高二英语语法语法归纳(精选8篇)
1.高二英语语法语法归纳 篇一
高一英语重点语法总结与归纳
高一英语时态语法知识点:现在进行时
1.表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时动作不一定正在进行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3.表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等,常与always, constantly, continually等副词连用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.4.表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移动”“方向”的词。[例句] He is coming to see me next week.高一英语时态语法知识点:过去进行时
1.表示过去某时正在进行的动作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.2.动词go, come, leave, arrive, start等的过去进行时常表过去将来时。[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.高一英语时态语法知识点:一般现在时
1.表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常与usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等时间状语连用。[例句] He often does his homework in his study.2.表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态。[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.3.表示客观规律或科学真理、格言,以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在。[例句] The moon goes around the sun.4.在有连词if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引导的时间、条件和让步状语从句中,用一般现在时表将来。[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.高一英语时态语法知识点:一般过去时
1.表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.2.在时间、条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.高一英语时态语法知识点:一般将来时
1.表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.2.常用来表示将来时的结构包括:
(1)shall / will +动词原形:(单纯)表将来,一般不用于条件句。(2)be going to +动词原形:(计划)打算做……。
(3)be about to +动词原形:即将或正要去做某事,通常不与时间状语连用,但可与when引导的从句连用。
(4)be to +动词原形:预定要做……。
(5)be doing表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,常与go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的动词连用。
高一英语时态语法知识点:现在完成时
1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.2.常与介词for, during, in, within, over等引导的时间状语连用,表示过去的某一行为一直延续到现在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.3.表示反复或习惯性的动作,常与several times, once, twice, frequently等频度副词连用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.4.表示从过去到现在没有发生过的动作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.5.用在时间、条件状语从句中,表示从句动作先于主句动作完成。[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.6.在“最高级+名词”或在“这是第几次…”之后跟定语从句,从句用现在完成时。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.高一英语时态语法知识点:过去完成时
1.表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.2.有些动词(如: hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等)的过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.◆动词时态应注意的几点
1.瞬间性动词的一般现在时和现在进行时常用来表示将来的动作。例句: ①The film begins in a minute.②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.2.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例句: ①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.3.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别:一般过去时和现在完成时都表示过去所发生的动作,但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,如对现在产生的影响、结果等,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系,因而它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如: —Have you finished your work? —Yes, I have.—When did you finish it? —I finished it last summer.◆直接引语与间接引语转换时应注意的几个问题: 1.人称的变化 2.时态的变化 3.时间状语的变化 4.地点状语的变化
例句:
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.” →Xiao Yi said(that)he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.” →Bob said(that)they would have a meeting there the next morning.◆定语从句中关系代词只能用that和不能用that的几种情况: 只能用that的情况
1.先行词是不定代词。
例句:Please tell me everything that happened to you.2.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或only, last, same, very等修饰。例句: ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.3.先行词既包括人又包括物。例句:She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.不能用that的情况
1.非限制性定语从句中。
例句:He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.2.先行词本身是that。
例句:I have that which you gave me.3.“介词+关系代词”结构。
例句:The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.◆现在完成进行时与现在完成时进行的比较:
1.强调动作还未结束时,多用现在完成进行时;强调动作的结果时,多用现在完成时。例句:
①I have been painting the paining.(强调“一直在画”这个动作)②I have painted the painting.(强调“画完了”这个结果)
2.有些动词不能用在现在完成进行时中,但可用在现在完成时中。如:have, love, see等。
例句:
①She has had a cold for a week.②They have loved each other for three years.③I have seen this movie.-ing形式:
1.having done having done是非谓语动词中-ing形式的完成式,而doing则是其一般式,它们都与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,只是doing与句中谓语动词同时发生或基本上同时发生;having done则表示动作或状态发生在句中谓语动词之前。
[例句] ①Hearing the news, they got excited.(hear和get excited这两个动作几乎同时发生)②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest.(arrive发生在take a rest之前)
2.动词后接动词的-ing形式和不定式有些动词后既可接动词的-ing形式也可接to do形式作宾语,但意义有所不同。
[例如] ① forget / remember / regret doing sth.表示动作已经发生;forget / remember / regret to do sth.则表示该动作未发生。② mean to do sth.表示“打算做某事”;mean doing sth.表示“意味着做某事”。③ try to do sth.表示“设法尽力做某事”;try doing sth.表示“试着做某事”。
④ stop to do sth.表示“停下来接着做另一件事”;stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth.表示“(做完某事)接着做另一件事”;go on doing sth.表示“继续做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。⑥ can’t help to do sth.表示“不能帮助做某事”;can’t help doing sth.表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3.have/has been doing
have / has been doing是现在完成进行时的构成,强调动作的延续过程,动作可能还在进行。而have / has done是现在完成时的构成,强调动作的结果,该动作通常已经结束。
[例句] ①I have written a book.(动作结束)②I have been writing a book.(可能未写完,侧重最近一直忙于写书)
高一的英语重要时态语法掌握了吗?
