自我定位不现实。当前的自考毕业生受传统就业观的影响仍然较深，认为自己辛辛苦苦考了这么多年才获得毕业证书，再到基层去工作或去做服务性的工作是大材小用，浪费人才。实际上，“三百六十行，行行出状元”，不论在什么工作岗位上，只要能寻找到个人价值和社会价值的最佳结合点，就是成功的就业。

4.从众心理严重。从众心理就是社会学中所研究的“追风行为理论”，自考毕业生的“追风行为”表现为同学之间相互攀比，同行之间互相对照，最后的直接后果是不能公正客观地分析自身的就业问题。

三、自考毕业生择业观中存在问题的原因分析

在市场经济条件下，现阶段的自考毕业生择业观是在多种因素的共同作用下形成的，主要有以下几点：

1.社会需求的变化对自考毕业生的择业观产生了导向性作用。目前的国家自考考务考籍管理系统已经取消了专业设置，学分相同的各专业课程可以相互通用，考生只要持有一张准考证就可以报考一种或几种专业。这样，当社会对某种专业人才的需求量大时，自考生就可以随时更改最初的专业以适应今后就业。同时，在微观方面，社会学家霍曼斯在“社会交换理论”中提到：“人和动物都有寻求奖赏、快乐，并尽量少地付出代价的倾向。人的行为服从社会交换规律，如果某一特定行为获得的奖赏越多的话，他就越会表现这种行为，而某一行为付出的代价很大，获得的收益又不大的话，个体就不会继续从事这种行为。”当前，自考毕业生普遍存在通过自学考试来交换更大利益的想法，希望以获得更大的经济利益来实现自我价值，这就产生了功利思想。

2.高校多年持续扩招是引起自考毕业生择业观变化的重要原因。随着普通高校近几年的大规模扩招，大学毕业生数量急剧增加，而由于国内经济的发展也是相对有限的，社会不可能为自考生提供更多的职位，在普通高校大学毕业生已经供大于求的情况下，自考毕业生面临着更为严峻的就业形势，因此，他们的择业观也发生变化。

3.自考助学收费制度也是自考毕业生择业观形成的重要因素。1997年，全国普遍开展了应用型自考专业的助学工作，于是各级各类的助学单位层出不穷，而在自考毕业生的就业环节方面，国家却没有拿出具体的实施方案，基本上还是采用“双自”方针，即入学自主交费，毕业后自主择业。为了让自己的孩子在将来能有个出头之日，高考落榜生的家长们便想方设法地为自己的孩子筹集读书的费用，通过全日制自考助学的方式将孩子送进高校大门，并把一切希望都寄托在孩子未来的工作上。因此，自考毕业生受父母的影响，有意无意中也提高了自己的择业经济收入标准，形成了脱离实际的择业观。

4.家庭影响对自考毕业生择业观的转变和形成起到了支配性作用。家庭教育是孩子的第一个受教育的场所，父母是孩子的第一位启蒙老师。所以，父母的人生观和价值观也直接影响自己孩子的人生观与价值观，父母的自身素质和职业观往往对自考毕业生影响相当大。当前，在整体社会氛围中，父母等家庭成员的职业观也普遍存在功利性，这不可避免地会严重影响自考毕业生的择业观。

5.社会舆论对自考毕业生择业观的形成起着不可忽视的作用。由于自考毕业生人数的激增，他们的就业形势变得越来越严峻。自考毕业生的就业问题已经日渐成为社会关注的热点问题之一，各大媒体对此也进行了多次报道，这些报道引起了自考毕业生以及家长和老师的关注，促使自考生的择业观在某种程度上发生了转变。

四、引导自考毕业生树立科学择业观的对策

要改善当前自考毕业生的种种不良择业观，我们应该采取什么有效的措施呢？美国心理学家萨帕的职业发展理论认为：“职业的发展是自我认知的不断发展和完善的过程；职业的发展是可以通过引导来完成的；职业的发展在某种程度上也是由一定的机遇来决定的。”根据这三个方面的内容，笔者从发挥自考生自身、政府和用人单位三方面作用的角度出发，提出以下对策：

1.注重自考生自身的主观性作用。任何事物的发展都是内外因相互作用的结果，内因对事物的发展起决定性的作用，外因只是条件的补充，要引导自考毕业生树立科学的择业观，重点还在于发挥他们的主观性。首先，自考毕业生在择业时，不能因为受到诸多社会因素和自身素质条件的制约而随心所欲，必须根据自身的条件，遵循一定的原则。其次，自考毕业生在就业时要对现实情况做出全面的了解，对自己做出科学的定位，掌握就业的主动权，这样才可以避免盲目就业。第三，对于求职者而言，在寻找工作时选择待遇高的工作本是无可厚非的，但如果一味地追求高薪而不顾今后的发展机会，有时候却会因占小便宜而吃大亏。所以，在毕业生求职过程中，必须引导他们树立正确的人生观和价值观。