2.高二英语语法语法归纳 篇二
英语语法是英语的重要组成部分, 语法是在语言实践中总结出来的语言规律, 它涉及语言的结构方式, 包括词的构成和变化、词组和句子的组织等方面。语法是英语学习中最重要的基础知识, 包括英语的遣词造句的种种方式和句式变化的基本规律, 因此, 学习语法有助于掌握这门语言 (黄任, 2010) 。语法作为规范语言的法则, 它在规范语言使用, 提高语言的准确度方面起到举足轻重的作用。在英语教学, 特别是中学英语教学中应该得到足够的重视。但是, 目前中学英语教学中, 语法教学的效果并不理想。因为, 目前中学英语语法教学的方法通常是将语言拆分成支离破碎的各个组成部分进行教学, 学生得到的往往也仅仅是一些支离破碎的语法知识点, 最后即便学生学习了大量的语法知识, 还是不能将所学到的关于英语的语法知识准确地应用到语言实践中, 学生往往是“见木不见林”。这好像一个初学修理电视机的学徒, 他能以最快的速度将一台完整的电视机拆成构成电视机的各个元件, 最后却无法将这些元件拼凑成一台完整的电视机。
从语言学习的环境来看, 在缺乏语言习得环境条件下学习英语, 必须掌握系统的语法知识, 把握英语的基本结构, 才能提高英语学习效率和运用英语进行交际的准确性。中国学生学习英语正是在缺乏语言习得环境条件下学习英语, 因此, 英语语法教学必须得到教学实施者们的重视。
从语言学习的目的看, 具备一定的语法能力可更有效地提高以书面形式运用英语的能力。对中国英语学习者而言, 很多学生将来工作和生活中还要以书面形式使用英语, 也就是使用英语阅读和写作。中学英语教学要侧重培养阅读能力, 而在阅读过程中, 人们往往要在语法的帮助下才能正确理解。此外, 语法水平的高低更突出地表现在书面表达能力上。把学生书面表达中出现的错误综合起来分析, 可以看出, 学生并不是不知道写什么内容, 而是不能用正确的语法形式进行表达, 以语法结构错误为主要特征的语言形式错误严重影响了语言输出的准确性。历年来的中高考试题都渗透着对学生语法能力的考查, 要从根本上解决这个问题, 就要加强语法学习。
二、什么是归纳法
面对目前中学英语语法教学的诸多弊端, 应用逻辑学中常用的归纳法对中学英语语法进行教学, 将会使语法教学的效果有很大改观。
所谓归纳法或称归纳推理 (inductive reasoning) , 是在认识事物过程中所使用的思维方法。有时叫做归纳逻辑, 是指人们以一系列的经验事物或知识素材为依据, 寻找出其服从的基本规律或共同规律, 并假设同类事物中的其他事物也服从这些规律, 从而将这些规律作为预测同类事物的其他事物的基本原理的一种认知方法。归纳法是基于对特殊的代表 (token) 的有限观察, 把性质或关系归结到类型;或基于对反复再现的现象的模式 (pattern) 的有限观察, 公式表达规律。归纳法的逻辑推理过程是:a:b:c:d (Sk-ousen, 1995) , 这一逻辑推理过程在语法教学中可以得到充分利用。
三、如何利用归纳法提高语法教学的效率
在中学英语语法教学的过程中, 应该遵循以下几个原则分别对不同的语法项目进行教学:
1.比较英语和汉语的差异, 汉语中没有的或同汉语区别较大的语言现象, 如词形变化、语序、冠词等应该在对比的情况下进行讲解。
2.英语中常见的语言形式, 如简单句的五大基本句型、动词的时态和语态应该分别重点讲解。
3.在语法教学中不能违背语言学习的规律, 而是要将所要学习的语法点呈现在大量的语言学习素材中, 培养学生应用归纳方法学习英语语法。否则, 语法学习的效果将大大地打折扣, 最终的结果往往是事倍功半, 出力不讨好, 即英语界常说的“费时低效”。
以适当集中、适时归纳的方法学习英语语法。系统论认为, 一个严密合理的事物系统, 其整体功能大于局部之和。没有对整体的综合感知, 对局部的分析必然是孤立的、片面的、浅层的。中学生已具备相当的逻辑思维能力, 这就使得他们在语言学习过程中对语言现象的认识形成系统化成为可能。因此, 以集中归纳为主要特征的语法整体教学完全符合中学生的心理特点和认知规律。
英语教学界的各位同仁都深有同感的是, 一个十分重要的语法项目, 在教师花了大量时间和精力讲解之后, 学生仍然是一知半解, 不得要领。譬如在英语教学中, 现在进行时是一项很重要的语法项目之一, 其结构是be+V-ing的形式, 尽管教师在费尽心血的讲解之后, 学生写出如下句子也是常有的事:
(1) She reading in the classroom now.
(2) They are speak under the tree.
仔细观察上述两个错误的句子, 对于句子 (1) 而言, 应该是教师在讲解的过程中, 过分强调现在进行时中的现在分词而出现的结果;而对于句子 (2) 而言, 则是英语和汉语差别太大, 汉语缺乏英语中的曲折变化的规则而导致的结果。
如果使用归纳法教学现在进行时这一语法项目, 则是首先将大量的含有现在进行时这一语法现象的语言事实呈现给学生, 然后引导学生归纳出英语中现在进行时的结构、使用范围、注意事项等。如:
(1) My parents are watching TV now.
(2) Look. Three boys are running on the play-ground.
(3) What is your mother doing now?
(4) Is your dog sleeping now?
(5) Are you listening to music? Yes, I am.
(6) Look, Miss Chen is playing football.
(7) Tom and his sister are waiting for you overthere.
(8) Now Class 3 and Class 4 are having a test.
(9) Listen, someone is singing in the classroom.
(10) ———Where is Zhang Yan? ———She istalking with her teacher in the teacher's Office. 在教学过程中, 教师必须有意识地将上述英语句子中现在进行时部分加以突出, 然后引导学生对这些语言现象认真观察和分析, 寻找它们的共同之处和不同之处。寻找共同之处的目的在于引导学生自己归纳总结出现在进行时这一语法项目的结构:be+V-ing。寻找不同之处在于启发学生在现在进行时中, be动词的形式必须根据主语而定。这样一步步地引导学生自己归纳总结出的结论, 就像在数学学习中引导学生对一部分数学公式进行推理一样, 让学习者在实践的过程中加强对理论的理解。这不仅让学生掌握了学习内容, 也培养了学生语言思维的能力, 学习者在实践的过程中完成学习的任务, 所学到的东西不但容易记住, 而且理解深刻, 真正达到“Doing islearning.”的目的。
为增强理解记忆的效果, 教师应引导学生自己归纳某些语法项目的结构、规则以及与其他项目的联系。比如, 在初中英语语法中, 宾语从句是重要的语法点, 历年各省、市中考都会考到这个语法点, 常以选择题、句型转换、完成句子、时态填空等题型出现。尤其是宾语从句的引导词、时态呼应、语序为考试重点, 所以要从引导词及其作用、主从句时态一致、宾语从句的语序这三个方面加以总结。为了便于学生记忆掌握, 可编用法口诀:宾语从句三注意, 时态、语序、引导词;主语若是过去时, 主从时态要一致;宾从表达是真理, 一般现在代过去;引导词, 也不难, 陈述要用that连;一般问句表是否, if、whether来引导;特殊问句作宾语, 疑问词引导就能行;还有一点要说明, 陈述语序要记清。
发现规律, 适度对比。语法是语言的结构方式, 语法研究的是语言遣词造句的规律。教师在语法教学过程中要及时点拨, 引导学生发现语言规律, 弄清语法现象的实质和语法知识之间的逻辑关系。比如, 可把初中阶段的八种时态分为四组:一般现在时和一般过去时、现在进行时和过去进行时、一般将来时和过去将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时, 让学生从时态的用法和构成上发现规律。中学英语语法中有许多规律, 如被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成, 不同时态的被动语态形式只是be的形式不同;简单句的五种基本句型是英语句子的基本结构;多数间接引语是以宾语从句的形式存在;状语从句和定语从句可分别简化为非谓语动词作状语和定语;定语从句中的关系词是由其在定语从句中充当的成分和先行词决定的等等。
3.初中英语归纳法语法教学谈 篇三
关键词:初中英语;语法教学;归纳法
中图分类号:G633.41文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-010X(2007)11-0030-03
语言学家认为,语法是语言发生作用的框架,没有语法,人们交流思想的公认形式就没有一致性,就无法构成语言。语法能力是掌握语言形式的知识体系,是语言实践能力的前提。交际教学的主要奠基人威尔金斯在《第二语言学习和教学》一书中明确指出,语法是学习的中心,是保证表意的必须手段。
无论从小学开始学英语,还是从初中开始学英语,中学阶段大部分的语法项目集中在初中阶段。2001年教育部制定的《英语课程标准》(实验稿)中列出的语法项目共有23项。如果初中阶段语法知识基础不牢,势必影响语言知识的进一步学习。没有扎实的语言知识,要培养语言技能就会十分困难,而语言知识和语言技能又是综合语言运用能力的基础。不具备初步的综合语言运用能力,便很难在高中以及大学阶段学好英语。因此,在初中的英语教学中,语法教学占有举足轻重的地位。
一、常见英语语法教学方法及其优缺点
常见的英语语法教学方法主要分为:归纳法、演绎法、类比法。对我们的英语教学而言,它们各有优点和缺点,客观分析、加强了解对语法教学不无益处。
1.归纳法语法教学。
采用归纳法进行语法教学,在学习者就特定结构的使用进行练习之前,让他们先接触一定数量的实例,然后从中概括出该结构的有关规则,归纳的过程即是由特殊到一般的过程。按归纳的方法进行教学,可以避免单纯抽象的讲解,学习者通过接触具体生动的语言实例,积极参与寻找某些规律,容易理解并记住某些结构以及他们的用法。在真实的语境中接触新的结构,学习者不仅能理解结构形式,而且能更好地使用所学结构,学习者一旦养成自己寻找语言规则的习惯,并将这种技巧用于整个语言学习过程,他们就会逐渐摆脱对教师的依赖,逐步学会自学,尽早获得语感,从而感受到语言学习越来越轻松。然而,归纳法比较费时,对教师来讲,创造真实的语境有时很困难,而且并不一定能引导学生得出正确的规则,也不能满足所有学生的需要,这是因为有些学生更加喜欢教师讲解语法规则,而不愿意自己动脑筋发现规律。
2.演绎法语法教学。
采用演绎法进行语法教学,先简明扼要地向学习者提出抽象的语法规则,随即举例说明,将抽象的规则应用于具体的语言材料,并以大量类似的练习材料帮助学生独立运用,演绎的过程即由一般到特殊的过程。有些语法范畴和概念,如不事先交待清楚,即使有很多实例,也会使人困惑。而按演绎的方法进行教学,能节省时间,教师备课相对容易些,能减少学习者的许多错误。一些学生,特别是年龄偏大的学生,更倾向于老师简洁准确地讲解语言规则,以便他们在升学考试等大型考试中获得高分。但是,离开语境进行过多的解释,会令学习者产生厌烦情绪,教师讲解越多,学生被动接受的时间就越多。另外,演绎法通常更加注重形式,学生不易得体地运用所学规则,有时可能一错再错。
3.类比法语法教学。
采用类比法讲授语法,既不先提出一般的规则,也不要求概括出规则,只是根据一类具体的实例来掌握另一类实例,类比的过程是由特殊到特殊的过程。教学中使用类比法能有效地利用已经掌握的个别语法要点的具体用法引申到新的语法要点的用法。这一方法比较适合初学阶段,因为初学阶段的许多句法不必多做语法说明,可以让学习者模仿套用,然后掌握。根据句型掌握语法实际上就是运用类比法。句型教学以句为单位,抓住语言的核心结构进行练习,突出重点,能使学习者形成以句子为单位阅读和练习口语的习惯,语言活动的熟练程度会自然提高,但在实际交际时却不会正确运用所学句型来表达思想。
教师要根据学生的状况,教材内容,以及学校的教学条件等选取合适的教学方法。综合比较这三种教学法,我认为,应以归纳法为主,同时与演绎法、类比法相结合,吸取各种方法的优点。
二、归纳法语法教学的具体操作
具体到归纳法语法教学在教学中的实际应用,可以概括地分为“观察、比较、归纳”三个步骤。
第一,明确地给出观察目标, 区分语法现象。
讲述语法的时候, 应该让学生多观察, 通过学生个体的多方面的语法现象感受, 由学生通过大量的事例, 得出较为共同的语法规则。上语法课时, 引导学生观察所给例句的目标, 比如,讲“be”动词的正确形式时, 有如下例句供学生观察, 给出的观察目标是be动词前面的主语:
I am a student.
They are my classmates.
He is a wonderful singer.
The cat is lovely.
通过观察,使学生明白主语的不同,使用动词的形式就不同, 在何种情况下,be动词要使用哪种形式,从而引导学生进一步思考,为什么主语的不同会影响be动词的变化? 各在什么情况下使用be动词的三种不同形式?
观察目标的确定是学生能够自我寻找规律,从表面的现象到深入的思考, 进而得出语法规律。但是观察是要有深度的, 应该引导学生一步一步思考。观察目标可以是多个,给观察者多个目标去观察、去思考,这几个目标可以是有直接联系的,也可以是间接联系的。比如以下就动词的时态变化形式以及时态标志的例句:
Tom often helps his mother do some cooking.
I went to the park yesterday.
They are singing in the classroom now.
Jim has already done his homework.
以上例句观察的目的是了解时态的概念和与时态有关连的标记部分。学生通过观察会发现不同的句子中的谓语动词使用不同的形式。观察活动中,我们可以进行简单的观察,同时可以利用观察目标之间的关系进行深层次的理解和思考。
第二,积极比较,发现规律。
通过观察使学生发现语法现象,使学生对语法由感知现象而进一步认识。学生观察之后,教师应进一步提高要求,让学生积极思考对比,进而发现规律。比较是在观察的基础上更进一步的要求,但比较的对象彼此应该是被观察的部分,请看以下例句:
Tomlikes English.