2.加强政府的宏观调控作用。首先，政府有关部门应该从更为宏观的角度做好各级各类自考毕业生的就业服务工作，如最近出台的自考毕业生可以像普通高校毕业生一样在当地考办领取毕业报到证等措施，效果就很好。政府有关部门，尤其是省级考（考试院）办应该从当地社会经济发展对人才需求情况的角度出发，对专业的设置进行调控，在制订考试计划时，应通过详细的专家论证，只有规划好与社会经济发展相适应的人才培养层次结构，才能把可能出现的问题扼杀在萌芽状态。其次，政府也应号召各种社会力量来共同净化社会环境，为自考毕业生建立公平、公正、公开的就业机制，为每一个有才华的、能力强的自考毕业生提供展现自我的舞台，真正帮助考生找到自己与社会的契合点，使他们实现人生价值，更好地为社会服务。最后，政府还应该在改善政策方面加大力度，就业方面的政策应该随着时代的变化而发生改变，所以，政府要不断完善自考毕业生的就业政策，以使自考生更好地为社会和劳动者服务。

3.发挥用人单位的关键性作用。对当今自考毕业生在择业中出现的一些问题，用人单位也负有一定的责任。如有些用人单位在招聘人才时，明显对自考毕业生带有一定的偏见，认为他们不如普通高校的毕业生。事实上，从工作绩效来看，自考毕业生因为在入学之初已经具备了一定的工作经验，加上自考过程的充电，在实际工作中常常更能提高人力资源的组合优势。另外，有些用人单位为了降低成本、增强实力，在招聘时过分注重大学的名气，最终将自考毕业生拒之门外。此外，由于自考毕业生一年有两届，即上半年和下半年各毕业一届，毕业时间相对集中，于是，有些用人单位为了降低成本，多家联合起来在待遇方面对自考毕业生进行压价，这种行为也使现在自考毕业生的工资待遇越来越低。因此，用人单位应该担负起更大的社会责任，科学、合理地进行人力资源建设，为自考毕业生顺利就业提供更多的机会。

［参考文献］

［1］沈国金.当代大学生就业形势分析［J］.武汉理工大学学报（信息与管理工程版），2006（3）.

［2］孙祥.大学生择业决策的追风行为探析［J］.中国就业指导，2006（6）.

［3］郑杭生.社会学概论新编［M］.北京：中国人民大学出版社，2005.

4.自考毕业论文要求篇四

一、郑大自考本科毕业论文（毕业设计）

1、考生应于全部课程考试合格后提交毕业论文，并参加论文答辩。毕业论文成绩保留2年：即自论文答辩之日算起，2年内成绩有效！

2、工科类考生应在教师指导下独立完成一项给定的设计任务或专题研究，撰写符合要求的说明书或毕业论文，并按要求独立绘制出有关的1号图纸4～8张和有关图表等。

3、计算机信息管理专业做毕业设计的考生，须交相应的系统盘一份。

4、提交毕业论文（毕业设计）时必须提交全部课程合格证复印件。

5、考生可从本网站查找毕业论文参考题目（见附件一）。也可自拟题目。

二、郑大自考本科毕业论文撰写与打印要求基本要求

1.1毕业论文必须由学生本人独立完成，不得弄虚作假，不得抄袭他人成果。

1.2毕业论文应中心突出，内容充实，论据充分，论证有力，数据可靠，结构紧凑，层次分明，图表清晰，格式规范，文字流畅，结论解释合理。

1.3毕业论文中所使用的计量单位一律采用国际标准单位。

1.4毕业论文篇幅以5000～8000字为宜。内容要求

2.1 题目要求简洁、确切、鲜明，有概括性。字数不宜超过25个汉字，如果有些细节必须放进标题，可以分成主标题和副标题。

2.2摘要叙述本论文的主要内容、特点，文字要精练，不宜超过300字。

2.3 关键词从说明书标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。

2.5 正文前言、本论、结论三个部分。

（1）前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。

（2）本论是毕业论文的主体，包括实验材料、研究内容与方法、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的实验结果和研究方法，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。

（3）结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。

2.6参考文献毕业论文说明书末尾要列出在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列。

注明引用文献的方式统一采用“文末注”的方式（以出现的先后次序编号，编号以方括号括起，放在右上角，如[1]，[3～5]）。

科技书籍、专著注录格式和科技论文的注录格式如下：

作者．书名．版本，出版社，出版日期．引用内容所在页码。例如：

高景德.交流电机及其系统的分析.清华大学出版社，1993年8月．120～125

中国古代典籍（先秦部分）作注可简化。例如：

[1] 《道德经》第二章

[2] 《论语·学而》打印要求

3.1 文字要求汉字必须使用国家公布的简体规范字。

3.2 标点符号标点符号应按新闻出版署公布的“标点符号用法”使用。

3.3 名词、名称科学技术名词术语尽量采用全国自然科学名词审定委员会公布的规范词或国家标准、部标准中规定的名称，尚未统一规定或叫法有争议的名称术语，可采用惯用的名称。使用外文缩写代替某一名词术语时，首次出现时应在括号内注明其含义。外国人名一般采用英文原名，按名前姓后的原则书写。一般很熟知的外国人名（如牛顿、达尔文、马克思等）可按通常标准译法写译名。