Theylike English.
Helikes English.
Shelikes English.
Welike English
He and she like English.
这是“一般现在时”动词形式的观察比较例句,要求学生在观察的同时对主语和动词形式进行比较,他们就会提炼出主语Tom、They、We、He、She、He and she 以及动词like、likes…进行比较,进而认真思考。比较的原则是以学生为主,充分发挥学生的积极性,积极思考。比较的面应该尽量全面,例句充足富有代表性,可以说明问题。
第三,普遍归纳,得出规律。大量的例句通过学生的观察和比较,学生对语法现象有了充分的感知,同时也积极进行思考,这时候,要让他们大胆归纳,基本上得出这一现象的规律。归纳可以是从部分到部分,然后适用普遍,如下例句:
The desk is made of wood.
I was sent to America.
Machines are made by workers.
第一步归纳的结果可能是:被动语态的结构为be+动词的过去分词;第二步归纳的结果可能是:当主语是谓语动词动作的承受者时,谓语动词使用被动语态结构be+动词的过去分词。归纳之后应该得出较为通用的规律,然后通过得出的规律进行实际练习就简单得多了。
语法教学是英语教学中的难点之一,在公开课或优质课中往往回避语法讲解,事实上,语法渗透于听、说、读、写的每一个环节。学生只有掌握了足够的语法知识,才能真正提高英语学习的效率,从而提高应用语言的能力。观察、对比、归纳在语法教学中的作用可以这样加以概括:观察是前提,对比是过程,归纳是结果,但三者之间又有内在的联系,是密不可分的。
参考文献:
[1]胡春洞.再论认知交际法 [J]. 中小学外语教学,2002,(4).
[2]陆建平,叶宁.试谈语境教学中语法的份额 [J].中小学外语教学,2002,(11).
[3]沈瑛.新课程中语法教学的定位极其策略 [J].中小学外语教学,2004,(8).
[4]杨敏.外语课堂研究[J]. 外语教学,2001,(1).
[5]张国阳,朱亚夫.外语教育语言学 [M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
[6]张红缨.让学生知其然也知其所以然——就新《英语课程标准》谈谈语法教学 [J]. 教学与管理,2004,(3).
4.高二英语语法语法归纳 篇四
通过学习,个人感觉收益很大,在初中英语教学中,词汇和语法的学习是一个重要的组成部分,因此在教学中英语语法、词汇的教学方法和策略是非常重要的,这是判断一个英语教师是否合格的关键,只有正确的教学方法和策略才能使学生的英语水平得到较大的提高,现结合个人学习情况和理解,简单的进行归纳后,谈一下个人学习体会。
一、关于词汇的教学方法和策略
(一)、分类记忆法
要求学生自己整理词汇,例如,把教材中每个单元的词汇表(是以该词在书中出现的先后顺序排列的)按照词性重新整理,按照词性分类整理,变无序为有序 , 强化学生词性意识,有助于培养学生在语境中用词的准确性,要求学生把整理好的动词分别在课文中找到相对应的句子,旨在引导学生经常性关注以动词为中心的主干知识。更重要的是,通过让学生在文章中寻找单词,不仅使学生对文章有了初步了解,而且帮助学生在语境中了解单词的词义和用法。通过帮助学生建立联想来提高词汇学习的有效性,要求学生尽可能记住大量的常用词组,词汇讲解不要过多,结合语境简明扼要讲清基本词义和用法。
(二)、交替听、说训练法
词汇训练不要单调,结合语境多种形式保证训练数量和频度,增加经常性的造句作业;适当加强连词成句的训练;重点是常用句型;以简单句的五个基本句型为主;避免形式单一,综合填空、句型转换、英汉互译、改错等各种练习形式经常交替进行。把每节课开始后三分钟或五分钟固定为讲英语时间,让全班学生轮流作简短演讲,具体做法是从易到难,循 序渐进,由点到面逐步铺开。
教师在平时上课时,就有意先读一些词汇,或读课文,让学生先不要去看书,跟老师读这些词,然后再让学生拼写,和学生讨论如何去拼写,看这些词是由哪些字母组成的。特别是一些规律性的东西,需要反复进行训练。对于一些没有规律的单词构成,进行比较,以促进记忆。老师还可以先写出单词或句子,让学生根据已有的拼读知识试着去读出这些单词或句子。
语音是词汇学习的基础,没有一定的语音基础 , 就会直接影响学生词汇的学习,影响学生语言的发展。词汇学习的第一步 , 就是要让学生能够把单词读准、读顺、读好。
(三)、语境训练法
教师要有规律地进行词汇教学,如:课堂词汇默写老师尽量给出英文,最好是一组一组有规律的,如词性一致,或分类一致等;检查完拼写后,一定要有结合语境的训练。在教学中教师应坚持用英语
组织教学,学生提问或回答教师问题也要尽可能地使用英语。新课文讲完后,要求学生背诵课文,在此基础上引导学生学会归纳大意并进行复述或表演课文内容,这是培养学生实际运用语言能力最佳方式。
二、关于语法教学的方法和策略
(一)、语法教学要讲效率,善于归纳
在实际的教学中,教师应该把语法的讲解减少到最低程度,省下时间组织学生进行语法练习;讲解时要尽量做到简明扼要,通俗易懂;不要引申过多,举例过多。教师向学生讲授语言规则,并列出具体的知识。学生在使用语言的过程中运用这些规则。比较典型的语法翻译法就是使用演绎学习法的原理。教师不向学生直接传授语言规则,而是让他们从使用语言的体验中发现或归纳出规则,强调语言运用而不是语言知识的描述教学法(如直接法、交际法)都利用归纳学习法原理。
(二)、语法教学要结合词汇进行
语法和词汇都是重要的语言资源 , 语法和词汇是我中有你,你中有我的关系,因此在语法教学中我们应该结合起来进行,以提高学习的效果和效率。
(三)、语法教学要循序渐进
语法教学要遵循循序渐进的原则,初中阶段主要是学习基本和常用的语法,语法教学的深度和广度都要控制。
(四)、语法教学要结合语境进行
结合语境考查基本的语法知识,增强学生学习语言的自信(比如帮助学生获得其能够学好一种语言的信心),侧重点应该放在语言运用上。
5.高二英语语法专项之名词类 篇五
I.单句语法填空
1.Her fight helped other women gain _________________(confident)in their ideas, and their right to patent them.2.I know you take good pictures and you’ve always wanted to do something for environmental ____________________(protect)(2016年高考全国卷II)
3.However, Koalas kept in cages always died within a year of their ______________(arrive)at the zoo.4.But this type of housing, called cohousing, is gaining ________________(popular)in the United States.5.--Why didn’t you go fishing with your friends yesterday?
--Well, fishing is
a
hobby
which
calls
for
a
great
deal
of ________________(patient), which I don’t have.6.He was given severe ________________(punish)by his father only for a lillte mistake.7.Facing cut-throat __________________(compete)in all subjects, students must devote as much of their time as possible.8.I shall never fear difficulty and I shall never know the ______________(exist)of the word “failure”.9.It is obvious that this _________________(destroy)will become more dangerous in the future.10.I know how I achieved my ________________(succeed).It came from good planning and better doing combined.11.We must come to realize the _______________(important)of learning English.12.We have no______________(choose)but to follow his advice.13.Just tell me the ___________(true).14.We must guarantee everyone’s ______________(safe)15.There are many wild animals in _____________(dangerous)of dying out now.16.In ancient times, the slave’s _______________(free)is limited.II.单句改错
1.Therefore, to take a ten-minute break between classes is of great important.2.As far as I am concerned, my suggestions is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach.3.The apply of bamboo in science and technology is thrilling.4.He made a lot of mistakes in his composition because of careless.5.I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.6.No one worries much about the radio program young people listen to.7.The new teacher is getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures.8.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.9.If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.10.We should keep in minds that the earth is our only home and only by saving the environment can we save ourselves.参考答案:
I.1.Confidence
2.Protection
3.arrival
4.popularity
5.patience
6.punishment
7.competition
8.existence
9.Destruction 10.success 11.Importance
12.Choice
13.truth
14.safety
15.danger 16.freedom II.1.Important--importance
2.suggestions---suggestion
3.apply---application
4.careless---carelessness
5.times----time
6.program---programs
7.furnitures---furniture
8.honest---honesty
9.knowledges---knowledge
6.苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结 篇六
第一单元
一 动词不定式:带to的动词不定式
带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形,如,to do, to work.它可以单独使用,也可以组成动词不定式短语。
如:I was determined to be cheerful.1.带to-的动词不定式可以做: 1)句子的主语
如:To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2)句子的宾语
如:I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1)宾语不足语
如:I asked him to come over.2)定语
如:I have a very important meeting to attend.3)同位语
如:His intention was to cheer me up.4)状语
如:My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2.带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态 如:Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 动词不定式:不带to的动词不定式
1.可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有: 1)let make have(有时候)
如:I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官动词:feel hear see watch 如:I saw her talk to her new friends.3)would rather had better why not 如:I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom
Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注:感官动词后可以接v-ing 如:I saw her talk to her new friend.(见证谈话的整个过程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(见证谈话正在发生,但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2.当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时,后一个不定式往往省略to。
如:She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名词
1.V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做: 1)做主语(指一般性的动作)
如:Swimming is good for your health.2)做宾语(指一般性的动作)
如:I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介词之后
如:I keep fit by swimming every day.4)物主代词之后
如:Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注:如果所谈论的人比较明确,那么物主代词可以省略。
如:Thank you for coming.5)组成复合名词
如:There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2.以下动词后面接v-ing Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3.以下常用词组后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如:Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4.以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do,意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5.一些动词后面既可以接v-ing,也可以接to do,但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要
确保形式的正确。如,forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情还没做)如:He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已经做了)如:I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二单元
一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词
1.v-ing可作: 1)定语
v-ing 可以放在名词前,像形容词一样修饰名词。如:This will have a lasting effect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。
如:That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。
如:The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名词后,像定语从句一样修饰名词,v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。
如:people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2)表语
如:This destruction is frightening.1)宾语补足语
如:We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2.v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面,表示动作同时发生。
如:They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3.v-ing有完成时态,如,having worked 如:Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短语
v-ing短语可以单独使用,后面也可以接宾语或状语。如:They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1.v-ing短语可以表示: 1)时间
如:Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for
things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2)原因
如:We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3)结果
如:The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)条件
如:Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2.连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有:when whenever while once until 如:We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3.v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。
如:He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4.否定形式是: not+v-ing 如:He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三单元
一 V-ed形式
v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。1.v-ed可以被用作: 1)定语
v-ed放在名词的前面,像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。
如:If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义,如,escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语:
表被动:the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表过去:the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。如:well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。
如:underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。
如:I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2)表语
如:My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3)宾语补足语
如:After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2.v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如:stand sit lie 如:She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)
二 V-ed短语
v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用,也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。如:She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1.表被动的v-ed短语可以表示: 1)时间 如:The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2)原因
如:Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)条件
如:Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2.v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中,逻辑主语都是主句的主语。
如:the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。
三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词
1.v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉,在意义上通常是主动的。如:I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2.v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉,在意义上通常是被动的,因为它表示我们
被一个动作所影响。
如:I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英语-模块六
第一单元
时态的概要1:现在时态
现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间,包括一般现在时态,现在进行时态,现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。
1.我们用一般现在时态来谈论: 1)现在或一直是正确的事情。如:I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2)经常发生的事情。
如:The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2.我们用现在进行时态来谈论: 1)现在正在发生或正在进行的动作
如:The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2)现在正在被计划,但在将来发生的动作。
如:The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3)重复发生的动作,和always一起使用,通常带有否定的附加含义 如:You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3.我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于: 1)重复的经历。
如:He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2)过去发生的事情,但对现在有影响的事情。
如:Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3)过去开始,但现在仍在发生的事情。
如:People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4.我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始,持续到现在,并且还有可能继续进行的事情。
如:Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二单元
时态的概要2:过去和将来时态
过去时态用来谈论过去的事情,包括一般过去时态,过去进行时态,过去完成时态等。1.我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经结束的事情。如:Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2.我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去,并且持续了一段时间的事情。
如:She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3.我们用过去完成时态来谈论:
1)在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。
如:Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。
如:By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情,包括一般将来时态,将来进行时态,过去将来时态等。1.我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。
如:She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般将来时态的结构:
1)will shall(用于提供有关将来的信息)
如:I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2)be going to+do(用于谈论将来的计划和意图)
如:Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2.我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。如:Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3.我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。
如:Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三单元
非真实条件句
非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。
1.我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。如:If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2.我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。
如:If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3.我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。
如:If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4.非真实条件句的构成:
现在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…
过去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 将来 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注:would,could,might经常可以互换,但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意图,计划;could表能力,可能性;might表可能性 非真实条件句还有几点需要注意:
1.在书面英语或正式的场合中,我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中,was也经常用到。
如:If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2.在表将来的非真实条件句中,还可以用were to/should 如:If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3.在非真实条件句中,可以把if省略,把should,were,had放在条件句的前面。如:Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4.在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。
如:If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四单元
非真实条件句:其它情况
非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。
1.当主句是有关现在发生的事情,而从句是有关过去发生的事情,或相反,我们可以用混合的条件句。
如:If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2.我们用otherwise, or,及以with,without,but for 开头的短语来替代if条件句,来表达隐含的条件的意思。
如:With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3.我们也可以用even if,as if,as though,if only 来引导非真实条件句。如:I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4.Wish和would rather后面可以表达非真实的情况。如:I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英语-模块七
第一单元
一 介词
介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间,地点,行动等等。介词也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1.时间介词
at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用来表示时间。At后接点时间,in后接段时间,on后接具体某一天。For用来表示某事延续了多长时间,by指的是不晚于什么时间(到 为止),since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止。其它表示时间的介词还有during,after,before,between,from,until等。
如:At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注:我们经常说in the morning/afternoon/evening,但当谈论具体的早上,下午和晚上时,th则要用on,如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2.地点介词
at,in和on是表示地点的介词。At后接小地方或一个场合,in后接大地方,on表示在某个东西的表面。其它表示地点的介词还有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。
如:I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3.行动介词
介词to经常用来表示行动,意思是“朝着方向”。其它的介词还有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如:The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介词短语
介词可以和动词,名词,和形容词连用构成介词短语。1.介词与动词连用
许多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组,如:agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如:Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2.介词与名词连用
介词可以跟名词连用,如:in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如:We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注:当up to date出现在名词前时,要用连字符,如:up-to-date products 3.介词与形容词连用
一些介词可以和形容词连用,如:good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如:I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二单元
动词短语
动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。
动词+副词:If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.动词+介词:It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用动词短语时有一些规则需要注意:
1.在动词短语里,副词可以放在名词的前面或后面。
如:Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注:如果宾语是代词,只能放在动词和副词之间。
如:Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2.动词短语后面不一定要接宾语。
如:The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3.在有介词的动词短语里,介词的宾语总是放在介词的后面
如:Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4.有时候动词短语里的副词后会接一个介词。
如:How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1. 动词词组有特殊的含义,如:
动词词组 含义 例句
try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the
kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6.许多动词短语的意思不止一个,如,make out 就有许多不同的意思,以下列举其它三个意思:
1)能够看见或听见某事
如:It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2)理解某事(用于否定句和疑问句中)
如:I can’t make out what the article says.3)阐述可能不是正确的事情
如:He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三单元
系动词
系动词是连接主语和说明主语是什么样状态的成分的动词。最常用的系动词是“to be(be/am/is/are/was/were/been)”
如:The information is true and acute.1.Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系动词。
如:Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2.感官动词是系动词,sound,taste,feel,look,smell 如:That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3.暗指变化的词是系动词:turn,go,fall,grow,get,become 如:Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1. 大多数情况下,系动词后面接形容词。但有时也接名词或介词短语。
如:I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四单元
V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被称作分词。分词可以做定语修饰名词,或做时间,原因,结果和方式状语。
1.v-ed和v-ing可以像形容词一样使用
1)v-ing通常表达正在进行的动作,或某事是什么样子。
如:she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表达被动的含义,或指代一个完成的动作,或告诉别人我们对某事的感觉。如:The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3)分词短语通常放在它所修饰的名词的后面。
如:The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2.v-ed和v-ing可以像副词一样使用。1)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示原因。
如:Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示时间。如:Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示方式。
如:The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示条件。
如:Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注:v-ing也可以表达紧随主句动作之后的动作。
如:Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3.v-ing有被动和完成形式。
1)being+v-ed表示进行时态的被动态。
如:The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2)having+v-ed表示完成时态的主动形式:having been+ v-ed表示完成时态的被动形式。如:Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4.当v-ed和v-ing被用做状语时,它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。如:Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5.否定形式:not+v-ing/v-ed 如:Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英语-模块八
第一单元
否定句
否定句用来改正一个错误的观点。如:Money does not buy happiness.在这句话里,钱能买来幸福的错误观点被改正了。注:否定句有是表达肯定含义。
如:He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我们有几种方式来表达否定含义。最常用的否定词有:no,not,never,和neither。1.助动词+not 在最简单的否定句里,not或n’t放在助动词后表否定。
如:They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2.Not和其它词连用
1)当把not放在一个前面加上否定前缀(如:un-dis-in-)的单词的时候,意思就变成肯定的了。但这种肯定没有直接的肯定句强烈。
如:It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2)当not放在表示时间,距离,数量的短语前时,则起到了强调否定含义的作用。如:Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3.If-从句中额外的否定含义
有时候,我们把否定的表达放在whether和if的后面来表达对一种情况的怀疑。这种表达更加随意而且常被用在英语口语中。
如:I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注:当表达有关自己的事情时,用I wonder whether/if… ,当表达有关别人的事情时,用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4.还有许多其它的否定表达。一些常用的有hardly,far from,seldom, unless,free from, 和would rather…than。
如:Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二单元
省略
当我们不想重复含义比较明显的单词或短语时,我们就用省略。省略是使句子简明的有效的方法。
1.省略可以用于
1)祈使句中,主语常被省略。
如:(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句,省略助动词后面的单词。如:“Did you enjoy the opera?” “Yes, I did(enjoy it).” 3)动词不定式短语中,省略to后的内容。
如:Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break his promise.4)非正式英语中,省略句中的某些单词。如:(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5)hence后
如:Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介词或than之后。
如:Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一个句型和同一个动词后的两个从句中。
如:Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2.为了节省空间和时间,一些单词被省略,包括: 1)标志和标签
如:No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)报纸标题
如:Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)说明
如:Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4)明信片和日记
如:Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)笔记
如:Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)
第三单元
倒装
倒装就是改变句子中单词的顺序。当我们用倒装的时候,我们把谓语提到主语的前面,因此我们强调的是谓语而不是主语。倒装用于以下情况。1.最常见的倒装的形式出现在问句里
如:Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2.在以下情况下,我们把助动词放在主语的前面 1)以否定词或短语开头的句子,如:neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如:He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2)以so和only开头的句子
如:Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注:当only修饰主语时,不需倒装。
如:Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情况,主语放在动词的后面 1)句子是直接引语或部分是直接引语。
如: “I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,” said my aunt.“This, “said the artist “is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.”