3.4标题层次毕业论文的全部标题层次应有条不紊，整齐清晰。相同的层次应采用统一的表示体例，正文中各级标题下的内容应同各自的标题对应，不应有与标题无关的内容。

3.5毕业论文的封面参照学校提供的项目内容自行填写或打印。所有文字部分一律用A4纸激光打印，一级标题用三号黑体；二级标题用四号黑体；其他标题和正文用小四号宋体（表格内填写内容用小四号楷体），段落前空2个汉字，单倍行距。页码标在右下。郑大自考本科毕业论文的装订

按以下顺序装订：（1）封面、（2）封

二、（3）目录、（4）摘要（含标题、摘要、关键词）、（5）正文、（6）注释、（7）参考文献。封面和封二（见附件八）可从本网站下载区下载。

三、郑大自考本科毕业论文提交专科毕业考核（毕业实习报告）

1、考试计划中含有毕业考核环节的专业，考生全部课程考试合格后，方可提交毕业实习报告（毕业考核）。

2、毕业实习报告（毕业考核）篇幅以3000～5000字为宜。撰写、打印与装订，请参看本科论文的要求。

3、提交毕业实习报告（毕业考核）时必须提交全部课程合格证复印件。

4、新闻学专业的考生在提交实习报告的同时，还应提交在新闻单位实发表的作品原件。

5、公共关系专业的考生也可提交基层调查报告。

6、饭店管理专业的考生应在二星级以上的酒店（宾馆）实习至少三个月，并尽可能多地熟悉不同岗位，以便深入了解整个工作流程及管理体制的优劣。

7、毕业实习报告（毕业考核）的参考题目（见附件二）或实习要求，可从本网站查找，也可自拟题目。

四、关于上机、实验课程考核

1、凡考试计划中规定的实践课程（上机或实验）考生可在完成该课程的理论学习后（理论课考试前后均可），报名参加该课程的实践考核。

2、考生凭准考证报考上机或实验。

3、护理专科实验课（病理学、生理学）每年安排一次：3月11～15日报名，5～6月份考试。具体考试时间和考试地点以考核通知单为准。

五、郑大自考本科论文护理学专业《临床考核》课程（代码7277）的报考

1、郑州大学自学考试办公室负责该课程的报考管理工作。

2、考生所有理论课程考试合格后，方可在每年的5月底或11月底之前到河南省卫生人员高等教育自学考试助学辅导中心（简称省卫生自考辅导中心<联系电话：0371-65936776>）或省卫生自考辅导中心指定的当地卫生自考辅导站登记，进行临床实习。

考生可从本网站下载实习鉴定表（见附件四），也可在登记时领取。

3、实习要求：在三级以上医院实习满三个月（6月1日～9月1日或12月1日～次年3月1日）。由于护理学专业实践性很强，考生毕业后所从事的工作与广大人民群众的身体健康息息相关。所以，考生在进入临床实习之前，由省卫生自考辅导中心对其进入临床实习的资格进行审核。未经省卫生自考辅导中心审核的，郑州大学将不承认其实习成绩，不准许其参加技能考核。

4、实习结束，到省卫生自考辅导中心或当地卫生自考辅导站提交实习考核鉴定表，并按时到规定地点参加技能考核。省卫生自考辅导中心应于每年的3月10日或9月10日之前，将参加技能考核的人员名单报送郑州大学自学考试办公室。

5、技能考核的内容和方法：选定8～10项考生在实习结束后都应熟练掌握的护理操作技术作为考核

项目，考核时由考生随机抽签选取若干项进行考核，主考老师根据考核标准进行现场评分。考核结束，主考老师在成绩册上签名，交郑州大学监考人员验收、带回。

6、符合免实习条件的考生，可在每年的3月1日～5日或9月1日～5日持相关证件（身份证、准考证、职称证）的原件和复印件到省卫生自考辅导中心或当地卫生自考辅导站报名，经审查后，留职称证原件及其复印件、身份证和准考证的复印件。经省卫生自考辅导中心汇总、收齐相关证件后，于3月10日或9月10日之前，统一到郑州大学自学考试办公室办理免实习手续。

六、郑大自考毕业论文关于实践课免试手续的办理

1、免试对象：所有郑州大学主考专业的在籍考生。

2、免试条件：见附件八。

3、免试程序：凡符合实践课免试条件的考生，可持相关证书、身份证、准考证的原件及其复印件到郑州大学自考办或当地代理站办理免试手续。

4、办理免试手续的时间为：上半年3月11日～15日，下半年9月11日～15日。

七、实践性环节报考注意事项

1、为确保报考信息的准确性，实践性环节的报名手续应由考生本人到郑州大学自考办或当地代理站办理，不得代办。

2、考生拟报考毕业环节（毕业论文、毕业考核、临床考核等）之前，应先登陆河南省招生考试信息网查询、或直接到考籍所在地（省辖市）自考办，核实自己理论课已考试合格的科次，确认自己是否符合报考条件。

八、实践性环节考核成绩于5月中旬（上半年）和11月中旬（下半年）由本网站公布。届时，考生可登陆本网站查询。实践性环节考核不发放课程合格证。