2)主语太常。
如:Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here,there,in,out,up,down,on 等开头的句子。
如:Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注:当主语是代词时,不需要倒装。
如:Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4)在正式的非真实条件句中,我们把should, were,had to 放在句子的开头。
如:Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四单元
强调句
当我们需要用英语表达自己观点的时候,我们必须要考虑的不止是词汇和发音。我们选择强调的单词和句子成分能改变我们想要传达的含义。
1.强调句可以借助某些单词来表达,如:so,such,really,和just。如:Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2.如果强调的不是动词,而是句子某一成分,我们可以用以下句型“ It + be+强调部分+that从句。
如:It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.1)上述句型可以用来强调主语,宾语或状语。
如:Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.强调主语:It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.强调宾语:It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.强调状语:It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)当强调的主语是代词时,代词通常要用宾格。
如:It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注:当强调的是人时,引导词用that或who。3)强调结构还可以用语问句。
如:Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened?
4)我们用 “It was not until…that…”结构来强调时间短语。
如:It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3.如果我们想强调一般现在时态和一般过去时态中的肯定句中的动词,我们可以在动词前加助动词do或did。
7.高二英语语法语法归纳 篇七
一、显与隐, 英语语法教学的方式选择
“陈文”中结合调查的结果对英语教师常用的语法教学方式进行了排序, 结果发现日常英语教学中用得最多的是“讲解教材课文和对话中的重要语言点, 适当拓展补充”, 而在考试前后则多用“做语法练习题”的方式。这一调查结果与笔者所遇到的实际情形也是基本一致的。“陈文”还明确指出, 目前英语语法教学中实际采用的仍然是传统的语法教学方式, 即显性的语法教学, 而对于课程标准所倡导的任务型和交际化的教学模式则给予了有意无意的忽视, 或者只当作公开课和比武课使用的招式。
笔者以为, 上述调查结果尤其是对于英语语法教学是显性还是隐性的方式选择问题, 一线教师确实存在着某种困难。从语言形成的机制角度来看, 任务型和交际化无疑是更科学的选择, 因为无论是学生第二语言的学习, 还是学生在母语形成的年龄, 语言能力更多的都是在任务驱动和人际交流中形成的, 幼儿在学习语言时并没有经过语法的训练, 自然就形成了今天到了初中阶段后熟练的母语运用能力。但从英语教学的角度来看, 在传统习惯的影响下, 尤其是在当前英语教学评价方式的指挥下, 英语语法教学还是难以摆脱显性教学的方式。笔者曾经跟小学英语的教师交流过, 发现小学阶段的英语教学就特别强调显性的语法, 而笔者对进入初一的学生多次进行过调查, 结果发现不少英语成绩 (分数) 优异的学生, 确实能够说出一大堆英语语法知识, 而也正是这些知识, 证实了他们的英语水平确实高人一筹。
因此, 对于语法教学的方式问题, 要想真实实现从显性向隐性的转变, 要想真正让任务型和交际型落到实处, 关键在于两点:一是对现有英语教学习惯进行矫正;二是对现有英语评价方式进行改革。可喜的是, 笔者所在地区日益重视口语和听力的训练与评价, 这对于培养学生实用英语能力来说, 是件好事。
二、智与趣, 英语语法教学的两难选择
“陈文”指出, 课改后的实验教材语法内容普遍减量, 编排上比较分散, 且多是采取隐含的方式呈现。因此, 教师理解起来感到模糊, 感觉语法教学的指导没有以前明确。而教师的选择往往是根据自身的学习经验和已有的教学经验, 继续去发掘语法知识并实施教学, 但与这一方式伴随的另一现象, 则是部分学生对英语语法的学习不感兴趣。
这一描述在笔者看来也非常符合现实, 在初中语法教学中, 对语法学习不感兴趣的大多是男生, 而其中的原因并不难理解。翻开相关的语言学习理论与心理学理论便可以发现, 初中阶段男女学生的思维方式有着明显的不同, 女学生更多地还是习惯形象思维方式, 而男学生更多地开始向抽象思维转变。因此, 他们对语言学习 (英语学习) 的认识也是不一样的, 女学生更习惯于根据教师的要求去学习, 而男生则常常想为什么英语表达要在英语语法的作用下才能完成。这种思维方式的不同, 必然会导致一部分男生的英语语法学习出现困难。
因此, 在语法教学的“知”与“趣”上, 笔者以为英语教师是需要下功夫的:语法本身是一种知识, 但学生的学习却需要兴趣来驱动。让“趣”能够真正有效驱动“知”, 是一件不易的事情。就笔者的实践来看, 其中一个关键是将英语教学方式从“全英语”向“英汉结合”退一步可能更好, 因为上课语言是师生知识交流的主要方式, 纯英语对于相当一部分初中生而言是存在着理解上的困难的, 而回归到母语之后, 则可以让学生的理解更为简单。在此基础上, 再将语法以某种学生感兴趣的方式呈现, 则就能部分实现知与趣的平衡。
三、法与教, 英语语法教学的动力选择
语法自身就是一种知识, 在“陈文”及课程标准的观点中, 这种知识应当是相对于教师而言的;语法教学则是另一种知识, 这自然也是相对于教师而言的。要知道后者是以前者为动力的, 两者都是服务于学生的语法学习的。
8.高二英语语法语法归纳 篇八
【关键词】归纳法 演绎法 大学英语语法教学
相似性认知是人类认识的起点之一,归纳法作为一种以经验为基础的基本思维方法,是强调以事物的相似性为基础,由特殊到一般、从特殊中引出一般规律的思维过程。它由英国著名科学家弗朗西斯·培根首次作了系统论述,以对中世纪经院哲学太过强调思辨而忽视实践的哲学趋向予以反拨。这种思维方法有利于在实践中培养实事求是的科学实践精神,因此引起了科学发现的巨大进展。但是归纳法也有其缺陷和不足。首先,归纳必须以大量的事例作为基础,在实践中,在某些情况下不能提高认知效率。而且归纳也有完全归纳与不完全归纳的分别。在世界上,事物的存在往往是多种多样的,且数量庞大,不能一览概观,所以归纳时难免会对有些特殊情况产生遗漏,而这种遗漏会造成归纳结果的巨大差异。这方面的例证,有著名的“黑天鹅悖论”。该悖论认为,当我们对天鹅种类进行归纳时,我们因为归纳了999只白天鹅——这个数量不可谓不大,并进而得出“所有天鹅都是白色的”这样的一般结论,但是当我们归纳到第1000只天鹅并发现那第1000只天鹅恰好是黑色的时,我们的归纳结论就会被推翻。这个事例提醒我们对归纳法的运用要灵活适当,不能迷信。
演绎法是由一般到特殊的思维过程,是从一般性前提加以演绎进而推论出具体和特殊结论的思维方法。最具有代表性的演绎形式方法是“三段论”,这种方法由古希腊哲学家和逻辑学家亚里士多德首次进行了系统论述,并从此成为最为常见的演绎方法。它的推论过程由大前提、小前提和结论三部分构成:大前提是一般陈述,小前提是关于大前提主项下一个特殊事物的一个陈述,而结论则往往表现为小前提的主项具有大前提谓项所表明的性质。在欧洲古典时期,以法国哲学家、数学家勒内·笛卡尔为代表的一代学者大家手中,这种方法更是有着深刻的体现。这一时期的人往往在研究和思维过程中寻找普适性的原理或公理,然后再从中引申出其他次要的原理,这不得不说是演绎法的新发展。演绎思维方法因其具有的灵活性、精确性而成为在欧洲历史上占据重要地位的思想方法。但是我们也要注意到演绎法所具有的内在局限性。首先,被理所当然地认为具有普适性和确凿的一般前提规则本身往往是需要被验证和证明的,一旦它发生错误,那么结论往往也就错了,因为演绎是一个线性的逻辑过程。另外,推论过程本身需要较强的抽象思维和准确性,所以在实践中往往很容易出现因推论过程发生错误而导致结论不正确的现象。所以,在解决问题的过程中,也要慎重使用演绎法。
语法体系的形成过程是人们对语言现象进行归纳并加以系统化,同时又反过来对语言发展过程进行规范的结果。语言是人类经验和思维的载体,也具有一般和特殊的规律性,不同的语言现象反映着操该语言的人们对世界的认知经验和思维方式。爱斯基摩人的语言里表达“雪”这一概念的词语就多过其他人群,这是因为“雪”与他们的生产和生活有着紧密的联系。我们通常将“述谓结构”(如I am writing.)甚至只有谓词(It is snowing.)当作一个句子的主要成分是因为任何人类的任何经验都要以事物和自身的存在为条件并离不开事物的运动和发展过程。我们无法理解像“Green clouds sleep furiously.”这样的英语句子就显示了语言表达不能违背世界的可能性的本性。
英语语言规则在其发展过程中也经历了很多变化。从古英语到中古英语,再到以杰弗里·乔叟和莎士比亚为代表的英国现代英语的形成,其中就经历了许多曲折。古英语时期,由于罗马帝国对英国的统治,那时的英语语言作为处于弱势的语言就引入了很多拉丁语的语法规则(例如:“不可以以介词结句”这样的规则);后来,由于北欧(如丹麦海盗)和日耳曼蛮族的入侵,英语又从中吸取了这些民族语言中的很多元素。11世纪中期,法国诺曼贵族征服了这片土地并带来了很多表示诺曼上层文化的语词(如表示烹调和食物的词汇)。但是,这些也称为英语语言丰富和发展的巨大动力来源。几个世纪之后,英语语言随着英国民族意识的觉醒和下层人民所使用的具有生命力的英语形式取得了胜利终于形成了现代英语。在这个过程中,约翰逊博士(Samuel Johnson: 1709—1784)的英语词典(A Dictionary of the English Language)就对现代英语规则进行了很多归纳和规范。
英语语法教学中要经常用到归纳和演绎方法。首先语言的学习和认知过程就离不开归纳方法,因为人们总是必须从特殊事物为起点进行学习,它符合一般逻辑思维和学习发展过程的规律,学习者只有在掌握了大量的具体语言事例之后才能形成语言的体系概念。这就要求我们要在英语语法教学中必须以语言素材的积累为基础来组织和开展教学活动。但是,在学习者对语言规则的熟悉和积累达到一定阶段后,在高阶段的语法教学中,语言素材所体现的语言现象会越来越多,越来越庞杂。这时要对它们进行归纳并正确呈现语言规则就变得困难起来。且不说为了让学习者对一个语法规则进行漫长的学习过程的现实性问题,归纳中的“黑天鹅悖论”也提醒我们学习者如果不能接触较为完备的语言事例,他们形成的语法概念的正确性就难以得到保障。
为了弥补归纳法在语法教学实践中的这些缺陷,我们可以适时运用演绎的方法。首先,前人已经对英语语言的规则做了大量的归纳并形成了很多能加以应用的正确结论。从古典修辞学到语文学再到现代语言学和语法都对英语语言规则做了较为完备的总结性工作,运用演绎方法既能在较短的时间内使学生掌握语言规则的用法,又能避免出现对语法概念形成错误认识的可能。
但是,正如上面所提到的,演绎法对抽象思维的要求较高,并且由于概念体系的排他性,也往往会照顾不到特殊的语言现象。综合两方面的因素,在英语语法教学中,可以结合归纳法和演绎法进行教学,取长补短,互为补充。
大学阶段是英语语法学习的关键时期,这一时期的学习者正处在思维和知识量快速发展的阶段,一方面他们已经掌握了相当数量的语法知识,另一方面他们也具备了一定的抽象思维能力。所以在英语教学中可以结合归纳法和演绎法进行语法教学。具体来说可以按照如下步骤展开语法教学活动:以归纳为先导,呈现语言素材,再进行归纳,这样可以使学习者了解在具体的情境中掌握和使用语言规则,经过自我思考,加深理解和记忆。而对于一些较为繁杂的语法现象,可以运用演绎法来进行教学,这样既是为了节省有限的课堂教学时间,也能避免因为学生的个体差异而出现在归纳过程中导致错误结论的混乱现象。另外,合理掌握归纳和演绎的尺度,灵活运用是关键。
【参考文献】
[1]金岳霖等.形式逻辑[C]. 北京:人民出版社,2006.
[2]欧阳志远.“上帝”的陶杯——文化多样性与生物多样性[M]. 北京:人民出版社,2003.
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